UE4的委托

UE中委托的使用很广泛，许多Event的触发都有对应的虚函数和委托，虚函数不用讲，只能在派生类中使用，而委托可以在别的类或者蓝图中使用，就应用范围而言，委托的使用更灵活。以AActor的

	/**
	 *	Event when this actor overlaps another actor, for example a player walking into a trigger.
	 *	For events when objects have a blocking collision, for example a player hitting a wall, see 'Hit' events.
	 *	@note Components on both this and the other Actor must have bGenerateOverlapEvents set to true to generate overlap events.
	 */
	virtual void NotifyActorBeginOverlap(AActor* OtherActor);
	/**
	 *	Event when this actor overlaps another actor, for example a player walking into a trigger.
	 *	For events when objects have a blocking collision, for example a player hitting a wall, see 'Hit' events.
	 *	@note Components on both this and the other Actor must have bGenerateOverlapEvents set to true to generate overlap events.
	 */
	UFUNCTION(BlueprintImplementableEvent, meta=(DisplayName = "ActorBeginOverlap"), Category="Collision")
	void ReceiveActorBeginOverlap(AActor* OtherActor);
 
	/**
	 *	Event when an actor no longer overlaps another actor, and they have separated.
	 *	@note Components on both this and the other Actor must have bGenerateOverlapEvents set to true to generate overlap events.
	 */
	virtual void NotifyActorEndOverlap(AActor* OtherActor);

为例，重叠（overlapped)事件发生时，就会触发这组函数（Begin/EndOverlap），但仅限于在派生类中进行重载。其实，AActor提供了另外一种更加灵活的方式，那就是：委托（Delegate）

	/**
	 *	Called when another actor begins to overlap this actor, for example a player walking into a trigger.
	 *	For events when objects have a blocking collision, for example a player hitting a wall, see 'Hit' events.
	 *	@note Components on both this and the other Actor must have bGenerateOverlapEvents set to true to generate overlap events.
	 */
	UPROPERTY(BlueprintAssignable, Category="Collision")
	FActorBeginOverlapSignature OnActorBeginOverlap;

当然也有对应的End形式。查看FActorBeginOverlapSignature的定义：

// Delegate signatures
DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_FiveParams( FTakeAnyDamageSignature, AActor*, DamagedActor, float, Damage, const class UDamageType*, DamageType, class AController*, InstigatedBy, AActor*, DamageCauser );
DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_NineParams( FTakePointDamageSignature, AActor*, DamagedActor, float, Damage, class AController*, InstigatedBy, FVector, HitLocation, class UPrimitiveComponent*, FHitComponent, FName, BoneName, FVector, ShotFromDirection, const class UDamageType*, DamageType, AActor*, DamageCauser );
DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_TwoParams( FActorBeginOverlapSignature, AActor*, OverlappedActor, AActor*, OtherActor );
DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_TwoParams( FActorEndOverlapSignature, AActor*, OverlappedActor, AActor*, OtherActor );
DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_FourParams( FActorHitSignature, AActor*, SelfActor, AActor*, OtherActor, FVector, NormalImpulse, const FHitResult&, Hit );
 
DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_OneParam( FActorBeginCursorOverSignature, AActor*, TouchedActor );
DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_OneParam( FActorEndCursorOverSignature, AActor*, TouchedActor );
DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_TwoParams( FActorOnClickedSignature, AActor*, TouchedActor , FKey, ButtonPressed );
DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_TwoParams( FActorOnReleasedSignature, AActor*, TouchedActor , FKey, ButtonReleased );
DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_TwoParams( FActorOnInputTouchBeginSignature, ETouchIndex::Type, FingerIndex, AActor*, TouchedActor );
DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_TwoParams( FActorOnInputTouchEndSignature, ETouchIndex::Type, FingerIndex, AActor*, TouchedActor );
DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_TwoParams( FActorBeginTouchOverSignature, ETouchIndex::Type, FingerIndex, AActor*, TouchedActor );
DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_TwoParams( FActorEndTouchOverSignature, ETouchIndex::Type, FingerIndex, AActor*, TouchedActor );
 
DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_OneParam(FActorDestroyedSignature, AActor*, DestroyedActor );
DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_TwoParams(FActorEndPlaySignature, AActor*, Actor , EEndPlayReason::Type, EndPlayReason);
 
DECLARE_DELEGATE_SixParams(FMakeNoiseDelegate, AActor*, float /*Loudness*/, class APawn*, const FVector&, float /*MaxRange*/, FName /*Tag*/);

