python学习笔记——爬虫学习中的重要库urllib
1 urllib概述
1.1 urllib库中的模块类型
urllib是python内置的http请求库
其提供了如下功能:
(1)error 异常处理模块
(2)parse url解析模块
(3)request 请求模块
(4)robotparser robots.txt解析模块
1.2 模块的引用方式
以下应用引用urllib库中的模块时均以 parse模块 为例
(1)引用方式一(正确)
import urllib from urllib import parse
(2)引用方式二(正确)
import urllib.parse, urllib.request
该方法使用时必须写全,例如:urllib.parse.urlopen()
(3)引用方式三(正确)
from urllib import parse, request
(4)引用方式四(错误)
import urllib data = bytes(urllib.parse.urlencode(formdata), encoding="utf-8")
注:
(1)urllib尽管是库,但是其Package contents均为诸如parse、request等模块,所以不能将模块当成函数直接使用
(2)urllib可以理解成命名空间,为了优化导入,import urllib时不导入其他模块,因这样不会消耗处理器周期和内存,urllib库中的其他单个模块再使用时需再分别导入
(3)引用方式一使用时urllib.request.Request不报错,而引用方式三会报错(urllib 不存在),此时修改为request.Request即可
参考:AttributeError: module 'urllib' has no attribute 'parse'
2 URL Parsing
URL解析功能主要是将URL字符串分割成各个构成要素,或者将URL构成要素组合成URL字符串。
详细可以参考
python爬虫从入门到放弃(三)之 Urllib库的基本使用
官方文档:21.8. urllib.parse
— Parse URLs into components
3 有道字典具体实例
import urllib from urllib import parse, request # import urllib.parse, urllib.request import json import re key = input("请输入您要查询的英文单词:") url = "http://fanyi.youdao.com/translate?smartresult=dict&smartresult=rule&smartresult=ugc&sessionFrom=null" headers = { "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.139 Safari/537.36", "X-Requested-With":"XMLHttpRequest", "Accept":"application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01" } formdata = { "i":key, "from":"AUTO", "to":"AUTO", "smartresult":"dict", "client":"fanyideskweb", ", "sign":"ad84e0e993177327436974d720731288", "doctype":"json", "version":"2.1", "keyfrom":"fanyi.web", "action":"FY_BY_REALTIME", "typoResult":"false" } data = bytes(urllib.parse.urlencode(formdata), encoding="utf-8") req = urllib.request.Request(url,data,headers,method="POST") response = urllib.request.urlopen(req) info = response.read().decode("utf-8") #print(info) jsonLoads = json.loads(info) # json str -> dict decode #print(jsonLoads["translateResult"][0][0]["tgt"]) pattern = re.compile('"tgt":([\s\S]*?)}') infoResult = re.findall(pattern,info) for i in infoResult: i = i.replace('"','') print(i) #{"type":"EN2ZH_CN","errorCode":0,"elapsedTime":1,"translateResult":[[{"src":"hello","tgt":"你好"}]]
4 urlopen
4.1 语法
urlopen(url, data=None, timeout=<object object at 0x03C989A8>, *, cafile=None, capath=None, cadefault=False, context=None)
功能:打开URL
参数:
url:可以是字符串也可以是请求对象
data:该数据为指定发送给服务器的附加数据对象,默认为缺省,缺省则表示get方式请求
timeout:超时链接设置,秒为计量单位,可缺省
返回的方法有:
(1)read() , readline() ,readlines() , fileno() , close() :这些方法的使用方式与文件对象完全一样
(2)info():返回一个httplib.HTTPMessage对象,表示远程服务器返回的头信息
(3)getcode():返回Http状态码。如果是http请求,200请求成功完成;404网址未找到
(4)geturl():返回请求的url
一般而言,urlopen函数常用有三个参数:
urllib.requeset.urlopen(url,data,timeout)
4.2 实例
示例一:(常规请求打开URL)
import urllib.request response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.baidu.com') print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
运行
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result_common_css.attr("data-for","result"); var index_css= $('head [index]'); var wrapper=$("#wrapper"); window.index_on=function(){ index_css.insertAfter("meta:eq(0)"); result_common_css.remove(); wrapper.show(); if(bds.su&&bds.su.U&&bds.su.U.homeInit){ bds.su.U.homeInit(); } //$("#wrapper_wrapper").remove(); }; window.index_off=function(){ //不能操作dom,只能改css,否则会丢失输入法状态 result_common_css.insertAfter("meta:eq(0)"); wrapper.show(); index_css.remove(); //$("<div id='wrapper_wrapper'></div>").appendTo("#wrapper"); }; })(); //首页UA