python之websocket

一、websocket

WebSocket协议是基于TCP的一种新的协议。WebSocket最初在HTML5规范中被引用为TCP连接，作为基于TCP的套接字API的占位符。它实现了浏览器与服务器全双工(full-duplex)通信。其本质是保持TCP连接，在浏览器和服务端通过Socket进行通信。

本文将使用Python编写Socket服务端，一步一步分析请求过程！！！

1. 启动服务端

import socket
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
sock.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8002))
sock.listen(5)
# 等待用户连接
conn, address = sock.accept()
...
...
...

启动Socket服务器后，等待用户【连接】，然后进行收发数据。

2. 客户端连接

<script type="text/javascript">
 
    var socket = new WebSocket("ws://127.0.0.1:8002/xxoo");
    ...
</script>

当客户端向服务端发送连接请求时，不仅连接还会发送【握手】信息，并等待服务端响应，至此连接才创建成功！

3. 建立连接【握手】

import socket
 
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
sock.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8002))
sock.listen(5)
# 获取客户端socket对象
conn, address = sock.accept()
# 获取客户端的【握手】信息
data = conn.recv(1024)
...
...
...
conn.send('响应【握手】信息')

请求和响应的【握手】信息需要遵循规则：

• 从请求【握手】信息中提取 Sec-WebSocket-Key
• 利用magic_string 和 Sec-WebSocket-Key 进行hmac1加密，再进行base64加密
• 将加密结果响应给客户端

注：magic string为：258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11

请求【握手】信息为：

GET /chatsocket HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:8002
Connection: Upgrade
Pragma: no-cache
Cache-Control: no-cache
Upgrade: websocket
Origin: http://localhost:63342
Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13
Sec-WebSocket-Key: mnwFxiOlctXFN/DeMt1Amg==
Sec-WebSocket-Extensions: permessage-deflate; client_max_window_bits
...
...

提取Sec-WebSocket-Key值并加密：

import socket
import base64
import hashlib
 
def get_headers(data):
    """
    将请求头格式化成字典
    :param data:
    :return:
    """
    header_dict = {}
    data = str(data, encoding='utf-8')
 
    for i in data.split('\r\n'):
        print(i)
    header, body = data.split('\r\n\r\n', 1)
    header_list = header.split('\r\n')
    for i in range(0, len(header_list)):
        if i == 0:
            if len(header_list[i].split(' ')) == 3:
                header_dict['method'], header_dict['url'], header_dict['protocol'] = header_list[i].split(' ')
        else:
            k, v = header_list[i].split(':', 1)
            header_dict[k] = v.strip()
    return header_dict
 
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
sock.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8002))
sock.listen(5)
 
conn, address = sock.accept()
data = conn.recv(1024)
headers = get_headers(data) # 提取请求头信息
# 对请求头中的sec-websocket-key进行加密
response_tpl = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n" \
      "Upgrade:websocket\r\n" \
      "Connection: Upgrade\r\n" \
      "Sec-WebSocket-Accept: %s\r\n" \
      "WebSocket-Location: ws://%s%s\r\n\r\n"
magic_string = '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11'
value = headers['Sec-WebSocket-Key'] + magic_string
ac = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(value.encode('utf-8')).digest())
response_str = response_tpl % (ac.decode('utf-8'), headers['Host'], headers['url'])
# 响应【握手】信息
conn.send(bytes(response_str, encoding='utf-8'))
...
...
...

4.客户端和服务端收发数据

客户端和服务端传输数据时，需要对数据进行【封包】和【解包】。客户端的JavaScript类库已经封装【封包】和【解包】过程，但Socket服务端需要手动实现。

第一步：获取客户端发送的数据【解包】

info = conn.recv(8096)
 
    payload_len = info[1] & 127
    if payload_len == 126:
        extend_payload_len = info[2:4]
        mask = info[4:8]
        decoded = info[8:]
    elif payload_len == 127:
        extend_payload_len = info[2:10]
        mask = info[10:14]
        decoded = info[14:]
    else:
        extend_payload_len = None
        mask = info[2:6]
        decoded = info[6:]
 
    bytes_list = bytearray()
    for i in range(len(decoded)):
        chunk = decoded[i] ^ mask[i % 4]
        bytes_list.append(chunk)
    body = str(bytes_list, encoding='utf-8')
    print(body)