其中DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_TwoParams，表明这是一个多播。在UE中，委托有单播和多播两种方式，另外还有委托的函数带不带返回值（_RetVal后缀），单播和多播均为无返回值（函数返回类型为void)。

一、单播：

使用如下定义（这里只使用无参和一个参数两种类型，别的类似）：

//声明委托（单播），无参数
DECLARE_DELEGATE(MyDelegate)
DECLARE_DELEGATE_OneParam(MyIntDelegate, int32)

这样就声明了两种委托类型，MyDelegate（无参数），MyIntDelegate(带有一个int32参数类型），用法如下：

1）声明和实现回调函数，注意：一定要加UFUNCTION修饰函数声明，因为委托是参与UE的反射系统中的，即UE引擎要知道有这个函数，这在下面的例子中会看到，声明和实现如下：

	UFUNCTION()
	void IntFunction(int32 Value)
	{
		GLog->Log(ELogVerbosity::Warning, "IntFunction: " + FString::FromInt(Value));
	}
 
	UFUNCTION()
	void SecondIntFunction(int32 Value)
	{
		GLog->Log(ELogVerbosity::Warning, "SecondIntFunction: " + FString::FromInt(Value));
	}
	UFUNCTION()
	void ThirdIntFunction(int32 Value)
	{
		GLog->Log(ELogVerbosity::Warning, "ThirdIntFunction: " + FString::FromInt(Value));
	}
 
	UFUNCTION()
	void SomeFunction()
	{
		GLog->Log(ELogVerbosity::Warning, "SomeFunction: ");
	}

使用方法：

随便找个地方测试，这里在BeginPlay()中测试：

	MyIntDelegate IntDelegate;
	IntDelegate.BindUFunction(this, FName("IntFunction"));
	IntDelegate.BindUFunction(this, FName("SecondIntFunction"));

单播，只能触发一个委托，因此上面虽然绑定了两个函数IntFunction和SecondIntFuction,但是只有第2个函数(SecondIntFunction)得到调用

	IntDelegate.Execute(999);

在引擎的日志中显示如下：

注意到一个有趣的地方，我们绑定函数时，不是通过函数的名字来绑定的，而是通过函数的名字对应的FName来绑定的，这是说明（或许称推测更准确），这些函数在UE引擎中通过某种方式（VM更有可能）有函数和其对应名称字符串的一个映射，这也是前面在函数声明处添加UFUNCTION修饰的原因（告诉UHT要把这个函数添加进反射系统）。另外一个有趣的地方是调用委托（IntDelegate.Execute(999))时，VC会自动推导出参数类型（VS2017测试）为int32。

二、多播：多播时可以触发多个委托的函数，多播带有Multicast这样的字符串，这很容易和单播区分出来。多播就意味着可以触发多个事件，如下：

	GLog->Log(ELogVerbosity::Warning, TEXT("将要进行多播……。"));
	MyIntMulticastDelegate IntMulticastDelegate;
	IntMulticastDelegate.AddUFunction(this, FName("IntFunction"));
	IntMulticastDelegate.AddUFunction(this, FName("SecondIntFunction"));
	IntMulticastDelegate.AddUFunction(this, FName("ThirdIntFunction"));
	IntMulticastDelegate.Broadcast(123);

注意，多播要使用Broadcast触发，Broadcast就意味着广播，广播嘛，大家只要愿意，都能收到，这也正是观察者(Observer）模式。

运行结果：

三、扩展：

既然引入时使用了重叠的例子，这里把这个事件再注解下，老了，记性不好：（

void AActor::NotifyActorBeginOverlap(AActor* OtherActor)
{
	// call BP handler
	ReceiveActorBeginOverlap(OtherActor);
}

该函数是虚函数，调用一个ReceiveActorBeginOverlap函数，ReceiveActorBeginOverlap原型在引入中有原型，看下说明知道，这里其实就是调用蓝图中对应的OnActorBeginOverlap结点（NODE）。所以重载时要注意，如果需要调用蓝图中的事件（通常如此）要显式调用Super::NotifyActorBeginOverlap(OtherActor)。调用的位置，即先于自定义代码，或者在自定义代码后调用，要根据自己的情况，例如，如果在派生类中做些初始化，以供蓝图使用，则应先调用自己的代码，后调用父类，否则，无所谓。

