java并发程序——Excutor

概述

Excutor这个接口用的不多，但是ThreadPoolExcutor这个就用的比较多了，ThreadPoolExcutor是Excutor的一个实现。Excutor体系难点没有，大部分的关键点和设计思路都在javadoc中描述的特别详细，但有必要做一下梳理，以便在后续开发场景中，更好地使用jdk提供的灵活的api。

Excutor接口主要用于解耦任务执行者和任务发起者，jdk8的javadoc写的非常详细。因此，Excutor这个系列的类都冲着这个目标来实现，当然，很多实现类更是在特定的场景领域做了加强实现，让开发者省时省心，如ThreadPoolExcutor对线程池的管理，ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor提供线程池功能的同时，还支持定时和定频任务。

An object that executes submitted Runnable tasks. This interface provides a way of decoupling task submission from the mechanics of how each task will be run, including details of thread use, scheduling, etc.

类图

扩展的接口

ExecutorService

ExecutorService对Executor进行加强，可以跟踪/管理/停止任务。javadoc的描述：

An Executor that provides methods to manage termination and methods that can produce a Future for tracking progress of one or more asynchronous tasks.

An ExecutorService can be shut down, which will cause it to reject new tasks. Two different methods are provided for shutting down an ExecutorService. The shutdown() method will allow previously submitted tasks to execute before terminating, while the shutdownNow() method prevents waiting tasks from starting and attempts to stop currently executing tasks. Upon termination, an executor has no tasks actively executing, no tasks awaiting execution, and no new tasks can be submitted. An unused ExecutorService should be shut down to allow reclamation of its resources.

Method submit extends base method Executor.execute(Runnable) by creating and returning a Future that can be used to cancel execution and/or wait for completion. Methods invokeAny and invokeAll perform the most commonly useful forms of bulk execution, executing a collection of tasks and then waiting for at least one, or all, to complete. (Class ExecutorCompletionService can be used to write customized variants of these methods.)

ExecutorService按照典型使用场景，又扩展为了AbstractExecutorService和ScheduledExecutorService ，前者作为实时任务处理的接口，后者作为定时/定频任务的处理接口。

AbstractExecutorService

AbstractExecutorService定位为实时任务的处理，因此submit返回FutureTask对象，调用方可以通过该对象对任务进行跟踪处理。

Provides default implementations of ExecutorService execution methods. This class implements the submit, invokeAny and invokeAll methods using a RunnableFuture returned by newTaskFor, which defaults to the FutureTask class provided in this package. For example, the implementation of submit(Runnable) creates an associated RunnableFuture that is executed and returned. Subclasses may override the newTaskFor methods to return RunnableFuture implementations other than FutureTask.

ScheduledExecutorService

ScheduledExecutorService 扩展了ExecutorService，加入了定时和定频控制；实际上ScheduledExecutorService 也支持也提供实时执行api（excute()），而且，其默认当delay参数值为0或者负数时，当着实时任务处理。ScheduledExecutorService 的submit方法返回的是ScheduledFutureTask。javadoc的描述：

An ExecutorService that can schedule commands to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically.

The schedule methods create tasks with various delays and return a task object that can be used to cancel or check execution. The scheduleAtFixedRate and scheduleWithFixedDelay methods create and execute tasks that run periodically until cancelled.

Commands submitted using the Executor.execute(Runnable) and ExecutorService submit methods are scheduled with a requested delay of zero. Zero and negative delays (but not periods) are also allowed in schedule methods, and are treated as requests for immediate execution.

有用的实现

ThreadPoolExecutor

ThreadPoolExecutor平时用的比较多，通常情况下，使用Executors工具类的三个方法就够用，如果需要自定义线程池，需要重点关注queue和线程池大小几个参数的配合使用。javadoc写的比较详细，摘抄下来，标粗的部分是重点：

An ExecutorService that executes each submitted task using one of possibly several pooled threads, normally configured using Executors factory methods.

