镜像

http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu-releases/

系统相关

 Ubuntu14.04相关
安装 - VMware
Install Ubuntu
Continue
Install Now
Continue
Shanghai
Continue
用户名/登录账号设置 - Continue
Restart now

内核相关

 查看内核版本
uname -r

网络相关

sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=  #临时开启路由转发
service network restart #重启网络配置
永久开启路由转发
修改/etc/sysctl.conf文件
将 net.ipv4.ip_forward=0改为net.ipv4.ip_forward=

快捷键

 Ctrl + Alt + t   -   打开终端

源相关

 更新源:sudo apt-get update
修改源:/etc/apt/sources.list
源整理:
源1(系统默认)
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu/ xenial partner
deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial main
源2:
deb http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring main universe restricted multiverse
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring main universe restricted multiverse
deb http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring-security main universe restricted multiverse
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring-security main universe restricted multiverse
deb http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring-updates main universe restricted multiverse
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring-updates main universe restricted multiverse
deb http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ raring-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
源3(东北大学):
deb-src http://mirror.neu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirror.neu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted
deb-src http://mirror.neu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirror.neu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted
deb-src http://mirror.neu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirror.neu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial universe
deb http://mirror.neu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe
deb http://mirror.neu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse
deb http://mirror.neu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse
deb http://mirror.neu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirror.neu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse #Added by software-properties
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner
deb http://mirror.neu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted
deb-src http://mirror.neu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirror.neu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe
deb http://mirror.neu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security multiverse
源4(清华大学):
# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 16.04 LTS _Xenial Xerus_ - Release amd64 (20160420.1)]/ xenial main restricted
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial universe
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security multiverse
源5(阿里云):
# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 16.04 LTS _Xenial Xerus_ - Release amd64 (20160420.1)]/ xenial main restricted
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial main restricted #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse #Added by software-properties
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security multiverse

 域名-IP转换

 /etc/resolv.conf
8.8.8.8 Google DNS

工具 - 中间件 - Apache

安装:sudo apt install apache2
重启:/etc/init.d/apache2 restart
默认配置文件路径:/etc/apache2/apache2.conf
查看版本:apachectl -v
查看/修改端口 /etc/apache2/ports.conf
默认页面路径 /var/www/html

工具 - 编程语言 - Python

 安装  ​sudo apt-get install python-pip
检测 pip -V

工具 - 常用

 VMware Tools
安装
虚拟机安装Vmware Tools
解压
cd 到 目录
sudo su 切换 root权限
./vmware-install.pl
回车 all the time
重启

Docker相关

 安装 sudo apt install docker.io
查看版本 - docker -v
启动docker后台服务 - sudo service docker start
启动        systemctl start docker
守护进程重启 sudo systemctl daemon-reload
重启docker服务 systemctl restart docker
重启docker服务 sudo service docker restart
关闭docker service docker stop
关闭docker systemctl stop docker