基于Python实现解包过程（未实现长内容）

解包详细过程：

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

0                   1                   2                   3  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+-------------------------------+ |F|R|R|R| opcode|M| Payload len |    Extended payload length    | |I|S|S|S|  (4)  |A|     (7)     |             (16/64)           | |N|V|V|V|       |S|             |   (if payload len==126/127)   | | |1|2|3|       |K|             |                               | +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + |     Extended payload length continued, if payload len == 127  | + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-------------------------------+ |                               |Masking-key, if MASK set to 1  | +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+ | Masking-key (continued)       |          Payload Data         | +-------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + :                     Payload Data continued ...                : + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + |                     Payload Data continued ...                | +---------------------------------------------------------------+

第二步：向客户端发送数据【封包】

def send_msg(conn, msg_bytes):
    """
    WebSocket服务端向客户端发送消息
    :param conn: 客户端连接到服务器端的socket对象,即： conn,address = socket.accept()
    :param msg_bytes: 向客户端发送的字节
    :return:
    """
    import struct
 
    token = b"\x81"
    length = len(msg_bytes)
    if length < 126:
        token += struct.pack("B", length)
    elif length <= 0xFFFF:
        token += struct.pack("!BH", 126, length)
    else:
        token += struct.pack("!BQ", 127, length)
 
    msg = token + msg_bytes
    conn.send(msg)
    return True

5. 基于Python实现简单示例

a. 基于Python socket实现的WebSocket服务端：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import socket
import base64
import hashlib
 
def get_headers(data):
    """
    将请求头格式化成字典
    :param data:
    :return:
    """
    header_dict = {}
    data = str(data, encoding='utf-8')
 
    header, body = data.split('\r\n\r\n', 1)
    header_list = header.split('\r\n')
    for i in range(0, len(header_list)):
        if i == 0:
            if len(header_list[i].split(' ')) == 3:
                header_dict['method'], header_dict['url'], header_dict['protocol'] = header_list[i].split(' ')
        else:
            k, v = header_list[i].split(':', 1)
            header_dict[k] = v.strip()
    return header_dict
 
def send_msg(conn, msg_bytes):
    """
    WebSocket服务端向客户端发送消息
    :param conn: 客户端连接到服务器端的socket对象,即： conn,address = socket.accept()
    :param msg_bytes: 向客户端发送的字节
    :return:
    """
    import struct
 
    token = b"\x81"
    length = len(msg_bytes)
    if length < 126:
        token += struct.pack("B", length)
    elif length <= 0xFFFF:
        token += struct.pack("!BH", 126, length)
    else:
        token += struct.pack("!BQ", 127, length)
 
    msg = token + msg_bytes
    conn.send(msg)
    return True
 
def run():
    sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
    sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
    sock.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8003))
    sock.listen(5)
 
    conn, address = sock.accept()
    data = conn.recv(1024)
    headers = get_headers(data)
    response_tpl = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n" \
                   "Upgrade:websocket\r\n" \
                   "Connection:Upgrade\r\n" \
                   "Sec-WebSocket-Accept:%s\r\n" \
                   "WebSocket-Location:ws://%s%s\r\n\r\n"
 
    value = headers['Sec-WebSocket-Key'] + '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11'
    ac = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(value.encode('utf-8')).digest())
    response_str = response_tpl % (ac.decode('utf-8'), headers['Host'], headers['url'])
    conn.send(bytes(response_str, encoding='utf-8'))
 
    while True:
        try:
            info = conn.recv(8096)
        except Exception as e:
            info = None
        if not info:
            break
        payload_len = info[1] & 127
        if payload_len == 126:
            extend_payload_len = info[2:4]
            mask = info[4:8]
            decoded = info[8:]
        elif payload_len == 127:
            extend_payload_len = info[2:10]
            mask = info[10:14]
            decoded = info[14:]
        else:
            extend_payload_len = None
            mask = info[2:6]
            decoded = info[6:]
 
        bytes_list = bytearray()
        for i in range(len(decoded)):
            chunk = decoded[i] ^ mask[i % 4]
            bytes_list.append(chunk)
        body = str(bytes_list, encoding='utf-8')
        send_msg(conn,body.encode('utf-8'))
 
    sock.close()
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    run()

b. 利用JavaScript类库实现客户端

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <div>
        <input type="text" id="txt"/>
        <input type="button" id="btn" value="提交" onclick="sendMsg();"/>
        <input type="button" id="close" value="关闭连接" onclick="closeConn();"/>
    </div>
    <div id="content"></div>
 
