drf-day4——序列化类常用字段和字段参数、序列化类source用法、序列化类定制字段返回内容的两种方式、序列化类的多表关联反序列化保存、反序列化字段校验、ModelSerializer的使用

目录

• 一、序列化类常用字段和字段参数（了解）
  • 1.1 常用字段类
  • 1.2 常用字段参数
    • 选项参数：
    • 通用参数：
    • 重点
• 二、序列化高级用法之source(了解)
  • 2.1 序列化定制字段名字
• 三、序列化高级用法之定制字段的两种方式
  • 3.1 SerializerMethodField定制
  • 3.2 在表模型中定制
• 四、多表关联反序列化保存
  • 4.1 新增图书接口
  • 4.2 修改图书接口
• 五、反序列化字段校验其他
• 六、ModelSerializer使用
• 七、作业
  • 1 Serializer的方式1book,author,authordetail,publish
  • 2 继承ModelSerializer 把上面再写一遍

一、序列化类常用字段和字段参数（了解）

# 序列化类---》字段类 CharField，除此之外还有哪些其他的

# 序列化类---》字段类，字段类上，传属性的 ，序列化类上，也可以写属性
【models.CharField(max_length=32)】

1.1 常用字段类

字段	字段构造方式
BooleanField	BooleanField()
NullBooleanField	NullBooleanField()
CharField	CharField(max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False, trim_whitespace=True)
EmailField	EmailField(max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)
RegexField	RegexField(regex, max_length=None, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)
SlugField	SlugField(maxlength=50, min_length=None, allow_blank=False) 正则字段，验证正则模式 [a-zA-Z0-9-]+
URLField	URLField(max_length=200, min_length=None, allow_blank=False)
UUIDField	UUIDField(format=’hex_verbose’) format: 1) 'hex_verbose' 如"5ce0e9a5-5ffa-654b-cee0-1238041fb31a" 2） 'hex' 如 "5ce0e9a55ffa654bcee01238041fb31a" 3）'int' - 如: "123456789012312313134124512351145145114" 4）'urn' 如: "urn:uuid:5ce0e9a5-5ffa-654b-cee0-1238041fb31a"
IPAddressField	IPAddressField(protocol=’both’, unpack_ipv4=False, **options)
IntegerField	IntegerField(max_value=None, min_value=None)
FloatField	FloatField(max_value=None, min_value=None)
DecimalField	DecimalField(max_digits, decimal_places, coerce_to_string=None, max_value=None, min_value=None) max_digits: 最多位数 decimal_palces: 小数点位置
DateTimeField	DateTimeField(format=api_settings.DATETIME_FORMAT, input_formats=None)
DateField	DateField(format=api_settings.DATE_FORMAT, input_formats=None)
TimeField	TimeField(format=api_settings.TIME_FORMAT, input_formats=None)
DurationField	DurationField()
ChoiceField	ChoiceField(choices) choices与Django的用法相同
MultipleChoiceField	MultipleChoiceField(choices)
FileField	FileField(max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, use_url=UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL)
ImageField	ImageField(max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, use_url=UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL)
ListField	ListField(child=, min_length=None, max_length=None)
DictField	DictField(child=)

----------重要，后面讲-----------
ListField	ListField(child=, min_length=None, max_length=None)
DictField	DictField(child=)

#记住的：CharField  IntegerField  DecimalField  DateTimeField BooleanField
ListField
DictField

1.2 常用字段参数

选项参数：

参数名称	作用
max_length	最大长度
min_lenght	最小长度
allow_blank	是否允许为空
trim_whitespace	是否截断空白字符
max_value	最小值
min_value	最大值

# CharField及其子类的(EmailField) ---》反序列化的校验,用字段自己的规则，如：
    max_length	最大长度
    min_lenght	最小长度
    allow_blank	是否允许为空
    trim_whitespace	是否截断空白字符

# IntegerField
    max_value	最小值
    min_value	最大值

通用参数：

参数名称	说明
read_only	表明该字段仅用于序列化输出，默认False
write_only	表明该字段仅用于反序列化输入，默认False
required	表明该字段在反序列化时必须输入，默认True
default	反序列化时使用的默认值
allow_null	表明该字段是否允许传入None，默认False
validators	该字段使用的验证器
error_messages	包含错误编号与错误信息的字典
label	用于HTML展示API页面时，显示的字段名称
help_text	用于HTML展示API页面时，显示的字段帮助提示信息

