scope is an object that refers to the application model. It is an execution context for expressions. Scopes are arranged in hierarchical structure which mimic the DOM structure of the application. Scopes can watch expressions and propagate events.

Scope characteristics

  • Scopes provide APIs ($watch) to observe model mutations.

  • Scopes provide APIs ($apply) to propagate any model changes through the system into the view from outside of the "Angular realm" (controllers, services, Angular event handlers).

  • Scopes can be nested to isolate application components while providing access to shared model properties. A scope (prototypically) inherits properties from its parent scope.

  • Scopes provide context against which expressions are evaluated. For example {{username}} expression is meaningless, unless it is evaluated against a specific scope which defines the username property.

Scope as Data-Model

Scope is the glue between application controller and the view. During the template linking phase the directives set up $watch expressions on the scope. The $watch allows the directives to be notified of property changes, which allows the directive to render the updated value to the DOM.

Both controllers and directives have reference to the scope, but not to each other. This arrangement isolates the controller from the directive as well as from DOM. This is an important point since it makes the controllers view agnostic, which greatly improves the testing story of the applications.

Source

 Edit
  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <htmlng-app>
  3. <head>
  4. <scriptsrc="http://code.angularjs.org/angular-1.0.2.min.js"></script>
  5. <scriptsrc="script.js"></script>
  6. </head>
  7. <body>
  8. <divng-controller="MyController">
  9. Your name:
  10. <inputtype="text"ng-model="username">
  11. <buttonng-click='sayHello()'>greet</button>
  12. <hr>
  13. {{greeting}}
  14. </div>
  15. </body>
  16. </html>

Demo

Your name:  greet
Hello World!

In the above example notice that the MyController assigns World to the username property of the scope. The scope then notifies the input of the assignment, which then renders the input with username pre-filled. This demonstrates how a controller can write data into the scope.

Similarly the controller can assign behavior to scope as seen by the sayHello method, which is invoked when the user clicks on the 'greet' button. The sayHello method can read the username property and create a greetingproperty. This demonstrates that the properties on scope update automatically when they are bound to HTML input widgets.

Logically the rendering of {{greeting}} involves:

  • retrieval of the scope associated with DOM node where {{greeting}} is defined in template. In this example this is the same scope as the scope which was passed into MyController. (We will discuss scope hierarchies later.)

  • Evaluate the greeting expression against the scope retrieved above, and assign the result to the text of the enclosing DOM element.

You can think of the scope and its properties as the data which is used to render the view. The scope is the single source-of-truth for all things view related.

From testability, the separation of the controller and the view is desirable, because it allows us to test the behavior without being distracted by the rendering details.

  1. it('should say hello',function(){
  2. var scopeMock ={};
  3. var cntl =newMyController(scopeMock);
  4. // Assert that username is pre-filled
  5. expect(scopeMock.username).toEqual('World');
  6. // Assert that we read new username and greet
  7. scopeMock.username ='angular';
  8. scopeMock.sayHello();
  9. expect(scopeMock.greeting).toEqual('Hello angular!');
  10. });

Scope Hierarchies

Each Angular application has exactly one root scope, but may have several child scopes.

The application can have multiple scopes, because some directives create new child scopes (refer to directive documentation to see which directives create new scopes). When new scopes are created, they are added as children of their parent scope. This creates a tree structure which parallels the DOM where they're attached

When Angular evaluates {{username}}, it first looks at the scope associated with the given element for theusername property. If no such property is found, it searches the parent scope and so on until the root scope is reached. In JavaScript this behavior is known as prototypical inheritance, and child scopes prototypically inherit from their parents.

This example illustrates scopes in application, and prototypical inheritance of properties.

Source

 Edit
  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <htmlng-app>
  3. <head>
  4. <scriptsrc="http://code.angularjs.org/angular-1.0.2.min.js"></script>
  5. <scriptsrc="script.js"></script>
  6. </head>
  7. <body>
  8. <divng-controller="EmployeeController">
  9. Manager: {{employee.name}} [ {{department}} ]<br>
  10. Reports:
  11. <ul>
  12. <ling-repeat="employee in employee.reports">
  13. {{employee.name}} [ {{department}} ]
  14. </li>
  15. </ul>
  16. <hr>
  17. {{greeting}}
  18. </div>
  19. </body>
  20. </html>

Demo

Manager: Joe the Manager [ Engineering ]
Reports:

  • John Smith [ Engineering ]
  • Mary Run [ Engineering ]

Notice that the Angular automatically places ng-scope class on elements where scopes are attached. The <style>definition in this example highlights in red the new scope locations. The child scopes are necessary because the repeater evaluates {{employee.name}} expression, but depending on which scope the expression is evaluated it produces different result. Similarly the evaluation of {{department}} prototypically inherits from root scope, as it is the only place where the department property is defined.

Retrieving Scopes from the DOM.

