glide从入门到精通使用

介绍

不论是开发Java还是你正在学习的Golang，都会遇到依赖管理问题。Java有牛逼轰轰的Maven和Gradle。 Golang亦有godep、govendor、glide、gvt、gopack等等，本文主要给大家介绍gilde。 glide是Golang的包管理工具，是为了解决Golang依赖问题的。

安装

Golang环境设置

采用vendor目录特性，Go 1.5 做为试验特性加入（需要指定 GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT=1 环境变量），并在 Go 1.6 正式引入的一个概念。多数 go 依赖解决方案都基于它的，所以首先需要介绍什么是 vendor 目录。

//设置环境变量 使用vendor目录
GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT=1

安装glide

$ go get github.com/Masterminds/glide
$ go install github.com/Masterminds/glide

验证

$ glide
NAME:
   glide - Vendor Package Management for your Go projects.

   Each project should have a 'glide.yaml' file in the project directory. Files
   look something like this:

       package: github.com/Masterminds/glide
       imports:
       - package: github.com/Masterminds/cookoo
         version: 1.1.0
       - package: github.com/kylelemons/go-gypsy
         subpackages:
         - yaml

   For more details on the 'glide.yaml' files see the documentation at
   https://glide.sh/docs/glide.yaml

USAGE:
   glide [global options] command [command options] [arguments...]

VERSION:
   0.13.0-dev

COMMANDS:
     create, init       Initialize a new project, creating a glide.yaml file
     config-wizard, cw  Wizard that makes optional suggestions to improve config in a glide.yaml file.
     get                Install one or more packages into `vendor/` and add dependency to glide.yaml.
     remove, rm         Remove a package from the glide.yaml file, and regenerate the lock file.
     import             Import files from other dependency management systems.
     name               Print the name of this project.
     novendor, nv       List all non-vendor paths in a directory.
     rebuild            Rebuild ('go build') the dependencies
     install, i         Install a project's dependencies
     update, up         Update a project's dependencies
     tree               (Deprecated) Tree prints the dependencies of this project as a tree.
     list               List prints all dependencies that the present code references.
     info               Info prints information about this project
     cache-clear, cc    Clears the Glide cache.
     about              Learn about Glide
     mirror             Manage mirrors
     help, h            Shows a list of commands or help for one command

GLOBAL OPTIONS:
   --yaml value, -y value  Set a YAML configuration file. (default: "glide.yaml")
   --quiet, -q             Quiet (no info or debug messages)
   --debug                 Print debug verbose informational messages
   --home value            The location of Glide files (default: "/home/users/qiangmzsx/.glide") [$GLIDE_HOME]
   --tmp value             The temp directory to use. Defaults to systems temp [$GLIDE_TMP]
   --no-color              Turn off colored output for log messages
   --help, -h              show help
   --version, -v           print the version

看到这样，那就恭喜你，已经安装成功了！！！

使用

篇幅有限，我只介绍经常使用到的。 先进入在GOPATH的一个项目中。

cd $GOPATH/src/foor

初始化 (glide init)