# 所有字段类都有的
required	表明该字段在反序列化时必须输入，默认True
default	    反序列化时使用的默认值
allow_null	表明该字段是否允许传入None，默认False
validators	该字段使用的验证器
----看一眼忘掉-----
error_messages	包含错误编号与错误信息的字典
label	用于HTML展示API页面时，显示的字段名称
help_text	用于HTML展示API页面时，显示的字段帮助提示信息

重点

read_only	表明该字段仅用于序列化输出，默认False
write_only	表明该字段仅用于反序列化输入，默认False

反序列化校验执行流程

	-1 先执行字段自己的校验规则----》最大长度，最小长度，是否为空，是否必填，最小数字。。。。
    -2 validators=[方法，] ----》单独给这个字段加校验规则
    	name=serializers.CharField(validators=[方法,])
    -3 局部钩子校验规则
    -4 全局钩子校验规则

二、序列化高级用法之source(了解)

-source指定的可以是字段，也可以是方法，用于重命名

-source可以做跨表查询

-source的名称跟变量的名称如果一样会报错

# 创建关联表
class Book(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    price = models.CharField(max_length=32)

    publish = models.ForeignKey(to='Publish', on_delete=models.CASCADE)  # 留住后面讲4，还有很多外键关联方式
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author')

class Publish(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    addr = models.CharField(max_length=32)

class Author(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    phone = models.CharField(max_length=11)

# 迁移，录入数据

2.1 序列化定制字段名字

# 重点：source可以指定序列化字段的名字
	-自有字段，直接写字段名字
    	-name_real = serializers.CharField(max_length=8, source='name')
    -关联字段，一对多的关联，直接点
    	-publish = serializers.CharField(source='publish.name')
    -多对多，搞不了,source不能用
    	-authors=serializers.CharField(source='authors.all')

# 序列化类
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    # 字段参数，通用的，所有字段都可以写  通过source指定哪个字段
    # 自有字段，直接写字段名字
    name_real = serializers.CharField(max_length=8, source='name')
    real_price = serializers.CharField(source='price')

    # 关联字段，一对多的关联，直接点
    publish = serializers.CharField(source='publish.name')

    #多对多，搞不了,source不能用
    authors=serializers.CharField(source='authors.all')

三、序列化高级用法之定制字段的两种方式

3.1 SerializerMethodField定制

定制关联字段的显示形式

	-一对多的，显示字典
    -多对多，显示列表套字典

代码

class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
    price = serializers.CharField()

    # 定制返回格式---》方式一
    publish_detail = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
'''这里相当于用orm进行查询了'''
    def get_publish_detail(self, obj):
        return {'name': obj.publish.name, 'addr': obj.publish.addr}

    author_list = serializers.SerializerMethodField()

    def get_author_list(self, obj):
        l = []
        for author in obj.authors.all():
            l.append({'name': author.name, 'phone': author.phone})
        return l

3.2 在表模型中定制

#### 表模型
class Book(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    price = models.CharField(max_length=32)

    publish = models.ForeignKey(to='Publish', on_delete=models.CASCADE)  # 留住，还有很多
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author')

    def publish_detail(self):
        return {'name': self.publish.name, 'addr': self.publish.addr}

    def author_list(self):
        l = []
        for author in self.authors.all():
            l.append({'name': author.name, 'phone': author.phone})
        return l

 # 序列化类
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
    price = serializers.CharField()

    # publish_detail = serializers.CharField()
    publish_detail = serializers.DictField()
    author_list = serializers.ListField()

四、多表关联反序列化保存

4.1 新增图书接口

# 新增图书接口
	-前端传入的数据格式：{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2]}

# 视图类
class BookView(APIView):
    def post(self, request):
        ser = BookSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.save()
            return Response({'code': 100, 'msg': '新增成功'})
        else:
            return Response({'code': 101, 'msg': ser.errors})

# 序列化类
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    # name和price  既用来序列化，又用来反序列化   即写又读 ,不用加read_only，write_only
    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
    price = serializers.CharField()

