解决报错 ora-00704 ora-00604 ora-00942 启动不了数据库问题

早上海南的同事打电话说他们的审计库连不上了启动也报错，问了下最近做了些什么操作，答复是之前添加了一次磁盘。 猜测是添加磁盘启动后/dev/sdx顺序出错，或者没有正常的关闭数据库导致数据库无法正常启动。
远程登过去，先看了一下alert日志：
发现有如下报警：
ORA-00704: bootstrap process failure
ORA-00604: error occurred at recursive SQL level 1
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
Error 704 happened during db open, shutting down database
USER (ospid: 6460): terminating the instance due to error 704
Instance terminated by USER, pid = 6460
ORA-1092 signalled during: ALTER DATABASE OPEN...
opiodr aborting process unknown ospid (6460) as a result of ORA-1092
Tue Feb 23 10:59:31 2016
ORA-1092 : opitsk aborting process

尝试启动一次数据库：
SQL> conn / as sysdba
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup mount;
ORACLE instance started.
 
Total System Global Area  4728872960 bytes
Fixed Size            1314156  bytes
Variable Size          163578516  bytes
Database Buffers      1019898880 bytes
Redo Buffers            6004736  bytes
Database mounted.
alter database open
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01092: ORACLE instance terminated. Disconnection forced
ORA-00704: bootstrap process failure
ORA-00604: error occurred at recursive SQL level 1
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
Process ID: 2056
Session ID: 128 Serial number: 7

发现报的错和alert日志显示的一样。
这个错大概是system表空间里面的核心表被删除了，所以数据库启动不起来。这里，如果没有备份的话，这个就不能用常规的手段启动了。

首先去找到报ORA-00704的原因：
SQL> conn / as sysdba
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup mount;
ORACLE instance started.
 
Total System Global Area  4728872960 bytes
Fixed Size            1314156  bytes
Variable Size          163578516  bytes
Database Buffers      1019898880 bytes
Redo Buffers            6004736  bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> alter session set sql_trace=true;
SQL> select value from v$diag_info where name='Default Trace File';

VALUE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/iscba/iscba/trace/iscba_ora_22821.trc

SQL> alter database open;
alter database open
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01092: ORACLE instance terminated. Disconnection forced
ORA-00704: bootstrap process failure
ORA-00604: error occurred at recursive SQL level 1
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
Process ID: 2176
Session ID: 128 Serial number: 7

然后查看iscba_ora_22821.trc：

Trace file /u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/iscba/iscba/trace/iscba_ora_22821.trc
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2/db_1
System name:    Linux
Node name:    h-badb-01
Release:    2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64
Version:    #1 SMP Sun Nov 10 22:19:54 EST 2013
Machine:    x86_64
VM name:    VMWare Version: 6
Instance name: iscba
Redo thread mounted by this instance: 1
Oracle process number: 17
Unix process pid: 22821, image: oracle@h-badb-01 (TNS V1-V3)

*** 2016-02-25 10:41:03.622
*** SESSION ID:(202.3) 2016-02-25 10:41:03.622
*** CLIENT ID:() 2016-02-25 10:41:03.622
*** SERVICE NAME:() 2016-02-25 10:41:03.622
*** MODULE NAME:(sqlplus@h-badb-01 (TNS V1-V3)) 2016-02-25 10:41:03.622
*** ACTION NAME:() 2016-02-25 10:41:03.622

。。。省略N多字。

发现最后又如下提示：
=====================
PARSE ERROR #139799411328680:len=56 dep=1 uid=0 oct=3 lid=0 tim=1456368102317169 err=942
select order#,columns,types from access$ where d_obj#=:1
ORA-00704: bootstrap process failure
ORA-00604: error occurred at recursive SQL level 1
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
ORA-00704: bootstrap process failure
ORA-00604: error occurred at recursive SQL level 1
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

*** 2016-02-25 10:41:42.317
USER (ospid: 22821): terminating the instance due to error 704

*** 2016-02-25 10:41:43.413
EXEC #139799435394504:c=309952,e=2052517,p=57,cr=758,cu=0,mis=0,r=0,dep=0,og=1,plh=0,tim=1456368103413294
ERROR #139799435394504:err=1092 tim=1456368103413356

这个地方就能确定，是缺失 access$ 造成的数据库启动不起来。
为了解决问题，我们只有用非常规的手段来自己创建这个表，来进行恢复，步骤如下：
1.启动数据库到upgrade状态
SQL> startup  upgrade
ORACLE instance started.
 
Total System Global Area  4728872960 bytes
Fixed Size            1314156  bytes
Variable Size          163578516  bytes
Database Buffers      1019898880 bytes
Redo Buffers            6004736  bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.

2.创建access$ 和相关的索引
SQL> create table access$
  2  ( d_obj#        number not null,
  3    order#        number not null,
  4    columns       raw(126),
  5    types         number not null)
  6    storage (initial 10k next 100k maxextents unlimited pctincrease 0)
  7  /
 
Table created.
 
SQL> create index i_access1 on
  2    access$(d_obj#, order#)
  3    storage (initial 10k next 100k maxextents unlimited pctincrease 0)
  4  /
 
Index created.
注意：创建语句可以在$ORACLE_HOME/RDBMS/ADMIN/dcore.bsq中找到

3.重启数据库
QL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
 
Total System Global Area  4728872960 bytes
Fixed Size            1314156  bytes
Variable Size          163578516  bytes
Database Buffers      1019898880 bytes
Redo Buffers            6004736  bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.

4.检查状态并用tnsname去连接
select status from v$instance;
sqlplus username/password@TNSNAMES