Oracle 11g DataGuard搭建（一） - 单节点到单节点

（一）DataGuard概要

DataGuard中文称为”数据卫士“，提供了数据库高可用性、数据保护和灾难恢复的功能。DataGuard通过建立primary数据库和standby数据库来确立参照关系，DataGuard将主库（primary）的redo日志传递给备库（standby），然后在备库中应用redo进行同步。

备库又分为2种类型：物理备库和逻辑备库

• 物理standby是通过块拷贝方式同步，通过接受并应用primary数据库的redo log，以介质恢复的方式同步。在物理备库中，数据是完全相同的，包括schema、表、索引都是一样的。
• 逻辑standby是通过应用SQL语句进行同步，通过接收primary数据库的redo log并转换成sql语句。

物理备库在实际生产中使用较多，这里记录物理备库的搭建过程。

（二）DataGuard环境规划

	主库	备库
操作系统	redhat 6.7 x86-64(64位)	redhat 6.7 x86-64(64位)
服务器名称	primarynode	standbynode
IP地址规划	192.168.10.51	192.168.10.52
---------------	-----------------------	----------------
数据库版本	11.2.0.4	11.2.0.4
db_name	adgdb	adgdb
db_unique_name	adgdb	adgdbstandby
instance_name	adgdb	adgdbstandby
service_name	adgdb	adgdb
数据库安装	安装数据库软件+创建监听+安装数据库	安装数据库软件+创建监听

常规配置：

( 1 )主库和备库hosts文件配置

[root@primarynode ~]# vim /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6
192.168.10.51  primarynode
192.168.10.52  standbynode

（2）主库oracle用户环境配置

[oracle@primarynode ~]$ more .bash_profile
# .bash_profile

# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
    . ~/.bashrc
fi

# User specific environment and startup programs

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin

ORACLE_SID=adgdb; export ORACLE_SID
ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle; export ORACLE_BASE
ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2./db_1; export ORACLE_HOME
PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH:$HOME/bin; export PATH
export TEMP=/tmp
export TMPDIR=/tmp
umask 

export PATH

（3）备库环境变量配置

[oracle@standbynode ~]$ more .bash_profile
# .bash_profile

# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
    . ~/.bashrc
fi

# User specific environment and startup programs

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin

ORACLE_SID=adgdbstandby; export ORACLE_SID
ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle; export ORACLE_BASE
ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2./db_1; export ORACLE_HOME
PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH:$HOME/bin; export PATH
export TEMP=/tmp
export TMPDIR=/tmp
umask 

export PATH

(三)DataGuard主库配置

( 1 )主库启用强制记录日志功能

查询是否启用强制记录日志

select force_logging from v$database;

如果未启用，则使用下面语句来开启强制记录日志

alter database force logging;  --强制记录日志

( 2 )启用归档

查询是否启用归档

archive log list
--或者
select log_mode from v$database;

如果未启用归档，可以按照如下步骤开启归档

----Oracle 11g数据库归档模式开启

--STEP1：以sysdba角色登陆数据库
sqlplus / as sysdba

--STEP2：干净的关闭数据库
shutdown immediate

--STEP3：将数据库启动到mount状态
startup mount

--STEP4：开启归档
alter database archivelog;

--STEP5：打开数据库
alter database open

( 3 )主库参数配置
(3.1)db_unique_name

SQL> alter system set db_unique_name = 'adgdb' scope=spfile;

(3.2)log_archive_config

SQL> alter system set log_archive_config='DG_CONFIG=(adgdb,adgdbstandby)' scope=spfile;

(3.3)log_archive_dest_1

SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest_1='LOCATION=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/archivelog VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=adgdb' scope=both;

(3.4)log_archive_dest_2

SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest_2='SERVICE=tnsadgdbstandby LGWR SYNC AFFIRM VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=adgdbstandby' scope=spfile;

(3.5)log_archive_dest_state_1

alter system set log_archive_dest_state_1 = ENABLE;

(3.6)log_archive_dest_state_2

alter system set log_archive_dest_state_2 = ENABLE;

(3.7)db_file_name_convert
查看数据文件的位置：

SQL> select name from v$datafile;
NAME
--------------------------------------------------
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/system01.dbf
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/sysaux01.dbf
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/undotbs01.dbf
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/users01.dbf
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/example01.dbf