Scopes are attached to the DOM as $scope data property, and can be retrieved for debugging purposes. (It is unlikely that one would need to retrieve scopes in this way inside the application.) The location where the root scope is attached to the DOM is defined by the location of ng-app directive. Typically ng-app is placed an the <html>element, but it can be placed on other elements as well, if, for example, only a portion of the view needs to be controlled by angular.

To examine the scope in the debugger:

  1. right click on the element of interest in your browser and select 'inspect element'. You should see the browser debugger with the element you clicked on highlighted.

  2. The debugger allows you to access the currently selected element in the console as $0 variable.

  3. To retrieve the associated scope in console execute: angular.element($0).scope()

Scope Events Propagation

Scopes can propagate events in similar fashion to DOM events. The event can be broadcasted to the scope children or emitted to scope parents.

Source

 Edit
  1. <!doctype html>
  2. <htmlng-app>
  3. <head>
  4. <scriptsrc="http://code.angularjs.org/angular-1.0.2.min.js"></script>
  5. <scriptsrc="script.js"></script>
  6. </head>
  7. <body>
  8. <divng-controller="EventController">
  9. Root scope <tt>MyEvent</tt> count: {{count}}
  10. <ul>
  11. <ling-repeat="i in [1]"ng-controller="EventController">
  12. <buttonng-click="$emit('MyEvent')">$emit('MyEvent')</button>
  13. <buttonng-click="$broadcast('MyEvent')">$broadcast('MyEvent')</button>
  14. <br>
  15. Middle scope <tt>MyEvent</tt> count: {{count}}
  16. <ul>
  17. <ling-repeat="item in [1, 2]"ng-controller="EventController">
  18. Leaf scope <tt>MyEvent</tt> count: {{count}}
  19. </li>
  20. </ul>
  21. </li>
  22. </ul>
  23. </div>
  24. </body>
  25. </html>

Demo

Root scope MyEvent count: 0

  • $emit('MyEvent') $broadcast('MyEvent') 
    Middle scope MyEvent count: 0

    • Leaf scope MyEvent count: 0
    • Leaf scope MyEvent count: 0

Scope Life Cycle

The normal flow of browser receiving an event is that it executes a corresponding JavaScript callback. Once the callback completes the browser re-renders the DOM and returns to waiting for more events.

When the browser calls into JavaScript the code executes outside the Angular execution context, which means that Angular is unaware of model modifications. To properly process model modifications the execution has to enter the Angular execution context using the $apply method. Only model modifications which execute inside the $applymethod will be properly accounted for by Angular. For example if a directive listens on DOM events, such as ng-click it must evaluate the expression inside the $apply method.

After evaluating the expression, the $apply method performs a $digest. In the $digest phase the scope examines all of the $watch expressions and compares them with the previous value. This dirty checking is done asynchronously. This means that assignment such as $scope.username="angular" will not immediately cause a $watch to be notified, instead the $watch notification is delayed until the $digest phase. This delay is desirable, since it coalesces multiple model updates into one $watch notification as well as it guarantees that during the $watchnotification no other $watches are running. If a $watch changes the value of the model, it will force additional$digest cycle.

  1. Creation

    The root scope is created during the application bootstrap by the $injector. During template linking, some directives create new child scopes.

  2. Watcher registration

    During template linking directives register watches on the scope. These watches will be used to propagate model values to the DOM.

  3. Model mutation

    For mutations to be properly observed, you should make them only within the scope.$apply(). (Angular APIs do this implicitly, so no extra $apply call is needed when doing synchronous work in controllers, or asynchronous work with $http or $timeout services.

  4. Mutation observation

    At the end $apply, Angular performs a $digest cycle on the root scope, which then propagates throughout all child scopes. During the $digest cycle, all $watched expressions or functions are checked for model mutation and if a mutation is detected, the $watch listener is called.

  5. Scope destruction

    When child scopes are no longer needed, it is the responsibility of the child scope creator to destroy them viascope.$destroy() API. This will stop propagation of $digest calls into the child scope and allow for memory used by the child scope models to be reclaimed by the garbage collector.

Scopes and Directives

During the compilation phase, the compiler matches directives against the DOM template. The directives usually fall into one of two categories:

  • Observing directives, such as double-curly expressions {{expression}}, register listeners using the$watch() method. This type of directive needs to be notified whenever the expression changes so that it can update the view.

  • Listener directives, such as ng-click, register a listener with the DOM. When the DOM listener fires, the directive executes the associated expression and updates the view using the $apply() method.

When an external event (such as a user action, timer or XHR) is received, the associated expression must be applied to the scope through the $apply() method so that all listeners are updated correctly.

Directives that Create Scopes

In most cases, directives and scopes interact but do not create new instances of scope. However, some directives, such as ng-controller and ng-repeat, create new child scopes and attach the child scope to the corresponding DOM element. You can retrieve a scope for any DOM element by using anangular.element(aDomElement).scope() method call.

Controllers and Scopes

Scopes and controllers interact with each other in the following situations:

  • Controllers use scopes to expose controller methods to templates (see ng-controller).