    # 只用来做序列化   只读  read_only
    publish_detail = serializers.DictField(read_only=True)
    author_list = serializers.ListField(read_only=True)

    # 只用来做反序列化  只写  write_only
    publish = serializers.CharField(write_only=True)
    authors = serializers.ListField(write_only=True)

    # 新增要重写create方法
    def create(self, validated_data):
        # validated_data 校验过后的数据，{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2]}
        # 新增一本图书
        book = Book.objects.create(name=validated_data.get('name'), price=validated_data.get('price'),
                                   publish_id=validated_data.get('publish'))

        # 作者也要关联上
        # book.authors   add remove set clear....
        book.authors.add(*validated_data.get('authors'))
        # book.authors.add(1,2)
        return book

4.2 修改图书接口

# 新增图书接口
	-前端传入的数据格式：{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2]}

###视图类
class BookDetailView(APIView):
    def put(self, request, pk):
        book = Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
        ser = BookSerializer(data=request.data, instance=book)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.save()
            return Response({'code': 100, 'msg': '修改成功'})
        else:
            return Response({'code': 101, 'msg': ser.errors})

 # 序列化类
#### 反序列化的多表关联的保存
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    # name和price  既用来序列化，又用来反序列化   即写又读 ,不用加read_only，write_only
    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)
    price = serializers.CharField()

    # 只用来做反序列化  只写  write_only
    publish = serializers.CharField(write_only=True)
    authors = serializers.ListField(write_only=True)

    # 修改要重写update
    def update(self, instance, validated_data):
        # validated_data 校验过后的数据，{name:红楼梦,price:19,publish:1,authors:[1,2]}
        instance.name = validated_data.get('name')
        instance.price = validated_data.get('price')
        instance.publish_id = validated_data.get('publish')

        # 先清空，再add
        authors = validated_data.get('authors')
        instance.authors.clear()
        instance.authors.add(*authors)

        instance.save()

        return instance

五、反序列化字段校验其他

# 4层
	-1 字段自己的：举例：name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8, error_messages={'max_length': '太长了'})
    -2 validators=[方法，]   忽略掉
    -3 局部钩子
    -4 全局钩子

六、ModelSerializer使用

# ModelSerializer 继承自Serializer，帮咱们完成了很多操作
	-跟表模型强关联
	-大部分请求，不用写create和update了

# 如何使用

### ModelSerializer的使用
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    # 跟表有关联
    class Meta:
        model = Book  # 跟book表建立了关系     序列化类和表模型类
        # fields = '__all__'  # 序列化所有Book中的字段  id name price publish authors
        fields = ['name', 'price', 'publish_detail', 'author_list', 'publish', 'authors']  # 序列化所有Book中的name和price字段字段

        # 定制name反序列化时，最长不能超过8   给字段类加属性---方式一
        extra_kwargs = {'name': {'max_length': 8},
                        'publish_detail': {'read_only': True},
                        'author_list': {'read_only': True},
                        'publish': {'write_only': True},
                        'authors': {'write_only': True},
                        }

    # 如果Meta写了__all__ ,就相当于，复制了表模型中的所有字段，放在了这里，做了个映射
    # name = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
    # price = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)

    # 定制name反序列化时，最长不能超过8   给字段类加属性---方式二，重写name字段
    # name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8)

    # 同理，所有的read_only和wirte_only都可以通过重写或使用extra_kwargs传入

    # 终极，把这个序列化类写成跟之前一模一样项目(方式三)
    # publish_detail = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True)
    # def get_publish_detail(self, obj):
    #     return {'name': obj.publish.name, 'addr': obj.publish.addr}
    # author_list = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True)
    # def get_author_list(self, obj):
    #     l = []
    #     for author in obj.authors.all():
    #         l.append({'name': author.name, 'phone': author.phone})
    #     return l

    # 局部钩子和全局钩子跟之前完全一样
    def validate_name(self, name):
        if name.startswith('sb'):
            raise ValidationError('不能sb')

        else:
            return name

七、作业

1 Serializer的方式1book,author,authordetail,publish

	-book的查询所有，查询单个结果如下
    	{
        "name": "红楼梦",
        "price": "66",
        "publish_detail": {
            "name": "北京出版社",
            "addr": "北京"
        },
        "author_list": [
            {
                "name": "lqz",
                "phone": "1234455"，
                "gender":男
            },
            {
                "name": "罗贯中",
                "phone": "12342412"，
                 "gender":男
            }
        ]
    },