如果主库与备库数据文件位置不相同，则需要使用db_file_name_convert来转换。

SQL> alter system set db_file_name_convert='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb' scope=spfile;

(3.8)log_file_name_convert

查看在线日志文件的位置：

SQL> select member from v$logfile;
MEMBER
--------------------------------------------------
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/redo03.log
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/redo02.log
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/redo01.log

如果主库与备库在线日志文件位置不相同，则需要使用log_file_name_convert来转换。

SQL> alter system set log_file_name_convert='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb' scope=spfile;

(3.9)standby_file_management

SQL> alter system set standby_file_management=auto scope=spfile;

(3.10)fal_client

SQL> alter system set fal_client='tnsadgdb' scope=both;

(3.11)fal_server

SQL> alter system set fal_server='tnsadgdbstandby' scope=both;

( 4 )主库静态监听配置

[oracle@primarynode admin]$ vim listener.ora

# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/oracle/product/11.2./db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.

LISTENER =
  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS_LIST =
        (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = primarynode)(PORT = ))
      )
    )
  )

SID_LIST_LISTENER =
  (SID_LIST =
    (SID_DESC =
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME=adgdb)
      (SID_NAME = adgdb)
      (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2./db_1)
    )
  ) 

ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /u01/oracle

查看监听：
[oracle@primarynode admin]$ lsnrctl status

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.4. - Production on -APR- ::

Copyright (c) , , Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=primarynode)(PORT=)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias                     LISTENER
Version                   TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 11.2.0.4. - Production
Start Date                -APR- ::
Uptime                     days  hr.  min.  sec
Trace Level               off
Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP                      OFF
Listener Parameter File   /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2./db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File         /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2./db_1/network/log/listener.log
Listening Endpoints Summary...
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=primarynode)(PORT=)))
Services Summary...
Service "adgdb" has  instance(s).
  Instance "adgdb", status UNKNOWN, has  handler(s) for this service...
  Instance "adgdb", status READY, has  handler(s) for this service...
Service "adgdbXDB" has  instance(s).
  Instance "adgdb", status READY, has  handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully

( 5 )主库tnsnames.ora文件配置

[oracle@primarynode admin]$ vim tnsnames.ora

tnsadgdb =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.10.51)(PORT = ))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = adgdb)
    )
  )

tnsadgdbstandby =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.10.52)(PORT = ))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = adgdb)
    )
  )

(四)DataGuard备库配置

（ 1 ）密码文件

在dataguard中，主库与备库sys密码需一致。可以将主库的密码文件拷贝到备库中

--登陆到主库，将密码文件复制到备库
[oracle@primarynode ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@primarynode dbs]$ scp orapwadgdb 192.168.10.52:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2./db_1/dbs
oracle@192.168.10.52's password:
orapwadgdb                         %      .5KB/s   : 

--登陆到备库，修改密码文件的名称
[oracle@standbynode dbs]$ mv orapwadgdb orapwadgdbstandby

或者不拷贝密码文件，直接使用orapwd生成一个新的密码文件，密码需与主库一致：

orapwd file=orapwadgdbstandby password='oracle';

（ 2 ）初始化参数文件

（2.1）在主库生成初始化参数文件

SQL> create pfile from spfile;
File created.

(2.2)拷贝主库的参数文件到备库并重命名

--在主库上执行复制操作
[oracle@primarynode dbs]$ scp initadgdb.ora 192.168.10.52:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2./db_1/dbs
oracle@192.168.10.52's password:
initadgdb.ora                              %      .5KB/s   :

--在备库上执行重命名操作
[oracle@standbynode dbs]$ mv initadgdb.ora initadgdbstandby.ora

（2.3）修改备库的参数文件内容

--将初始化参数中的这些参数做修改，其他参数不用动
db_name='adgdb'
db_unique_name='adgdbstandby'
audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/adgdbstandby/adump'
compatible='11.2.0.4.0'
control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adbdbstandby/control02.ctl'
log_archive_config='DG_CONFIG=(adgdb,adgdbstandby)'
log_archive_dest_1='LOCATION=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/archivelog VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=adgdbstandby'
log_archive_desc_2='SERVICE=tnsadgdb LGWR SYNC AFFIRM VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NMAE=adgdb'
db_file_name_convert='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby'
log_file_name_convert='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby'
fal_client='tnsadgdbstandby'
fal_server='tnsadgdb'
standby_file_management='AUTO'

