CentOS7 搭建 K8S 环境

前期准备

环境规划

K8S 与Docker兼容问题

k8s v1.18.0 => Docker v18.x

k8s v1.19.0 => Docker v19.x

软件	版本
Linux操作系统	CentOS 7.9.2009 (Core) x64
Kubernetes	1.8.0
Docker	18.06.3-ce

角色	IP	组件	推荐配置(最低)
master	192.168.137.101	kubelet kubeadm kubectl docker	CUP 2 核 + 内存 2G +
node1	192.168.137.102	kubelet kubeadm kubectl docker	CUP 2 核 + 内存 2G +
node2	192.168.137.103	kubelet kubeadm kubectl docker	CUP 2 核 + 内存 2G +

修改HostName

# 修改hostname
# vi /etc/hostname
# 192.168.137.101
hostnamectl set-hostname master
# 192.168.137.102
hostnamectl set-hostname node1
# 192.168.137.103
hostnamectl set-hostname node2

配置主机和IP映射

# 将本机IP指向hostname
vi /etc/hosts
192.168.137.101 master
192.168.137.102 node1
192.168.137.103 node2
reboot -h # 重启(可以做完全部前期准备后再重启)

放行需求端口(线上环境)

# Master节点端口放行
# Kubernetes API Server 6443
firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=6443/tcp --permanent
# etcd server client api 2379~2380
firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=2379-2380/tcp --permanent
# kubelet 10250, kube-scheduler 10251, kube-controller-manager 10252
firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=10250-10252/tcp --permanent
# Node节点端口放行
# kubelet API 10250
firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=10250/tcp --permanent
# NodePort Services 30000~32767
firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=30000-32767/tcp --permanent
firewall-cmd --reload
firewall-cmd --list-ports

直接关闭防火墙(不推荐)

systemctl disable firewalld
systemctl stop firewalld

安装Docker

# 安装 wget
yum install -y wget
# 下载 docker 镜像源
wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo
# docker安装版本查看
yum list docker-ce --showduplicates | sort -r
# 安装 docker
yum -y install docker-ce
# 指定版本
yum -y install docker-ce-18.06.3.ce-3.el7
# 设置开机自启动
systemctl enable docker && systemctl start docker
# 版本检查
docker --version
Docker version 18.06.3-ce, build d7080c1

修改配置文件

vi /etc/docker/daemon.json
{
	"registry-mirrors": [
		"https://1nj0zren.mirror.aliyuncs.com",
		"https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn",
		"http://f1361db2.m.daocloud.io",
		"https://registry.docker-cn.com"
	],
	"exec-opts": [
		"native.cgroupdriver=systemd"
	],
	"log-driver": "json-file",
	"log-opts": {
		"max-size": "100m"
	},
	"storage-driver": "overlay2"
}
#重新加载配置文件
systemctl daemon-reload
#重启Docker
systemctl restart docker

安装Kubernetes工具

添加源

由于国内网络原因, 官方文档中的地址不可用, 本文替换为阿里云镜像地址, 执行以下代码即可:

cat <<EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
exclude=kube*
EOF
# 注意：gpgkey 后面的两个网址中间是空格，不是换行，复制后出现换行会导致安装出错

安装

yum install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl --disableexcludes=kubernetes
# 指定版本
yum install -y kubelet-1.18.0 kubeadm-1.18.0 kubectl-1.18.0 --disableexcludes=kubernetes
# 如下出现错误 [Errno -1] repomd.xml signature could not be verified for kubernetes 则是 repo 的 gpg 验证不通过导致的，可以修改 /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo 中的 repo_gpgcheck=0 跳过验证。
systemctl enable kubelet && systemctl start kubelet

修改网络配置

cat <<EOF > /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
EOF
sysctl --system

注意: 以上的全部操作, 在 Node 机器上也需要执行. 注意hostname等不能相同.

初始化Master

生成初始化文件

1. 配置文件方式

kubeadm config print init-defaults > kubeadm-init.yaml
vi kubeadm-init.yaml
#################################################################
localAPIEndpoint:
  #advertiseAddress: 1.2.3.4
  advertiseAddress: 192.168.137.101  # 本机IP
nodeRegistration:
  #name: localhost.localdomain
  name: master
#imageRepository: k8s.gcr.io
imageRepository: registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers # 镜像仓库
networking:
  dnsDomain: cluster.local
  serviceSubnet: 10.96.0.0/12
  podSubnet: 10.244.0.0/16 # 新增Pod子网络
#################################################################
:wq