diff 监控 $(window).on("load",function() { var rand = Math.random(); if(rand < 0.01) { try { var baseUrl = "//www.baidu.com/nocache/fesplg/s.gif?log_type=hm&type=uamonitor&", queryString = ""; queryString += "&c_ua=" + encodeURIComponent(navigator.userAgent); queryString += "&s_ua=" + encodeURIComponent(bds.comm.userAgent); var url=baseUrl+queryString, img = new Image(), img_rand="_LOG_"+new Date().getTime(); img.onload=function(){ delete window[img_rand]; }; window[img_rand]=img; img.src=url; } catch(e) {}; } }); </script> <script type="text/javascript">var Cookie={set:function(e,t,o,i,s,n){document.cookie=e+"="+(n?t:escape(t))+(s?"; expires="+s.toGMTString():"")+(i?"; path="+i:"; path=/")+(o?"; domain="+o:"")},get:function(e,t){var o=document.cookie.match(new RegExp("(^| )"+e+"=([^;]*)(;|$)"));return null!=o?unescape(o[2]):t},clear:function(e,t,o){this.get(e)&&(document.cookie=e+"="+(t?"; path="+t:"; path=/")+(o?"; domain="+o:"")+";expires=Fri, 02-Jan-1970 00:00:00 GMT")}};!function(){function save(e){var t=[];for(tmpName in options)options.hasOwnProperty(tmpName)&&"duRobotState"!==tmpName&&t.push('"'+tmpName+'":"'+options[tmpName]+'"'); var o=";clearCookie("sug"),Cookie.set("sug",e,document.domain,"/",expire30y) }"},e=t[options.isSwitch];clearCookie("ORIGIN"),Cookie.set("ORIGIN",e,document.domain,"/",expire30y)}if(options.hasOwnProperty("imeSwitch")){var 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Date;expire30y.setTime(expire30y.getTime()+94608e7);try{if(bds&&bds.comm&&bds.comm.personalData){if("string"==typeof bds.comm.personalData&&(bds.comm.personalData=eval("("+bds.comm.personalData+")")),!bds.comm.personalData)return;for(tmpName in bds.comm.personalData)defaultOptions.hasOwnProperty(tmpName)&&bds.comm.personalData.hasOwnProperty(tmpName)&&"SUCCESS"==bds.comm.personalData[tmpName].ErrMsg&&(options[tmpName]=bds.comm.personalData[tmpName].value) }"==options.resultLang||delete options.resultLang}catch(e){}writeCookie(),"sugSet"in options||(options.sugSet=3!=Cookie.get("sug",3)?0:1),"sugStoreSet"in options||(options.sugStoreSet=Cookie.get("sugstore",0));var BAIDUID=Cookie.get("BAIDUID");"resultNum"in options||(options.resultNum=/NR=(\d+)/.test(BAIDUID)&&RegExp.$1?parseInt(RegExp.$1):10),"resultLang"in options||(options.resultLang=/SL=(\d+)/.test(BAIDUID)&&RegExp.$1?parseInt(RegExp.$1):0),"isSwitch"in 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bds&&bds.comm&&(bds.comm.supportis=!i,bds.comm.isui=!0),window.__restart_confirm_timeout=!0,window.__confirm_timeout=8e3,window.__disable_is_guide=!0,window.__disable_swap_to_empty=!0,window.__switch_add_mask=!0;var s="http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/js/all_async_search_4bff0a6.js",n="/script";document.write("<script src='"+s+"'><"+n+">"),bds.comm.newindex&&$(window).on("index_off",function(){$('<div class="c-tips-container" id="c-tips-container"></div>').insertAfter("#wrapper"),window.__sample_dynamic_tab&&$("#s_tab").remove() }),bds.comm&&bds.comm.ishome&&Cookie.get("H_PS_PSSID")&&(bds.comm.indexSid=Cookie.get("H_PS_PSSID"))}();</script> <script> if(bds.comm.supportis){ window.__restart_confirm_timeout=true; window.__confirm_timeout=8000; window.__disable_is_guide=true; window.__disable_swap_to_empty=true; } initPreload({ 'isui':true, 'index_form':"#form", 'index_kw':"#kw", 'result_form':"#form", 'result_kw':"#kw" }); </script> <script> if(navigator.cookieEnabled){ document.cookie="NOJS=;expires=Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT"; } </script> </body> </html>