注意：里面涉及到路径的需要手动创建

mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/admin/adgdbstandby/adump

（2.4）使用pfile文件创建spfile文件

--登陆到idle数据库
sqlplus / as sysdba

--创建spfile，可在$ORACLE_HOME/dbs下查看
create spfile from pfile

--启动数据库到nomount状态
startup nomount

( 3 )配置静态监听

[oracle@standbynode trace]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/
[oracle@standbynode admin]$ touch listener.ora 

[oracle@standbynode admin]$ vim listener.ora
# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.

LISTENER =
  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS_LIST =
        (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = standbynode)(PORT = 1521))
      )
    )
  )

SID_LIST_LISTENER =
  (SID_LIST =
    (SID_DESC =
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME=adgdb)
      (SID_NAME = adgdbstandby)
      (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1)
    )
  ) 

ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /u01/oracle

备注：备库为什么一定需要使用静态监听
nomount状态下必须使用静态监听才能连接到实例。

（ 4 ）配置tnsnames.ora文件，直接把主库的拷贝过来即可

[oracle@standbynode trace]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/
[oracle@standbynode admin]$ vim tnsnames.ora 

tnsadgdb =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.10.51)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = adgdb)
    )
  )

tnsadgdbstandby =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.10.52)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = adgdb)
    )
  )

（ 5 ）测试网络连通性

在主库与备库上均执行，确保可以正常访问：

tnsping tnsadgdb
tnsping tnsadgdbstandby

在主库：

sqlplus sys/oracle@tnsadgdb as sysdba
sqlpus sys/oracle@tnsadgdbstandby as sysdba

（ 6 ）参数检查

由于参数配置的较多，需要认真检查参数配置是否正确，主要检查这些参数

1.db_unique_name             ：2个节点需要不一样
2.compatible                     ：主库与备库兼容性需一致
3.log_archive_config           : 配置主库与备库的db_unique_name
4.log_archive_desc_1,2       ：归档日志的路径
5.log_archive_desc_state_2 :
    enable -- 启用log_archive_desc_2
    defer    --禁用log_archive_desc_2
6.db_file_name_convert       ：数据文件转换路径
7.log_file_name_convert      ：日志文件转换路径
8.standby_file_management ：设置为auto
9.log_archive_format          ：日志文件格式，两边需一致

（ 7 ）使用duplicate创建物理standby

（7.1）连接到主库和备库

## 一定要加nocatalog，否则在执行duplicate时会报错
[oracle@primarynode ~]$ rman target sys/oracle@tnsadgdb auxiliary sys/oracle@tnsadgdbstandby nocatalog

（7.2）使用duplicate复制数据库

RMAN> duplicate target database for standby from active database nofilenamecheck;

执行过程见：

RMAN> duplicate target database for standby from active database nofilenamecheck;

Starting Duplicate Db at -APR-
allocated channel: ORA_AUX_DISK_1
channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: SID= device type=DISK

contents of Memory Script:
{
   backup as copy reuse
   targetfile  '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/orapwadgdb' auxiliary format
 '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/orapwadgdbstandby'   ;
}
executing Memory Script

Starting backup at -APR-
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID= device type=DISK
Finished backup at -APR-

contents of Memory Script:
{
ctl';
   restore clone controlfile to  '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/control02.ctl' from
 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/control01.ctl';
}
executing Memory Script

Starting backup at -APR-
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
copying standby control file

channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: ::
Finished backup at -APR-

Starting restore at -APR-
using channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: copied control file copy
Finished restore at -APR-

contents of Memory Script:
{
   sql clone 'alter database mount standby database';
}
executing Memory Script

sql statement: alter database mount standby database

contents of Memory Script:
{
   set newname for tempfile   to
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/temp01.dbf";
   switch clone tempfile all;
   set newname for datafile   to
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/system01.dbf";
   set newname for datafile   to
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/sysaux01.dbf";
   set newname for datafile   to
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/undotbs01.dbf";
   set newname for datafile   to
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/users01.dbf";
   set newname for datafile   to
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/example01.dbf";
   backup as copy reuse
   datafile   auxiliary format
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/system01.dbf"   datafile
  auxiliary format
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/sysaux01.dbf"   datafile
  auxiliary format
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/undotbs01.dbf"   datafile
  auxiliary format
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/users01.dbf"   datafile
  auxiliary format
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/example01.dbf"   ;
   sql 'alter system archive log current';
}
executing Memory Script

executing command: SET NEWNAME

renamed tempfile  to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/temp01.dbf in control file