修改完毕后文件如下:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2
bootstrapTokens:
- groups:
  - system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
  token: abcdef.0123456789abcdef
  ttl: 24h0m0s
  usages:
  - signing
  - authentication
kind: InitConfiguration
localAPIEndpoint:
  #advertiseAddress: 1.2.3.4
  advertiseAddress: 192.168.137.101
  bindPort: 6443
nodeRegistration:
  criSocket: /var/run/dockershim.sock
  #name: localhost.localdomain
  name: master
  taints:
  - effect: NoSchedule
    key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
---
apiServer:
  timeoutForControlPlane: 4m0s
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2
certificatesDir: /etc/kubernetes/pki
clusterName: kubernetes
controllerManager: {}
dns:
  type: CoreDNS
etcd:
  local:
    dataDir: /var/lib/etcd
#imageRepository: k8s.gcr.io
imageRepository: registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.18.0
networking:
  dnsDomain: cluster.local
  serviceSubnet: 10.96.0.0/12
  podSubnet: 10.244.0.0/16
scheduler: {}

2.直接传参方式（推荐，老司机常用方式）

kubeadm init \
--apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.137.101 \
--image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers \
--kubernetes-version v1.18.0 \
--service-cidr=10.1.0.0/16 \
--pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16

下载镜像

kubeadm config images pull --config kubeadm-init.yaml

配置禁用Swap

# 注意不要重复执行
sed -i 's/KUBELET_EXTRA_ARGS=/KUBELET_EXTRA_ARGS="--fail-swap-on=false"/' /etc/sysconfig/kubelet
# 临时关闭
swapoff -a

执行初始化

kubeadm init --config kubeadm-init.yaml
# 出现端口被占用情况
kubeadm reset
kubeadm init --config kubeadm-init.yaml --ignore-preflight-errors=Swap
# reset后初始化提示文件已存在
rm -rf /etc/kubernetes/manifests
rm -rf /var/lib/etcd

验证是否成功

# 出现下面文字表示初始化成功：
Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:
kubeadm join 192.168.137.101:6443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:d126a8ec9cb47ac4bfae5a2d7501172da937d91b1ccf0eae093a9a3687c841f2

配置环境, 让当前用户可以执行kubectl命令

# 配置kubectl执行命令环境
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
# 执行kubectl命令查看机器节点
kubectl get node
-----------------------------------------
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
master NotReady master 48m v1.18.8

配置网络

使用以下命令安装 Calico

wget https://docs.projectcalico.org/manifests/calico.yaml
# 获取网络信息
firewall-cmd --get-active-zones
public
  interfaces: eth0
vi calico.yaml # 大概从 3639 行开始，有些改动没有则追加
#####################################################################
# Cluster type to identify the deployment type
- name: CLUSTER_TYPE
  value: "k8s,bgp"
# Auto-detect the BGP IP address.
- name: IP
  value: "autodetect"
# IP automatic detection.
- name: IP_AUTODETECTION_METHOD
  value: "interface=eth.*"
# Enable IPIP
- name: CALICO_IPV4POOL_IPIP
  #value: "Always"
  value: "Never"
#####################################################################
# 构建calico网络
kubectl apply -f calico.yaml
# 检查结果
kubectl get po -n kube-system -o wide | grep calico

检查 master 的状态是否已经成为 Ready：

kubectl get node
NAME     STATUS     ROLES    AGE     VERSION
master   Ready   master   5m20s   v1.18.0

安装Dashboard

安装文档: Web UI (Dashboard)

部署文档：Web UI (Dashboard)

解决GitHub的raw.githubusercontent.com无法连接问题

1、进入网址 https://site.ip138.com/raw.Githubusercontent.com/

2、输入 raw.githubusercontent.com，查询对应的IP地址：151.101.108.133

3、编辑/etc/hosts文件配置映射：151.101.108.133 raw.githubusercontent.com

# 下载配置文件
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.0.0/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml
# 创建 pod
kubectl apply -f recommended.yaml
# 查看 pods 状态
kubectl get pods --all-namespaces | grep dashboard
# 使用 nodeport方式 将 dashboard服务 暴露在集群外，指定使用 30443 端口
kubectl patch svc kubernetes-dashboard -n kubernetes-dashboard \
-p '{"spec":{"type":"NodePort","ports":[{"port":443,"targetPort":8443,"nodePort":30443}]}}'
# 查看暴露的service,已修改为nodeport类型
kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get svc
# 此时我们可以访问登录面板: https://192.168.137.101:30443，但是暂时还无法登录