Thread pools address two different problems: they usually provide improved performance when executing large numbers of asynchronous tasks, due to reduced per-task invocation overhead, and they provide a means of bounding and managing the resources, including threads, consumed when executing a collection of tasks. Each ThreadPoolExecutor also maintains some basic statistics, such as the number of completed tasks.

To be useful across a wide range of contexts, this class provides many adjustable parameters and extensibility hooks. However, programmers are urged to use the more convenient Executors factory methods Executors.newCachedThreadPool() (unbounded thread pool, with automatic thread reclamation), Executors.newFixedThreadPool(int) (fixed size thread pool) and Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor() (single background thread), that preconfigure settings for the most common usage scenarios. Otherwise, use the following guide when manually configuring and tuning this class:

Core and maximum pool sizes

A ThreadPoolExecutor will automatically adjust the pool size (see getPoolSize()) according to the bounds set by corePoolSize (see getCorePoolSize()) and maximumPoolSize (see getMaximumPoolSize()). When a new task is submitted in method execute(Runnable), and fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, a new thread is created to handle the request, even if other worker threads are idle. If there are more than corePoolSize but less than maximumPoolSize threads running, a new thread will be created only if the queue is full. By setting corePoolSize and maximumPoolSize the same, you create a fixed-size thread pool. By setting maximumPoolSize to an essentially unbounded value such as Integer.MAX_VALUE, you allow the pool to accommodate an arbitrary number of concurrent tasks. Most typically, core and maximum pool sizes are set only upon construction, but they may also be changed dynamically using setCorePoolSize(int) and setMaximumPoolSize(int).

On-demand construction

By default, even core threads are initially created and started only when new tasks arrive, but this can be overridden dynamically using method prestartCoreThread() or prestartAllCoreThreads(). You probably want to prestart threads if you construct the pool with a non-empty queue.

Creating new threads 使用自定义的factory可以对线程进行分组，并设置不同的优先级。

New threads are created using a ThreadFactory. If not otherwise specified, a Executors.defaultThreadFactory() is used, that creates threads to all be in the same ThreadGroup and with the same NORM_PRIORITY priority and non-daemon status. By supplying a different ThreadFactory, you can alter the thread's name, thread group, priority, daemon status, etc. If a ThreadFactory fails to create a thread when asked by returning null from newThread, the executor will continue, but might not be able to execute any tasks. Threads should possess the "modifyThread" RuntimePermission. If worker threads or other threads using the pool do not possess this permission, service may be degraded: configuration changes may not take effect in a timely manner, and a shutdown pool may remain in a state in which termination is possible but not completed.

Keep-alive times

If the pool currently has more than corePoolSize threads, excess threads will be terminated if they have been idle for more than the keepAliveTime (see getKeepAliveTime(TimeUnit)). This provides a means of reducing resource consumption when the pool is not being actively used. If the pool becomes more active later, new threads will be constructed. This parameter can also be changed dynamically using method setKeepAliveTime(long, TimeUnit). Using a value of Long.MAX_VALUE TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS effectively disables idle threads from ever terminating prior to shut down. By default, the keep-alive policy applies only when there are more than corePoolSize threads. But method allowCoreThreadTimeOut(boolean) can be used to apply this time-out policy to core threads as well, so long as the keepAliveTime value is non-zero.

Queuing 重点关注：直接传送，无界队列，有界队列的特定，及其典型使用场景。

Any BlockingQueue may be used to transfer and hold submitted tasks. The use of this queue interacts with pool sizing:

• If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, the Executor always prefers adding a new thread rather than queuing.
• If corePoolSize or more threads are running, the Executor always prefers queuing a request rather than adding a new thread.
• If a request cannot be queued, a new thread is created unless this would exceed maximumPoolSize, in which case, the task will be rejected.