$ glide init
[INFO]  Generating a YAML configuration file and guessing the dependencies
[INFO]  Attempting to import from other package managers (use --skip-import to skip)
[INFO]  Scanning code to look for dependencies
[INFO]  --> Found reference to github.com/urfave/cli
[INFO]  Writing configuration file (glide.yaml)
[INFO]  Would you like Glide to help you find ways to improve your glide.yaml configuration?
[INFO]  If you want to revisit this step you can use the config-wizard command at any time.
[INFO]  Yes (Y) or No (N)?
Y
[INFO]  Loading mirrors from mirrors.yaml file
[INFO]  Looking for dependencies to make suggestions on
[INFO]  --> Scanning for dependencies not using version ranges
[INFO]  --> Scanning for dependencies using commit ids
[INFO]  Gathering information on each dependency
[INFO]  --> This may take a moment. Especially on a codebase with many dependencies
[INFO]  --> Gathering release information for dependencies
[INFO]  --> Looking for dependency imports where versions are commit ids
[INFO]  Here are some suggestions...
[INFO]  The package github.com/urfave/cli appears to have Semantic Version releases (http://semver.org).
[INFO]  The latest release is v1.19.1. You are currently not using a release. Would you like
[INFO]  to use this release? Yes (Y) or No (N)
Y
[INFO]  Would you like to remember the previous decision and apply it to future
[INFO]  dependencies? Yes (Y) or No (N)
Y
[INFO]  Updating github.com/urfave/cli to use the release v1.19.1 instead of no release
[INFO]  The package github.com/urfave/cli appears to use semantic versions (http://semver.org).
[INFO]  Would you like to track the latest minor or patch releases (major.minor.patch)?
[INFO]  Tracking minor version releases would use '>= 1.19.1, < 2.0.0' ('^1.19.1'). Tracking patch version
[INFO]  releases would use '>= 1.19.1, < 1.20.0' ('~1.19.1'). For more information on Glide versions
[INFO]  and ranges see https://glide.sh/docs/versions
[INFO]  Minor (M), Patch (P), or Skip Ranges (S)?
P
[INFO]  Would you like to remember the previous decision and apply it to future
[INFO]  dependencies? Yes (Y) or No (N)
Y
[INFO]  Updating github.com/urfave/cli to use the range ~1.19.1 instead of commit id v1.19.1
[INFO]  Configuration changes have been made. Would you like to write these
[INFO]  changes to your configuration file? Yes (Y) or No (N)
Y
[INFO]  Writing updates to configuration file (glide.yaml)
[INFO]  You can now edit the glide.yaml file.:
[INFO]  --> For more information on versions and ranges see https://glide.sh/docs/versions/
[INFO]  --> For details on additional metadata see https://glide.sh/docs/glide.yaml/
$ ll
glide.yaml
$ cat glide.yaml
package: foor
import: []

在初始化过程中， glide 会询问一些问题。 glide.yaml记载了依赖包的列表及其更新规则，每次执行 glide up 时，都会按照指定的规则（如只下载补丁(patch)不下载升级(minor)）下载新版。

一个完整的gilde.yaml

package: foor
homepage: https://github.com/qiangmzsx
license: MIT
owners:
- name: qiangmzsx
  email: qiangmzsx@hotmail.com
  homepage: https://github.com/qiangmzsx
# 去除包
ignore:
- appengine
- golang.org/x/net
# 排除目录
excludeDirs:
- node_modules
# 导入包
import:
- package: github.com/astaxie/beego
  version: 1.8.0
- package: github.com/coocood/freecache
- package: github.com/garyburd/redigo/redis
- package: github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
- package: github.com/bitly/go-simplejson
- package: git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
testImport:
- package: github.com/smartystreets/goconvey
  subpackages:
  - convey

很多人看着yaml很不习惯，没事，我转一下json给大家看看。

{
  "excludeDirs": [
    "node_modules"
  ],
  "owners": [
    {
      "homepage": "https://github.com/qiangmzsx",
      "name": "qiangmzsx",
      "email": "qiangmzsx@hotmail.com"
    }
  ], 

  "license": "MIT",
  "package": "foor",
  "ignore": [
    "appengine",
    "golang.org/x/net"
  ],
  "import": [
    {
      "version": "1.8.0",
      "package": "github.com/astaxie/beego"
    },
    {
      "package": "github.com/coocood/freecache"
    },
    {
      "package": "github.com/garyburd/redigo/redis"
    },
    {
      "package": "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
    },
    {
      "package": "github.com/bitly/go-simplejson"
    },
    {
      "package": "git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache"
    }
  ],
  "testImport": [
    {
      "subpackages": [
        "convey"
      ],
      "package": "github.com/smartystreets/goconvey"
    }
  ],
  "homepage": "https://github.com/qiangmzsx"
}

版本号指定规则

=: equal (aliased to no operator)
!=: not equal
>: greater than
<: less than
>=: greater than or equal to
<=: less than or equal to

1.2 - 1.4.5 which is equivalent to >= 1.2, <= 1.4.5
2.3.4 - 4.5 which is equivalent to >= 2.3.4, <= 4.5
1.2.x is equivalent to >= 1.2.0, < 1.3.0