注意:
(1)这里的若写www.baidu.com会报错
(2)如果不写decode('utf-8'),则返回的不是正常的html格式
(3)没有data参数的请求为get方式
示例二:data参数的使用
import urllib.parse import urllib.request data = bytes(urllib.parse.urlencode({'word': 'hello'}), encoding='utf8') print(data) response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://httpbin.org/post', data=data) print(response.read())
运行
b'word=hello' b'{"args":{},"data":"","files":{},"form":{"word":"hello"},"headers":{"Accept-Encoding":"identity","Connection":"close","Content-Length":"10","Content-Type":"application/x-www-form-urlencoded","Host":"httpbin.org","User-Agent":"Python-urllib/3.6"},"json":null,"origin":"115.231.11.215","url":"http://httpbin.org/post"}\n'
备注:
(1)bytes('string',encoding='编码类型') #利用内置bytes方法,将字符串转换为指定编码的bytes
(2)利用urllib库中parse模块中的urlencode()函数,也即利用bytes(urllib.parse.urlencode())将post数据转换成urllib.request.urlopen中所需的data参数,这样就完成了一次post请求
(3)当urllib.request.urlopen()函数中有data的设定值时则表示采用post方式请求
(4)http://httpbin.org/post可以作为网站演示(该网站可以作为练习使用urllib的一个站点使用,可以模拟各种请求操作)
示例三:timeout参数
timeout主要是防止程序持续请求链接,当网络较差或服务器异常时则在超过timeout时间后直接爆出异常
import urllib.request response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.baidu.com', timeout=0.01) print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
运行
5 urlencode
5.1 基本语法
urlencode(query, doseq=False, safe='', encoding=None, errors=None, quote_via=<function quote_plus at 0x0584E6F0>)
功能:将字典或者两个元组编码成URL查询字符串
参数:
query:查询参数,可以是字符串类型,也可以是字节类型
其他:其他参数不太重要
5.2 使用示例
from urllib.parse import urlencode params = { "wd":"中国", "ie":"UTF-8", } base_url = "http://www.baidu.com/s?" url = base_url+urlencode(params) print(url) #http://www.baidu.com/s?wd=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD&ie=UTF-8
6 Request 对象
很多网站为了防止程序爬虫访问网站而致使的网站瘫痪,网站进行了反爬程序设置。
在编写爬虫程序时,需要对访问过程进行伪装,也即,爬虫程序中需要携带一些headers头部信息进行伪装访问,最常见的有user-agent参数
class Request(builtins.object) Methods defined here(Initialize self): __init__(self, url, data=None, headers={}, origin_req_host=None, unverifiable=False, method=None)
下面是一个简单没有进行伪装的请求
import urllib.request request = urllib.request.Request('https://www.baidu.com') response = urllib.request.urlopen(request) print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
下面是添加头部信息进行伪装
from urllib import request, parse url = 'http://httpbin.org/post' headers = { 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)', 'Host': 'httpbin.org' } dict = { 'name': 'zhaofan' } data = bytes(parse.urlencode(dict), encoding='utf8') req = request.Request(url=url, data=data, headers=headers, method='POST') response = request.urlopen(req) print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
运行(以下格式是便于看整理的,实际打印出来是一行)
{"args": {}, "data": "", "files": {}, "form": {"name": "zhaofan"}, "headers": {"Accept-Encoding": "identity", "Connection": "close", ", "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)"}, "json": null, "origin": "183.240.196.58", "url": "http://httpbin.org/post" }
另外还可以将其进行优化,示例如下:
from urllib import request, parse url = 'http://httpbin.org/post' dict = { 'name': 'Germey' } data = bytes(parse.urlencode(dict), encoding='utf8') req = request.Request(url=url, data=data, method='POST') req.add_header('User-Agent', 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)') response = request.urlopen(req) print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
这种方式可以自己定义请求头字典,可以循环添加。
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