工具 - Web框架 - ElasticSearch

安装
wget https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-5.5.0.zip
unzip elasticsearch-5.5..zip
mv elasticsearch-5.5. /data/home/es/lcoal
cd elasticsearch-5.5./bin
./elasticsearch 添加账号
groupadd testes
useradd testes -g elasticsearch
chown -R testes:elasticsearch elasticsearch-5.5.
增删改查
、数据写入:
HTTP method:POST
URL:http://127.0.0.1:9200/index-docs-name/data-type-name -d "{jsonstr}"
返回:{"_index":"index-name","_type":"typename","_id":"idstr","_version":"","created":"true"} 、数据获取:
HTTP method :GET
URL:http://127.0.0.1:9200/index-docs-name/data-type-name/id
返回:数据的json结构 、数据删除:
HTTP method :DELETE
URL:http://127.0.0.1:9200/index-docs-name/data-type-name/id
或者:http://127.0.0.1:9200/index-docs-name(可以使用通配符)删除多个文档 、数据更新:
()全量再次写入
HTTP method:POST
URL:http://127.0.0.1:9200/index-docs-name/data-type-name/id -d "{jsonstr}"
返回:{"_index":"index-name","_type":"typename","_id":"idstr","_version":"","created":"true"}
()局部更新:
HTTP method:POST
URL:http://127.0.0.1:9200/index-docs-name/data-type-name/id/_update -d "{jsonstr}" 、数据查询
()全文搜索
HTTP method : GET
URL : http://127.0.0.1:9200[/index-docs-name/data-type-name]/_search[?q=xxx] -d "{json}"
()聚合请求:
在查询的search输入的结构体中写聚合语句即可。 新建模板 请求方式--PUT
请求地址a.b.c.d:/_template/your_temp_name
模板:
{
"template":"whoisinfo",#模板名,索引名字一样自动适配。
"order":"",#模板号
"state":"open",
"settings": {
"index": {
"creation_date": "",
"number_of_shards": "",#自己控制
"number_of_replicas": "",#自己控制
"uuid": "0GCKTzVTRAaw-z47TfCaZQ",
"version": {
"created": ""
}
}
}
"mapping":{
"domain":{#这里是这个模板下第n类数据的样子
"properties":{
"colunm_name":{
"index":"not_analyzed"
"type":"date/string……"
"format":"strict_date_optional_time||epoch_millis"#这里是时间格式
}
}
}
}
} 索引与映射 (一)、映射
、创建
Method : PUT
URL : http://127.0.0.1:9200/index-docs-name/_mappind -d "{jsonstr}"
、新增字段
Method : PUT
URL : http://127.0.0.1:9200/index-docs-name/_mappind/mapping-name -d "{jsonstr}"
、删除映射会删除数据
Method : DELETE
URL : http://127.0.0.1:9200/index-docs-name/_mappind/mapping-name
、获取映射
Method : GET
URL : http://127.0.0.1:9200/index-docs-name/_mappind/mapping-name (二)常见的字段定义
type 数据类型
index 是否分词(not_analyzed)
format 格式
多重索引
"name":{
"type":"xxxxx"
"fields"::{"xxx":"xxxx"}
} 分页查询 创建Elasticsearch对象
es = Elasticsearch([{'host':'192.168.1.103','port':}]) 创建分页机制
resp = es.search(index, body=query, scroll="24h",size=)
24h 是scrollid 有效时间
scroll_id = resp['_scroll_id'] id就是标识
total = resp["hits"]["total"] 总量 获取数据
resp = es.scroll(scroll_id=scroll_id, scroll="24h")
rdoc = resp["hits"]["hits"]
scroll_id = resp['_scroll_id']
rdoc是每个数据项字典结构体的list LogStash 安装
#step-one:依赖于java jdk 所以预先安装JDK
、下载jdk 首选1.
、tar xzvf jdk-7u55-linux-x86.tar.gz
、mkdir /usr/lib/jvm
、mv jdk1..0_55 /usr/lib/jvm/
、gedit ~/.bashrc
在末尾输入一下内容并保存退出
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/jdk1..0_55
export JRE_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}/jre
export CLASSPATH=.:${JAVA_HOME}/lib:${JRE_HOME}/lib
export PATH=${JAVA_HOME}/bin:$PATH
、source ~/.bashrc(多个账户下)
#step-two:安装logstash
、方法1--源代码安装
wget https://download.elastic.co/logstash/logstash/logstash-1.5.1.tar.gz
tar zxvf logstash-1.5..tar.gz
mv logstash-1.5. logstash
cd ./logstash/
测试语句:bin/logstash -e 'input { stdin { } } output { stdout {} }'
配置测试语句:
bin/logstash -e 'input { stdin { } } output { stdout { codec => rubydebug } }'
、方法2--elasticsearch官方仓库安装
wget -O http://packages.elasicsearch.org/GPG-KEY-elasticsearch | apt-key add -cat >> /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http//packages.elasticsearch.org/logstash/1.5/debian stable main
apt-get update
apt-get install logstash 按照logstash配置文件运行logstash
bin/logstash -f logstash.conf 配置文件logstash.conf示例
input {
stdin{ }
}
output{
stdout{ codec => rubydebug }
elasticsearch { embedded => true }
} 配置语法:
、第一个概念:区段,也就是上文中的input 或者output都是一个区段
#区段之内定义键值对#
、数据类型
()布尔型 true 和 false
()字符串 "hostname"
()数值
()数组 [] 类似python中的队列
()哈希 match => { key1 => "value1" , key2 => "value2" } 、语法规则
()字段读取支持倒序下标 例如a[-]
()条件判断if / else if / else
()判断操作符 != , == , < ,> ,<= ,>= ,=~ ,!~ ,in ,not in , and ,or ,nand ,xor, !{} 、命令行参数
-e 执行
-f 配置文件
-l 错误日志的输出文件
-P 加载插件\
--verbose 输出一定到调试日志
--debug 输出更多调试信息 logstash的处理过程
|filtername |xxx
<inputname <logA
>outputname >elasticsearch logstash处理的是事件,事件的流转过程;
输入 -》 过滤 -》 输出 plugin命令:
查看本机有多少插件可用 plugin list
安装插件 plugin install xxxx
升级插件 plugin update xxx logstash运行
、服务模式
services logstash start
、nohup模式
nohup logstash -f ./logstash.conf &
、screen模式(避免用户退出命令行到哦之程序退出
screen -dmS elksc1
screen -r elksc1
screen list 标准输出入
input {
stdin{
add_field => {"key" => "value"}
codec => plain
tags => {"add"}标签
type => "std"类型
}
}
文件输入
input {
file {
path => ["fiel1","file2",...]
type => "systen"
start_position => "beginning"duqushujuweizhi
#discover_interval 每隔多久去检查下path选的下新文件 默认15s
#execlude 排出文件 list
#sincedb/sincedb_write_interval
#start_interval 每隔多久监听下新文件
}
}
TCP 输入:
input {
tcp {
port =>
mode => server
ssl_enable => false
}
}
网络导入旧数据时候常用 与nc配合
nc 127.0.0.1 < olddata syslog输入:
input {
syslog {
port => ""
}
} collectd输入:
input {
collectd {
port =>
type => colletced
}
}
Codec
、json
codec => "json"
注意对于nginx日志 可以把-替换成0
、多行事件编码
codec => multiline {
pattern => "^\["
negate => true
waht => "previous"
}
、网络流编码:
codec => netflow {
definitions => "/opt/logstash-1.4.2/lib/logstash/codec/netflow/netflow.yaml"
version => []
} 时间处理:
filter {
gork {
match => ["message","%{HTTPDATE:logdate}"]
}
date {
match => ["logdate","dd/MMM/yyyy:HH:mm:ss Z"]
}
}
gork 正则捕获
语法
gork {
match => {
"message"=> "%{WORD} {NUMBER:request_time:float} %{WORD}"
}
} match => {"message"=>"%{SYSLOGBASE} %{DATA:message}"}