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

Starting backup at -APR-
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number= name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/system01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/system01.dbf tag=TAG20190406T160954
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: ::
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number= name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/sysaux01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/sysaux01.dbf tag=TAG20190406T160954
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: ::
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number= name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/example01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/example01.dbf tag=TAG20190406T160954
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: ::
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number= name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/undotbs01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/undotbs01.dbf tag=TAG20190406T160954
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: ::
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number= name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/users01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/users01.dbf tag=TAG20190406T160954
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: ::
Finished backup at -APR-

sql statement: alter system archive log current

contents of Memory Script:
{
   switch clone datafile all;
}
executing Memory Script

datafile  switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID= STAMP= file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/system01.dbf
datafile  switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID= STAMP= file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/sysaux01.dbf
datafile  switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID= STAMP= file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/undotbs01.dbf
datafile  switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID= STAMP= file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/users01.dbf
datafile  switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID= STAMP= file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/example01.dbf
Finished Duplicate Db at -APR-

（ 8 ）添加主库和备库的standby日志组

（8.1）添加standby日志组需要注意的事项

• standby日志组个数：配置为redo日志组个数+1
• 在主库与备库都添加standby日志组。主库可以不添加，但是如果后期发生主备切换，还是要添加，所以最好一次性添加。
• 只查询standby日志组： select * from v$standby_log ;

（8.2）添加主库的standby日志组

alter database add standby logfile group 4 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/stredo04.log') size 50M;
alter database add standby logfile group 5 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/stredo05.log') size 50M;
alter database add standby logfile group 6 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/stredo06.log') size 50M;
alter database add standby logfile group 7 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/stredo07.log') size 50M;

（8.3）添加备库的standby日志组

alter database add standby logfile group 4 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/stredo04.log') size 50M;
alter database add standby logfile group 5 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/stredo05.log') size 50M;
alter database add standby logfile group 6 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/stredo06.log') size 50M;
alter database add standby logfile group 7 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/stredo07.log') size 50M;

（ 9 ）开始同步数据库，在备库上执行

alter database open;  

--方式一：开启实时同步
alter database recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session;
--或简写为：
alter database recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect;

--方式二：开启同步（日志切换时才同步）
alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;

至此配置完成。

（五）DataGuard状态查看

（ 1 ）主库状态查看

SQL> select    open_mode,      --数据库打开模式，如果实时同步，则为：read only with apply，取消同步则为：read only
          database_role,       --数据库角色，是主库还是备库
          protection_mode,     --保护模式
          protection_level     --保护级别
from  v$database;  

OPEN_MODE            DATABASE_ROLE    PROTECTION_MODE       PROTECTION_LEVEL
-------------------- ---------------- -------------------- --------------------
READ WRITE           PRIMARY          MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE  MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE

（ 2 ）备库状态查看

SQL> select    open_mode,
          database_role,
          protection_mode,
          protection_level
from  v$database;   

OPEN_MODE            DATABASE_ROLE    PROTECTION_MODE       PROTECTION_LEVEL
-------------------- ---------------- -------------------- --------------------
READ ONLY WITH APPLY PHYSICAL STANDBY MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE  MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE

（六）DataGuard测试

在主库上创建表lijiaman.test01,并插入数据

SQL> create table test01(id  number,name  varchar2(50));
Table created.

SQL> insert into test01 values(1,'lijiaman');
1 row created.

SQL> insert into test01 values(2,'gegeman');
1 row created.

SQL> commit;

在standby数据库上查询lijiaman.test01表，数据一致

SQL> select db_unique_name from v$database;
DB_UNIQUE_NAME
------------------------------
adgdbstandby

SQL> select * from lijiaman.test01;
ID NAME
---------- --------------------
1 lijiaman
2 gegeman

【完】