修改 Service

# 删除现有的dashboard服务
kubectl delete -f recommended.yaml
# 重命名 recommended.yaml
mv recommended.yaml dashboard-svc.yaml
# 修改配置项
vi dashboard-svc.yaml
#####################################################################
kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  type: NodePort # 服务类型改为 NodePort
  ports:
    - port: 443
      targetPort: 8443
      nodePort: 30443 # 暴露端口 30443
  selector:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
#####################################################################
:wq
# 重新创建 pod
kubectl apply -f dashboard-svc.yaml

创建用户

文档地址: Creating sample user

vi dashboard-svc-account.yaml
#####################################################################
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: dashboard-admin
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: dashboard-admin
roleRef:
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: cluster-admin
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: dashboard-admin
    namespace: kube-system
#####################################################################
:wq
# 执行
kubectl apply -f dashboard-svc-account.yaml

生成证书

官方文档中提供了登录 1.7.X 以上版本的登录方式，而且步骤很不清晰，我们自己按下面步骤操作即可：

grep 'client-certificate-data' ~/.kube/config | head -n 1 | awk '{print $2}' | base64 -d >> kubecfg.crt
grep 'client-key-data' ~/.kube/config | head -n 1 | awk '{print $2}' | base64 -d >> kubecfg.key
# 生成证书时会提示输入密码, 可以直接两次回车跳过.
openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts -inkey kubecfg.key -in kubecfg.crt -out kubecfg.p12 -name "kubernetes-client"
# kubecfg.p12 即需要导入客户端机器的证书. 将证书拷贝到客户端机器上: 若生成证书时跳过了密码, 导入时提示填写密码直接回车即可
scp root@192.168.137.101:/root/.kube/kubecfg.p12 ./
# 此时我们可以访问登录面板: https://192.168.137.101:30443 ,登录时会提示选择证书, 确认后会提示输入当前用户名密码(注意是电脑的用户名密码).

登录Dashboard（Token登录）

文档地址: Bearer Token

# 获取 Token:
kubectl -n kube-system describe secret $(kubectl -n kube-system get secret | grep dashboard-admin | awk '{print $1}')
# 复制该Token到登录页, 点击登录即可

添加 Node 节点

# 关闭交换空间
swapoff -a
# 如果前面执行 kubeadm init 命令后没有保留 kubeadm join 语句，需要执行如下命令重新生成：
kubeadm token create --print-join-command
kubeadm join 192.168.137.101:6443 --token ngqaor.ayhyq00qb3o0gxjk     --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:4c18ecc6e9bd4457308b028123cbd16b2d3cbdefb14ec1e61b43a15e05ab63b3
# 执行如下命令将 Node 加入集群:
kubeadm join 192.168.137.101:6443 --token ngqaor.ayhyq00qb3o0gxjk \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:4c18ecc6e9bd4457308b028123cbd16b2d3cbdefb14ec1e61b43a15e05ab63b3 

添加完毕后, 在 master 上查看节点状态：

# 查看所有节点状态
kubectl get nodes
NAME     STATUS   ROLES    AGE     VERSION
master   Ready    master   6h38m   v1.18.0
node1    Ready    <none>   32m     v1.18.0
node2    Ready    <none>   32m     v1.18.0
# 查看所有 pod 状态
kubectl get po --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE              NAME                                         READY   STATUS            RESTARTS   AGE
kube-system            calico-kube-controllers-65d7476764-zgfp2     1/1     Running           0          5h44m
kube-system            calico-node-dk6v2                            0/1     Running           0          5h44m
kube-system            calico-node-rgt4x                            0/1     PodInitializing   0          9m19s
kube-system            calico-node-tzvn2                            0/1     Running           0          9m29s
kube-system            coredns-7ff77c879f-5hgb6                     1/1     Running           0          6h15m
kube-system            coredns-7ff77c879f-l7wpq                     1/1     Running           0          6h15m
kube-system            etcd-master                                  1/1     Running           0          6h15m
kube-system            kube-apiserver-master                        1/1     Running           0          6h15m
kube-system            kube-controller-manager-master               1/1     Running           0          6h15m
kube-system            kube-proxy-6jf4p                             1/1     Running           0          6h15m
kube-system            kube-proxy-nrsr2                             1/1     Running           0          9m19s
kube-system            kube-proxy-sfh7l                             1/1     Running           0          9m29s
kube-system            kube-scheduler-master                        1/1     Running           0          6h15m
kubernetes-dashboard   dashboard-metrics-scraper-6b4884c9d5-kh88n   1/1     Running           0          124m
kubernetes-dashboard   kubernetes-dashboard-7b544877d5-csfkz        1/1     Running           0          124m