There are three general strategies for queuing:

1. Direct handoffs. A good default choice for a work queue is a SynchronousQueue that hands off tasks to threads without otherwise holding them. Here, an attempt to queue a task will fail if no threads are immediately available to run it, so a new thread will be constructed. This policy avoids lockups when handling sets of requests that might have internal dependencies. Direct handoffs generally require unbounded maximumPoolSizes to avoid rejection of new submitted tasks. This in turn admits the possibility of unbounded thread growth when commands continue to arrive on average faster than they can be processed.
2. Unbounded queues. Using an unbounded queue (for example a LinkedBlockingQueue without a predefined capacity) will cause new tasks to wait in the queue when all corePoolSize threads are busy. Thus, no more than corePoolSize threads will ever be created. (And the value of the maximumPoolSize therefore doesn't have any effect.) This may be appropriate when each task is completely independent of others, so tasks cannot affect each others execution; for example, in a web page server. While this style of queuing can be useful in smoothing out transient bursts of requests, it admits the possibility of unbounded work queue growth when commands continue to arrive on average faster than they can be processed.
3. Bounded queues. A bounded queue (for example, an ArrayBlockingQueue) helps prevent resource exhaustion when used with finite maximumPoolSizes, but can be more difficult to tune and control. Queue sizes and maximum pool sizes may be traded off for each other: Using large queues and small pools minimizes CPU usage, OS resources, and context-switching overhead, but can lead to artificially low throughput. If tasks frequently block (for example if they are I/O bound), a system may be able to schedule time for more threads than you otherwise allow. Use of small queues generally requires larger pool sizes, which keeps CPUs busier but may encounter unacceptable scheduling overhead, which also decreases throughput.

Rejected tasks

New tasks submitted in method execute(Runnable) will be rejected when the Executor has been shut down, and also when the Executor uses finite bounds for both maximum threads and work queue capacity, and is saturated. In either case, the executemethod invokes the RejectedExecutionHandler.rejectedExecution(Runnable, ThreadPoolExecutor) method of its RejectedExecutionHandler. Four predefined handler policies are provided:

1. In the default ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy, the handler throws a runtime RejectedExecutionException upon rejection.
2. In ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy, the thread that invokes execute itself runs the task. This provides a simple feedback control mechanism that will slow down the rate that new tasks are submitted.
3. In ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardPolicy, a task that cannot be executed is simply dropped.
4. In ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardOldestPolicy, if the executor is not shut down, the task at the head of the work queue is dropped, and then execution is retried (which can fail again, causing this to be repeated.)

It is possible to define and use other kinds of RejectedExecutionHandler classes. Doing so requires some care especially when policies are designed to work only under particular capacity or queuing policies.

Hook methods 用于扩展线程池的功能

This class provides protected overridable beforeExecute(Thread, Runnable) and afterExecute(Runnable, Throwable) methods that are called before and after execution of each task. These can be used to manipulate the execution environment; for example, reinitializing ThreadLocals, gathering statistics, or adding log entries. Additionally, method terminated() can be overridden to perform any special processing that needs to be done once the Executor has fully terminated.

If hook or callback methods throw exceptions, internal worker threads may in turn fail and abruptly terminate.

ForkJoinPool

ForkJoinPool遵循‘分而治之’的思想，先将任务拆分，如果需要，最后再讲任务执行结果合并，返回。其只能执行ForkJoinTask类型的任务，其中RecursiveTask任务，在执行后有返回结果，而RecursiveAction则没有返回结果，适合于事件驱动类的task。

Excutors

Excutors是工具类，提供了创建典型ThreadPoolExcutor和ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor实例的api，开发过程中通常不会自己手动创建线程池，多使用这个工具类的api完成。

总结

java cocurrent package中的Excutor体系，主要提供了实时和定时（含定频）的Excutor，支持单个线程，也支持线程池；他们的职责在于将任务执行者和任务发布者解耦。

实时任务处理可以当着定时任务的特例，ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor也提供了支持实时任务的api。

线程池创建通常使用Excutors搞定，典型的线程池：单个、固定大小线程池、可调节大小线程池，自定义线程池时，需要调配好queue大小和线程池大小的关系。

使用submit api将任务提交给线程池，根据实际场景，通过对应的Future接口实现类的api对任务执行情况进行监控，必要时可以将执行中的任务停止。

使用流程：创建线程池，创建任务，提交任务，跟踪并处理任务结果。