计划任务

crontab -l
ls -alh /var/spool/cron
ls -al /etc/ | grep cron
ls -al /etc/cron*
cat /etc/cron*
cat /etc/at.allow
cat /etc/at.deny
cat /etc/cron.allow
cat /etc/cron.deny
cat /etc/crontab
cat /etc/anacrontab
cat /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root

不安全的文件/文件夹权限配置

cat ~/.bash_history
cat ~/.nano_history
cat ~/.atftp_history
cat ~/.mysql_history
cat ~/.php_history

明文用户名/密码搜索

系统初始密码需要自己修改
sudo passwd root #删除用户 userdel 用户名
#根据uid反查用户名 getent passwd 0
grep -i user [filename]
grep -i pass [filename]
grep -C "password" [filename]
find . -name "*.php" -print0 | xargs - grep -i -n "var $password"

日志相关

/bin/systemctl restart rsyslog.service   -- NewStart Carrier Grade Server Linux release /centos7  #重启日志服务

Q - A:

 Linux下出现Read-only file system
mount -o remount rw /

Q - A:

userdel: cannot open /etc/passwd -》
chattr -i /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group /etc/gshadow

 Q:

This computer currently has no detected operating systems” when installing [duplicate]

A:

Choosing "something else" takes me to the partitions. However, it only detects a single unpartitioned space (my entire HDD) even though I actually have  partitions taking up plenty of space.

By no means can I detect my two partitions using any method. Is it possible the  bit installation might be more successful? (I doubt it but I had to ask)

Edit:
250gb. I have two partitions for windows (one main and another for storage) as well as an empty third partition with 20gb that I intend to use for Ubuntu. None are detected, however. FINAL EDIT:
I finally fixed the problem. when I ran sudo fdisk -l
it gave me several partitions in the list, so I tried running fixparts on individual partitions, which ended up being inconclusive (and confusing) Then I decided to try to run fixparts over the entire unpartitioned space sudo fixparts /dev/sda
AS OPPOSED TO sudo fixparts /dev/sda1 sudo fixparts /dev/sda2
(individual partitions) and so on. After simply running the command on the entire hdd, it quickly finished and alas it was fixed! Going back to the installation, it detected my Windows installation, and also detected all existing partitions in the custom install mode. Furthermore, my data on my other partitions was left completely unscathed. It fixed my problem at no cost.