    -新增和修改写完

models.py

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.
class Book(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    price = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    publish = models.ForeignKey(to='Publish',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author')

    def author_list_put(self):
        l = []
        for author in self.authors.all():
            l.append({'name': author.author_name, 'phone': author.phone, 'gender':author.gender})
        return l

class Publish(models.Model):
    publish_name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    addr = models.CharField(max_length=32)

class Author(models.Model):
    author_name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    phone = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    gender = models.CharField(max_length=32,null=True)

serializer.py

from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Book, Publish, Author
from rest_framework.exceptions import ValidationError

class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=8, error_messages={'max_length': '最长八位'})
    price = serializers.CharField()
    '使用方式一处理序列化的数据'

    publish_put = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True)

    def get_publish_put(self, obj):
        return {'name': obj.publish.publish_name, 'addr': obj.publish.addr}

    author_list_put = serializers.ListField(read_only=True)

    '使用方式二在模型表中编写函数，处理反序列化的数据'

    publish_receive = serializers.CharField(write_only=True)
    author_list_receive = serializers.ListField(write_only=True)

    def create(self, validated_data):
        # print(validated_data.get('name'))
        # print(validated_data.get('price'))
        # print(validated_data.get('publish_receive'))
        # print(validated_data.get('author_list_receive'))
        book = Book.objects.create(name=validated_data.get('name'),price=validated_data.get('price'),publish_id=validated_data.get('publish_receive'))

        book.authors.add(*validated_data.get('author_list_receive'))
        return book

    def update(self, instance, validated_data):
        instance.name=validated_data.get('name')
        instance.price = validated_data.get('price')
        instance.publish_receive = validated_data.get('publish_receive')
        print('6667')
        authors = validated_data.get('author_list_receive')
        instance.authors.clear()
        instance.authors.add(*authors)

        instance.save()
        return instance

urls.py

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app01 import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('books/', views.BookView.as_view()),
    path('books/<int:pk>/', views.BookDetailView.as_view()),
]

views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import Book, Publish, Author
from .serializer import BookSerializer

# Create your views here.
class BookView(APIView):
    def get(self, request):
        books = Book.objects.all()
        ser = BookSerializer(instance=books, many=True)
        return Response(ser.data)

    def post(self, request):
        ser = BookSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.save()
            return Response({'code': 10000, 'msg': '新增成功'})
        else:
            return Response({'code': 10001, 'msg': ser.errors})

class BookDetailView(APIView):
    def get(self, request, pk):
        book = Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
        ser = BookSerializer(instance=book)
        return Response(ser.data)
    def put(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        book = Book.objects.filter(pk=kwargs.get('pk')).first()
        print(book.name)
        print(book.price)
        print(book.publish)
        print(book.authors)
        print(request.data)
        ser = BookSerializer(instance=book,data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.save()
            return Response({'code': 10000, 'msg': '修改成功'})
        else:
            return Response({'code': 10001, 'msg': ser.errors})
    def delete(self,request,pk):
        Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete()
        return Response({'code': 10000, 'msg': '删除成功'})

测试结果：

查询所有

查询单个

增加一个

修改一个

删除一个

2 继承ModelSerializer 把上面再写一遍

只需要改写一下serializer.py中的代码

from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Book, Publish, Author

class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Book
        fields = ['name', 'price', 'author_list_put', 'publish_put','publish','authors']
        extra_kwargs = {
            'name':{'max_length':8},
            'publish':{'write_only':True},
            'authors':{'write_only':True},
        }
        '''上面的publish和authors等于直接用数据库中的字段名称当变量名来接收前端传进来的数据，不同于上面的那种方式，可以自定义，
        如果我们想要自定义就需要跟序列化数据那样，在class Meta外面重写'''
    publish_put = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True)

    def get_publish_put(self, obj):
        return {'name': obj.publish.publish_name, 'addr': obj.publish.addr}

    author_list_put = serializers.ListField(read_only=True)