1. get start

Command Example Description
ls 

ls

ls -a

ls -l

输出目录文件

输出文件包括隐藏文件

输出文件详细信息

pwd    

pwd

show present working dir

cd

cd dir

cd ..

cd ./a/b

cd ~icey/a

cd /home/username/documents

change dir

返回上一个目录

到当前目录下的a/b文件夹中

到某个用户的子文件夹

从根目录开始

mkdir mkdir icey 创建文件夹  
rmdir rm emptydir 删除一个空的文件夹
rm

rm file.txt

rm *.tmp

-f

-i

-r

-v

rm -rf dir

删除一个文件

删除后缀为..的文件

强制删除

交互式删除

递归删除

详细显示

删除文件夹

cp

cp file1 dir

cp file1 file1copy

 
mv

mv oldfilename newfilename

mv filename dir

重命名文件

移动文件到文件夹

more more file 查看文件
lpr lpr file 打印:send file to printer
man man ls   帮助:online help about cmd
cls cls 清屏 clear screen

查看日期:date

安装软件  sudo apt-get install softwareName

解压缩   tar -cf abc.tar subdir

      tar -xvf subdir.tar

2. viewing files

cat filename    Dump a file to the screen in ascii.

more filename   Progressively dump a file to the screen: ENTER = one line down SPACEBAR = page down q=quit

less filename     Like more, but you can use Page-Up too. Not on all systems.

vi filename      Edit a file using the vi editor. All UNIX systems will have vi in some form.

emacs filename  Edit a file using the emacs editor. Not all systems will have emacs.

head filename    Show the first few lines of a file.

head -n filename  Show the first n lines of a file.

tail filename     Show the last few lines of a file.

tail -n filename   Show the last n lines of a file.

2. log on/log off

注销用户 logoff

    exit
重启 shutdown -r /t 000
关闭 shutdown -p

字符终端------图形界面  Character terminal -- graphical interface transform

Character terminal ——> graphical interface

enter: startx

or alt+ctl+space ,release "space", and press F7

graphical interface ——> Character terminal

alt+ctl+F1

3. OS performance

(1)进程

ps    查看进程

kill -9 psid  结束进程

ctl+c  结束当前进程

(2)内存(memory)和CPU

free -m  查看内存使用情况

top    查看内存及cpu使用情况

也可以安装htop工具,这样更直观,
安装命令如下:sudo apt-get install htop
安装完后,直接输入命令:htop
就可以看到内存或cpu的使用情况了。

(3)user

who     --list who is logged on machine

finger  --list who is on compter in the lab

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