【转载】来自苹果的编程语言——Swift简介
Swift is a new programming language for iOS and OS X apps that builds on the best of C and Objective-C, without the constraints of C compatibility.
Swift adopts safe programming patterns and adds modern features to make programming easier, more flexible and more fun.
Swift’s clean slate, backed by the mature and much-loved Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks, is an opportunity to imagine how software development works.
Swift is the first industrial-quality systems programming language that is as expressive and enjoyable as a scripting language.
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1 println("Hello, world")
变量与常量
1 var myVariable = 42
2 myVariable = 50
3 let myConstant = 42
1 let explicitDouble : Double = 70
1 let label = "The width is "
2 let width = 94
3 let width = label + String(width)
1 let apples = 3
2 let oranges = 5
3 let appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples."
4 let appleSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit."
1 var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"]
2 shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
3
4 var occupations = [
5 "Malcolm": "Captain",
6 "Kaylee": "Mechanic",
7 ]
8 occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
1 let emptyArray = String[]()
2 let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()
1 let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12]
2 var teamScore = 0
3 for score in individualScores {
4 if score > 50 {
5 teamScore += 3
6 } else {
7 teamScore += 1
8 }
9 }
1 var optionalString: String? = "Hello"
2 optionalString == nil
3
4 var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed"
5 var gretting = "Hello!"
6 if let name = optionalName {
7 gretting = "Hello, \(name)"
8 }
1 let vegetable = "red pepper"
2 switch vegetable {
3 case "celery":
4 let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log."
5 case "cucumber", "watercress":
6 let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich."
7 case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):
8 let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?"
9 default:
10 let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup."
11 }
1 let interestingNumbers = [
2 "Prime": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13],
3 "Fibonacci": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8],
4 "Square": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25],
5 ]
6 var largest = 0
7 for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers {
8 for number in numbers {
9 if number > largest {
10 largest = number
11 }
12 }
13 }
14 largest
1 var n = 2
2 while n < 100 {
3 n = n * 2
4 }
5 n
6
7 var m = 2
8 do {
9 m = m * 2
10 } while m < 100
11 m
1 var firstForLoop = 0
2 for i in 0..3 {
3 firstForLoop += i
4 }
5 firstForLoop
6
7 var secondForLoop = 0
8 for var i = 0; i < 3; ++i {
9 secondForLoop += 1
10 }
11 secondForLoop
1 func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {
2 return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)."
3 }
4 greet("Bob", "Tuesday")
1 func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) {
2 return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79)
3 }
4 getGasPrices()
1 func sumOf(numbers: Int...) -> Int {
2 var sum = 0
3 for number in numbers {
4 sum += number
5 }
6 return sum
7 }
8 sumOf()
9 sumOf(42, 597, 12)
1 func returnFifteen() -> Int {
2 var y = 10
3 func add() {
4 y += 5
5 }
6 add()
7 return y
8 }
9 returnFifteen()
1 func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) {
2 func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
3 return 1 + number
4 }
5 return addOne
6 }
7 var increment = makeIncrementer()
8 increment(7)
1 func hasAnyMatches(list: Int[], condition: Int -> Bool) -> Bool {
2 for item in list {
3 if condition(item) {
4 return true
5 }
6 }
7 return false
8 }
9 func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool {
10 return number < 10
11 }
12 var numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12]
13 hasAnyMatches(numbers, lessThanTen)
1 numbers.map({
2 (number: Int) -> Int in
3 let result = 3 * number
4 return result
5 })
1 numbers.map({ number in 3 * number })
1 sort([1, 5, 3, 12, 2]) { $0 > $1 }
1 class Shape {
2 var numberOfSides = 0
3 func simpleDescription() -> String {
4 return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
5 }
6 }
1 var shape = Shape()
2 shape.numberOfSides = 7
3 var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription()
1 class NamedShape {
2 var numberOfSides: Int = 0
3 var name: String
4
5 init(name: String) {
6 self.name = name
7 }
8
9 func simpleDescription() -> String {
10 return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
11 }
12 }
1 class Square: NamedShape {
2 var sideLength: Double
3
4 init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
5 self.sideLength = sideLength
6 super.init(name: name)
7 numberOfSides = 4
8 }
9
10 func area() -> Double {
11 return sideLength * sideLength
12 }
13
14 override func simpleDescription() -> String {
15 return "A square with sides of length \(sideLength)."
16 }
17 }
18 let test = Square(sideLength: 5.2, name: "my test square")
19 test.area()
20 test.simpleDescription()
1 class EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape {
2 var sideLength: Double = 0.0
3
4 init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
5 self.sideLength = sideLength
6 super.init(name: name)
7 numberOfSides = 3
8 }
9
10 var perimeter: Double {
11 get {
12 return 3.0 * sideLength
13 }
14 set {
15 sideLength = newValue / 3.0
16 }
17 }
18
19 override func simpleDescription() -> String {
20 return "An equilateral triagle with sides of length \(sideLength)."