工具安装

Mysql

环境  Ubuntu 64 14.04-Desktop
检查是否安装MySQL
dpkg -l | grep mysql 安装
sudo apt-get install mysql-server 检查是否安装成功
netstat -tap | grep mysql 卸载
sudo rm /var/lib/mysql/ -R
sudo rm /etc/mysql/ -R
sudo apt-get autoremove mysql* --purge
sudo apt-get remove apparmor 问题
 /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)
  解决方案:
  (1)sudo mv /var/lib/dpkg/info /var/lib/dpkg/info.bk
  (2)sudo mkdir /var/lib/dpkg/info
  (3)sudo apt-get update
  (4)sudo apt-get install -f
  (5)sudo mv /var/lib/dpkg/info/* /var/lib/dpkg/info.bk
  (6)sudo rm -rf /var/lib/dpkg/info
  (7)sudo mv /var/lib/dpkg/info.bk /var/lib/dpkg/info
  

程序名/端口/进程

通过进程id查看占用的端口:netstat -nap | grep 2708
通过PID查看进程:ps -aux |grep -v grep|grep 28990
关闭端口
sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport $PORT -j DROP"
sudo iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport $PORT -j DROP"
或者 lsof -i :8080|grep -v "PID"|awk '{print "kill -9",$2}'|sh

防火墙

禁止所有的ip访问本机的固定端口    iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport  -j DROP 
启用所有的ip访问本机的固定端口 iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport -j ACCEPT 
允许指定IP访问本机固定端口(需要先禁止所有的ip访问固定端口) iptables -I INPUT -s 192.168.1.123 -p tcp --dport -j ACCEPT
禁止某个IP地址的PING iptables –A Filter –p icmp –s 192.168.0.1 –j DROP 
只允许PING 202.96.134.133 其它公网IP都不许PING "iptables -A Filter -p icmp -s 192.168.100.200 -d 202.96.134.133 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A Filter -p icmp -j DROP"
备份iptables cp /etc/sysconfig/iptables /var/tmp
保存iptables service iptables save
重启防火墙 service iptables restart
服务器只开启收发邮件功能 "iptables -I Filter -m mac --mac-source 00:0F:EA:25:51:37 -j DROP
iptables -I Filter -m mac --mac-source :0F:EA::: -p udp --dport -j ACCEPT
iptables -I Filter -m mac --mac-source :0F:EA::: -p tcp --dport -j ACCEPT
iptables -I Filter -m mac --mac-source :0F:EA::: -p tcp --dport -j ACCEPT"
只允许访问指定网址 "iptables -A Filter -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A Filter -p tcp --dport -j ACCEPT
iptables -A Filter -d www..org -j ACCEPT
iptables -A Filter -d img.cn99.com -j ACCEPT
iptables -A Filter -j DROP"
指定时间上网 "iptables -A Filter -s 10.10.10.253 -m time --timestart 6:00 --timestop 11:00 --days Mon,Tue,Wed,Thu,Fri,Sat,Sun -j DROP
iptables -A Filter -m time --timestart : --timestop : --days Mon,Tue,Wed,Thu,Fri,Sat,Sun -j ACCEPT
iptables -A Filter -m time --timestart : --timestop : --days Mon,Tue,Wed,Thu,Fri,Sat,Sun -j ACCEPT"
基于MAC,只能收发邮件,其它都拒绝 "iptables -I Filter -m mac --mac-source 00:0A:EB:97:79:A1 -j DROP
iptables -I Filter -m mac --mac-source :0A:EB:::A1 -p tcp --dport -j ACCEPT
iptables -I Filter -m mac --mac-source :0A:EB:::A1 -p tcp --dport -j ACCEPT"
禁用QQ防火墙配置 "iptables -A Filter -p udp --dport ! 53 -j DROP
iptables -A Filter -d 218.17.209.0/ -j DROP
iptables -A Filter -d 218.18.95.0/ -j DROP
iptables -A Filter -d 219.133.40.177 -j DROP"
禁用MSN配置 "iptables -A Filter -p udp --dport 9 -j DROP
iptables -A Filter -p tcp --dport -j DROP
iptables -A Filter -p tcp --dport -d 207.68.178.238 -j DROP
iptables -A Filter -p tcp --dport -d 207.46.110.0/ -j DROP"

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