<script type="text/javascript">
    var socket = new WebSocket("ws://127.0.0.1:8003/chatsocket");
 
    socket.onopen = function () {
        /* 与服务器端连接成功后，自动执行 */
 
        var newTag = document.createElement('div');
        newTag.innerHTML = "【连接成功】";
        document.getElementById('content').appendChild(newTag);
    };
 
    socket.onmessage = function (event) {
        /* 服务器端向客户端发送数据时，自动执行 */
        var response = event.data;
        var newTag = document.createElement('div');
        newTag.innerHTML = response;
        document.getElementById('content').appendChild(newTag);
    };
 
    socket.onclose = function (event) {
        /* 服务器端主动断开连接时，自动执行 */
        var newTag = document.createElement('div');
        newTag.innerHTML = "【关闭连接】";
        document.getElementById('content').appendChild(newTag);
    };
 
    function sendMsg() {
        var txt = document.getElementById('txt');
        socket.send(txt.value);
        txt.value = "";
    }
    function closeConn() {
        socket.close();
        var newTag = document.createElement('div');
        newTag.innerHTML = "【关闭连接】";
        document.getElementById('content').appendChild(newTag);
    }
 
</script>
</body>
</html>

6. 基于Tornado框架实现Web聊天室

Tornado是一个支持WebSocket的优秀框架，其内部原理正如1~5步骤描述，当然Tornado内部封装功能更加完整。

以下是基于Tornado实现的聊天室示例：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import uuid
import json
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
import tornado.websocket
 
class IndexHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.render('index.html')
 
class ChatHandler(tornado.websocket.WebSocketHandler):
    # 用户存储当前聊天室用户
    waiters = set()
    # 用于存储历时消息
    messages = []
 
    def open(self):
        """
        客户端连接成功时，自动执行
        :return:
        """
        ChatHandler.waiters.add(self)
        uid = str(uuid.uuid4())
        self.write_message(uid)
 
        for msg in ChatHandler.messages:
            content = self.render_string('message.html', **msg)
            self.write_message(content)
 
    def on_message(self, message):
        """
        客户端连发送消息时，自动执行
        :param message:
        :return:
        """
        msg = json.loads(message)
        ChatHandler.messages.append(message)
 
        for client in ChatHandler.waiters:
            content = client.render_string('message.html', **msg)
            client.write_message(content)
 
    def on_close(self):
        """
        客户端关闭连接时，，自动执行
        :return:
        """
        ChatHandler.waiters.remove(self)
 
def run():
    settings = {
        'template_path': 'templates',
        'static_path': 'static',
    }
    application = tornado.web.Application([
        (r"/", IndexHandler),
        (r"/chat", ChatHandler),
    ], **settings)
    application.listen(8888)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    run()

app.py

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Python聊天室</title>
</head>
<body>
    <div>
        <input type="text" id="txt"/>
        <input type="button" id="btn" value="提交" onclick="sendMsg();"/>
        <input type="button" id="close" value="关闭连接" onclick="closeConn();"/>
    </div>
    <div id="container" style="border: 1px solid #dddddd;margin: 20px;min-height: 500px;">
 
    </div>
 
    <script src="/static/jquery-2.1.4.min.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            wsUpdater.start();
        });
 
        var wsUpdater = {
            socket: null,
            uid: null,
            start: function() {
                var url = "ws://127.0.0.1:8888/chat";
                wsUpdater.socket = new WebSocket(url);
                wsUpdater.socket.onmessage = function(event) {
                    console.log(event);
                    if(wsUpdater.uid){
                        wsUpdater.showMessage(event.data);
                    }else{
                        wsUpdater.uid = event.data;
                    }
                }
            },
            showMessage: function(content) {
                $('#container').append(content);
            }
        };
 
        function sendMsg() {
            var msg = {
                uid: wsUpdater.uid,
                message: $("#txt").val()
            };
            wsUpdater.socket.send(JSON.stringify(msg));
        }
 
</script>
 
</body>
</html>

index.html

示例源码下载