>= 1.2.x is equivalent to >= 1.2.0
<= 2.x is equivalent to < 3
* is equivalent to >= 0.0.0

~1.2.3 is equivalent to >= 1.2.3, < 1.3.0
~1 is equivalent to >= 1, < 2
~2.3 is equivalent to >= 2.3, < 2.4
~1.2.x is equivalent to >= 1.2.0, < 1.3.0
~1.x is equivalent to >= 1, < 2

^1.2.3 is equivalent to >= 1.2.3, < 2.0.0
^1.2.x is equivalent to >= 1.2.0, < 2.0.0
^2.3 is equivalent to >= 2.3, < 3
^2.x is equivalent to >= 2.0.0, < 3

''指定版本报错，需要用''指定的可以不填写

安装依赖 (glide install)

glide.yaml我们已经准备好了，现在就改安装一下试试。

$ glide install
[ERROR]    Failed to parse /home/users/xxxx/golang/src/foor/glide.yaml: yaml: invalid leading UTF-8 octet

报错了！别担心看看你的yaml文件是否为utf-8编码，不是就转换一下就好啦！

$ glide install
[INFO]    Lock file (glide.lock) does not exist. Performing update.
[INFO]    Downloading dependencies. Please wait...
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]    --> Detected semantic version. Setting version for github.com/astaxie/beego to v1.8.0
[INFO]    Resolving imports
[INFO]    Downloading dependencies. Please wait...
[INFO]    Setting references for remaining imports
[INFO]    Exporting resolved dependencies...
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]    --> Exporting git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]    Replacing existing vendor dependencies
[INFO]    Project relies on 6 dependencies.
$ ll
total 12
glide.lock
glide.yaml
vendor
$ ll vendor/
git.oschina.net
github.com

看到glide.look了吗，这个文件记载了依赖包确定的revision, 下次再执行 glide install 时，会直接读这个文件下载确定的版本。

升级版本 (glide up)

glide up 会按照语义化版本规则更新依赖包代码，开发过程中如果需要使用新版代码，可以执行这个命令： 修改一下glide.yaml中的一个Package.

- package: github.com/astaxie/beego
  version: 1.8.3

执行glide up。

$ glide up
[INFO]    Downloading dependencies. Please wait...
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]    --> Detected semantic version. Setting version for github.com/astaxie/beego to v1.8.3
[INFO]    Resolving imports
[INFO]    Downloading dependencies. Please wait...
[INFO]    Setting references for remaining imports
[INFO]    Exporting resolved dependencies...
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]    --> Exporting git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]    Replacing existing vendor dependencies
[INFO]    Project relies on 6 dependencies.

添加并下载依赖 (glide get)

除了自动从代码中解析 import 外，glide 还可以通过 glide get 直接下载代码中没有的依赖，与 go get 的用法基本一致：

$ glide get github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]    Preparing to install 1 package.
[INFO]    Attempting to get package github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]    --> Gathering release information for github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]    --> Adding github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map to your configuration
[INFO]    Downloading dependencies. Please wait...
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]    --> Fetching github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]    Resolving imports
[INFO]    Downloading dependencies. Please wait...
[INFO]    --> Detected semantic version. Setting version for github.com/astaxie/beego to v1.8.3
[INFO]    Exporting resolved dependencies...
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]    --> Exporting git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]    Replacing existing vendor dependencies

使用镜像 (glide mirror)

[WARN]    Unable to checkout golang.org/x/crypto
[ERROR]    Update failed for golang.org/x/crypto: Cannot detect VCS
[ERROR]    Failed to do initial checkout of config: Cannot detect VCS

这几行信息估计很多人都是遇到过的。在我天朝或者在公司内部都可能不能访问一些站点，导致很Golang的依赖包不能通过go get下载。此时也就是glide大发神威的时候到了，可以通过配置将墙了的版本库 URL 映射到没被墙的 URL，甚至也可以映射到本地版本库。 将http://golang.org映射到github: 修改glide.yaml加入