21 }
22 }
23 var triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: 3.1, name: "a triangle")
24 triangle.perimeter
25 triangle.perimeter = 9.9
26 triangle.sideLength
1 class TriangleAndSquare {
2 var triangle: EquilateralTriangle {
3 willSet {
4 square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
5 }
6 }
7 var square: Square {
8 willSet {
9 triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
10 }
11 }
12 init(size: Double, name: String) {
13 square = Square(sideLength: size, name: name)
14 triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: size, name: name)
15 }
16 }
17 var triangleAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare(size: 10, name: "another test shape")
18 triangleAndSquare.square.sideLength
19 triangleAndSquare.square = Square(sideLength: 50, name: "larger square")
20 triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength
1 class Counter {
2 var count: Int = 0
3 func incrementBy(amount: Int, numberOfTimes times: Int) {
4 count += amount * times
5 }
6 }
7 var counter = Counter()
8 counter.incrementBy(2, numberOfTimes: 7)
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 let optionalSquare: Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional
5 square")
6 let sideLength = optionalSquare?.sideLength
1 enum Rank: Int {
2 case Ace = 1
3 case Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten
4 case Jack, Queen, King
5 func simpleDescription() -> String {
6 switch self {
7 case .Ace:
8 return "ace"
9 case .Jack:
10 return "jack"
11 case .Queen:
12 return "queen"
13 case .King:
14 return "king"
15 default:
16 return String(self.toRaw())
17 }
18 }
19 }
20 let ace = Rank.Ace
21 let aceRawValue = ace.toRaw()
1 if let convertedRank = Rank.fromRaw(3) {
2 let threeDescription = convertedRank.simpleDescription()
3 }
1 enum Suit {
2 case Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs
3 func simpleDescription() -> String {
4 switch self {
5 case .Spades:
6 return "spades"
7 case .Hearts:
8 return "hearts"
9 case .Diamonds:
10 return "diamonds"
11 case .Clubs:
12 return "clubs"
13 }
14 }
15 }
16 let hearts = Suit.Hearts
17 let heartsDescription = hearts.simpleDescription()
1 enum ServerResponse {
2 case Result(String, String)
3 case Error(String)
4 }
5
6 let success = ServerResponse.Result("6:00 am", "8:09 pm")
7 let failure = ServerResponse.Error("Out of cheese.")
8
9 switch success {
10 case let .Result(sunrise, sunset):
11 let serverResponse = "Sunrise is at \(sunrise) and sunset is at \(sunset)."
12 case let .Error(error):
13 let serverResponse = "Failure... \(error)"
14 }
1 struct Card {
2 var rank: Rank
3 var suit: Suit
4 func simpleDescription() -> String {
5 return "The \(rank.simpleDescription()) of \(suit.simpleDescription())"
6 }
7 }
8 let threeOfSpades = Card(rank: .Three, suit: .Spades)
9 let threeOfSpadesDescription = threeOfSpades.simpleDescription()
1 protocol ExampleProtocol {
2 var simpleDescription: String { get }
3 mutating func adjust()
4 }
1 class SimpleClass: ExampleProtocol {
2 var simpleDescription: String = "A very simple class."
3 var anotherProperty: Int = 69105
4 func adjust() {
5 simpleDescription += " Now 100% adjusted."
6 }
7 }
8 var a = SimpleClass()
9 a.adjust()
10 let aDescription = a.simpleDescription
11
12 struct SimpleStructure: ExampleProtocol {
13 var simpleDescription: String = "A simple structure"
14 mutating func adjust() {
15 simpleDescription += " (adjusted)"
16 }
17 }
18 var b = SimpleStructure()
19 b.adjust()
20 let bDescription = b.simpleDescription
1 extension Int: ExampleProtocol {
2 var simpleDescription: String {
3 return "The number \(self)"
4 }
5 mutating func adjust() {
6 self += 42
7 }
8 }
9 7.simpleDescription
1 func repeat<ItemType>(item: ItemType, times: Int) -> ItemType[] {
2 var result = ItemType[]()
3 for i in 0..times {
4 result += item
5 }
6 return result
7 }
8 repeat("knock", 4)
1 // Reimplement the Swift standard library's optional type
2 enum OptionalValue<T> {
3 case None
4 case Some(T)
5 }
6 var possibleInteger: OptionalValue<Int> = .None
7 possibleInteger = .Some(100)
1 func anyCommonElements <T, U where T: Sequence, U: Sequence, T.GeneratorType.Element: Equatable, T.GeneratorType.Element == U.GeneratorType.Element> (lhs: T, rhs: U) -> Bool {
2 for lhsItem in lhs {
3 for rhsItem in rhs {
4 if lhsItem == rhsItem {
5 return true
6 }
7 }
8 }
9 return false
10 }
11 anyCommonElements([1, 2, 3], [3])
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