  • Controllers define methods (behavior) that can mutate the model (properties on the scope).

  • Controllers may register watches on the model. These watches execute immediately after the controller behavior executes.

See the ng-controller for more information.

Scope $watch Performance Considerations

Dirty checking the scope for property changes is a common operation in Angular and for this reason the dirty checking function must be efficient. Care should be taken that the dirty checking function does not do any DOM access, as DOM access is orders of magnitude slower then property access on JavaScript object.

 

What are Scopes?的更多相关文章

  1. AnjularJS系列5 —— scopes、module、controller

    第五篇, scopes.module.controller 这一篇,感觉,在前面几篇就使用过的属性,但,总觉得没有理解透彻,有待完善!~ 1.scopes A.定义:$scope是一个把view(一个 ...

  2. Python Scopes and Namespaces

    Before introducing classes, I first have to tell you something about Python's scope rules. Class def ...

  3. 大漠推荐的教程：创建你自己的AngularJS -- 第一部分 Scopes

    创建你自己的AngularJS -- 第一部分 Scopes http://www.html-js.com/article/1863

  4. IdentityServer4之Clients、Scopes、Claims与Token关联

    IdentityServer4之Clients.Scopes.Claims与Token关联 参考 官方文档:client.identity_resource.api_resource:三类配置项介绍描 ...

  5. The confusion about jsp four scopes and ServletContext,HttpSession,HttpServletReqest,PageContext

    The jsp four scopes are same with ServletContext,HttpSession,HttpServletRequest,PageContext? How ser ...

  6. Swinject 源码框架(三）：Object Scopes

    Object Scopes 指定了生成的实例在系统中是如何被共享的. 如何指定 scope container.register(Animal.self) { _ in Cat() } .inObje ...

  7. spring作用域（Spring Bean Scopes Example）

    http://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/2.0.x/reference/beans.html#beans-factory-scopes In Spring, bean sc ...

  8. Subnet Pools and Address Scopes

     Why is IPAM important for Neutron? •No VM connectivity without a valid IP assigned •Duplicate subne ...

  9. 【AnjularJS系列5 】— scopes、module、controller

    第五篇, scopes.module.controller 这一篇,感觉,在前面几篇就使用过的属性,但,总觉得没有理解透彻,有待完善!~ 1.scopes A.定义:$scope是一个把view(一个 ...

随机推荐

  1. 10 个超酷的 HTML5/CSS3 应用及源码

    1.CSS3密码强度验证表单,码速表样式 我们在网站上注册会员时,输入一个强大较大的密码会大大增加帐号安全性,那么什么样的密码才比较安全呢?这款CSS3密码强度验证表单插件可以提示你当前输入密码的安全 ...

  2. Ajax 技术二

    一.Ajax与XML案例 例:使用Ajax+XML读取数据表中的分类信息并放入下拉选框中 demo01.php 运行结果: 二.Ajax中的JSON 在Javascript中,可以通过两种方式(XML ...

  3. c++之RTTI介绍

    本文介绍c++的RTTI的基本用法,并初步研究RTTI的实现原理. 1. 什么是RTTI RTTI即运行时类型识别(runtime type identification),用于判断指针或引用所绑定对 ...

  4. 从malloc中窥探Linux内存分配策略

        malloc函数是C/C++中常用内存分配库函数,本篇文章将以Linux平台上的malloc为剖析对象,深入了解分配一块内存的旅程. malloc入门      使用malloc,需要包含头文 ...

  5. 如何设置fedora默认从命令行启动？

    Sumary:因为在fedora中没有/etc/initab文件我们不方便从这里设置它的runlevel target,但是linux又给我们提供了一个强悍的工具systemd,我们可以用system ...

  6. 如何将Log4Net 日志保存到mongodb数据库之实践

    log4net的大名早有耳闻,一直没真正用过,这次开发APP项目准备在服务端使用log4net. 日志的数据量较大,频繁的写数据库容易影响系统整体性能,所以独立将日志写到mongodb数据库是不错的选 ...

  7. Js apply() call()使用详解

    Js apply方法详解我在一开始看到javascript的函数apply和call时,非常的模糊,看也看不懂,最近在网上看到一些文章对apply方法和call的一些示例,总算是看的有点眉目了,在这里 ...

  8. Global::pickSpecificClass_DNT

    /*************************************************** Created Date: 13 Jul 2013 Created By: Jimmy Xie ...

  9. 飞行器的Pitch Yaw Roll概念图解

    前进方向为Z轴 Pitch 升降 绕X轴  对应常见Φ(phi)角: Yaw 偏航 绕Y轴 对应常见θ(theta)角: Roll 翻滚 绕Z轴 对应常见φ(psi)角: 对应表: 参考网址NASA: ...

  10. cadence16.6 如何对齐元件

    1.选中Setup-->Application Mode-->Placement Edit mode2.按"CTRL"键,选中需要对齐的所有对象.3.点击右键右,或者在 ...