- package: golang.org/x/crypto

如果你的网络可以访问就不需要使用glide镜像功能，可以跳过。

$ glide mirror set golang.org/x/crypto github.com/golang/crypto
[INFO]    golang.org/x/crypto being set to github.com/golang/crypto
[INFO]    mirrors.yaml written with changes
$ glide up
[INFO]    Loading mirrors from mirrors.yaml file
[INFO]    Downloading dependencies. Please wait...
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]    --> Fetching golang.org/x/crypto
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]    --> Detected semantic version. Setting version for github.com/astaxie/beego to v1.8.3
[INFO]    Resolving imports
[INFO]    Downloading dependencies. Please wait...
[INFO]    Setting references for remaining imports
[INFO]    Exporting resolved dependencies...
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]    --> Exporting golang.org/x/crypto
[INFO]    --> Exporting git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]    Replacing existing vendor dependencies
[INFO]    Project relies on 8 dependencies.
$ ll vendor/
git.oschina.net
github.com
golang.org

终于看到http://golang.org啦！！！ 细心的你一定已经发现了

[INFO]    mirrors.yaml written with changes

说明执行glide mirror时候镜像配置写入到的是$HOME/.glide/mirrors.yaml中，打开看看。

repos:
- original: golang.org/x/crypto
  repo: github.com/golang/crypto

还可以映射到本地目录。 推荐大家可以去https://www.golangtc.com/download/package下载很多Golang类库。 现在我去下载了：https://www.golangtc.com/static/download/packages/golang.org.x.text.tar.gz，解压到本地目录/home/users/qiangmzsx/var/golang/golang.org/x/text。

$ glide mirror set golang.org/x/text /home/users/qiangmzsx/var/golang/golang.org/x/text
[INFO]    golang.org/x/text being set to /home/users/qiangmzsx/var/golang/golang.org/x/text
[INFO]    mirrors.yaml written with changes
$ glide up
[INFO]    Loading mirrors from mirrors.yaml file
[INFO]    Downloading dependencies. Please wait...
[INFO]    --> Fetching golang.org/x/text
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for golang.org/x/crypto
[INFO]    --> Fetching updates for github.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]    --> Detected semantic version. Setting version for github.com/astaxie/beego to v1.8.3
[INFO]    Resolving imports
[INFO]    Downloading dependencies. Please wait...
[INFO]    Setting references for remaining imports
[INFO]    Exporting resolved dependencies...
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]    --> Exporting github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]    --> Exporting golang.org/x/text
[INFO]    --> Exporting golang.org/x/crypto
[INFO]    --> Exporting git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]    Replacing existing vendor dependencies
[INFO]    Project relies on 9 dependencies.

全局选项

运行glide，在最后就可以看到

GLOBAL OPTIONS:
   --yaml value, -y value  Set a YAML configuration file. (default: "glide.yaml")
   --quiet, -q             Quiet (no info or debug messages)
   --debug                 Print debug verbose informational messages
   --home value            The location of Glide files (default: "/home/users/qiangmzsx/.glide") [$GLIDE_HOME]
   --tmp value             The temp directory to use. Defaults to systems temp [$GLIDE_TMP]
   --no-color              Turn off colored output for log messages
   --help, -h              show help
   --version, -v           print the version

如果大家想把glide的yaml文件换别的默认名称可以执行

$ glide -y qiangmzsx.yaml

在官网中会看到一个GLIDE_HOME变量，该变量就是/home/users/qiangmzsx/.glide。 这个目录之前有提到过，除了包含有mirrors.yaml还有一个很重要的目录cache本地 cache,每次更新代码时， glide 都会在本地保存 cache，以备下次 glide install 使用 。

GLIDE_HOME可以通过如下命令修改。

$ glide  --home /home/glide

总结

除了上述说到的功能，glide还有很多好的功能，后续有机会在写出来吧。 总结一下，glide是一款功能丰富，完全满足需求的依赖管理工具，强烈大家使用。

文章来源于开源中国社区glide从入门到精通使用 - 梦朝思夕

如果遇到使用glide不能下载vender的情况，可以先使用 glide cc 将缓存clear掉，再设置终端的 http_proxy 及 https_proxy即可。 我自己的 http_proxy:

set -x https_proxy "socks5://localhost:1080"