四，进一步说明重叠事件：

在前方中提及，AActor是不参与物体的collide的，这里又有重载，又有多播，这不是打自己的脸？其实不是。AActor是容器！AActor是容器！AActor是容器！所以功能的实现都是通过组件实现的。在前方中说明碰撞(collide，当然包括重叠和Hit，唔，，Hit叫撞击听着不顺就Hit好了）是在UPrimitiveComponent中实现，这里把它扒出来，晾晾。

// @todo, don't need to pass in Other actor?
void UPrimitiveComponent::BeginComponentOverlap(const FOverlapInfo& OtherOverlap, bool bDoNotifies)
{
	// If pending kill, we should not generate any new overlaps
	if (IsPendingKill())
	{
		return;
	}
 
	//	UE_LOG(LogActor, Log, TEXT("BEGIN OVERLAP! Self=%s SelfComp=%s, Other=%s, OtherComp=%s"), *GetNameSafe(this), *GetNameSafe(MyComp), *GetNameSafe(OtherComp->GetOwner()), *GetNameSafe(OtherComp));
 
	UPrimitiveComponent* OtherComp = OtherOverlap.OverlapInfo.Component.Get();
 
	if (OtherComp)
	{
		bool const bComponentsAlreadyTouching = IsOverlappingComponent(OtherOverlap);
		if (!bComponentsAlreadyTouching && CanComponentsGenerateOverlap(this, OtherComp))
		{
			AActor* const OtherActor = OtherComp->GetOwner();
			AActor* const MyActor = GetOwner();
 
			const bool bNotifyActorTouch = bDoNotifies && !MyActor->IsOverlappingActor(OtherActor);
 
			// Perform reflexive touch.
			OverlappingComponents.Add(OtherOverlap);										// already verified uniqueness above
			OtherComp->OverlappingComponents.AddUnique(FOverlapInfo(this, INDEX_NONE));		// uniqueness unverified, so addunique
 
			if (bDoNotifies)
			{
				// first execute component delegates
				if (!IsPendingKill())
				{
					OnComponentBeginOverlap.Broadcast(this, OtherActor, OtherComp, OtherOverlap.GetBodyIndex(), OtherOverlap.bFromSweep, OtherOverlap.OverlapInfo);
				}
 
				if (!OtherComp->IsPendingKill())
				{
					// Reverse normals for other component. When it's a sweep, we are the one that moved.
					OtherComp->OnComponentBeginOverlap.Broadcast(OtherComp, MyActor, this, INDEX_NONE, OtherOverlap.bFromSweep, OtherOverlap.bFromSweep ? FHitResult::GetReversedHit(OtherOverlap.OverlapInfo) : OtherOverlap.OverlapInfo);
				}
 
				// then execute actor notification if this is a new actor touch
				if (bNotifyActorTouch)
				{
					// First actor virtuals
					if (IsActorValidToNotify(MyActor))
					{
						MyActor->NotifyActorBeginOverlap(OtherActor);
					}
 
					if (IsActorValidToNotify(OtherActor))
					{
						OtherActor->NotifyActorBeginOverlap(MyActor);
					}
 
					// Then level-script delegates
					if (IsActorValidToNotify(MyActor))
					{
						MyActor->OnActorBeginOverlap.Broadcast(MyActor, OtherActor);
					}
 
					if (IsActorValidToNotify(OtherActor))
					{
						OtherActor->OnActorBeginOverlap.Broadcast(OtherActor, MyActor);
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
}

代码有点长，似乎超过50，想必Epic不会找我麻烦，只看后一段好了。

简单来讲就是，如果Actor有效(Valid)则调用自己的Notify对应的事件，然后再广播！顺便做个好人，也帮对方触发一下事件，也帮对方发个小广告，为什么这么做？唔，，，思考一下，很快就明白，在Sweep方式下，被重叠的物体是通常都是被动的，如果它再主动检查，很耗资源，所以，它就在那里吃瓜好了，等我碰到你再帮你触发事件，再帮你发你要发的消息（小广告），反正如果大伙都不动，肯定不会发生碰撞（没有进行物理模拟情况下，有物理模拟，唔，同样的结论似乎也成立）。

五、进进进进一步说明重叠事件：刚才突发奇想，打开物理模拟后又如何？简单测试，随便弄个球好了，球打开物理模拟，设置对pawn对象overlap,勾选generated overlap event，然后在level blueprint中随便打印个字符串，我选择的是输出：overlap字符串。pawn一碰到球，产生了同样的事件，结论成立。

六、感谢Epic提供的源代码，引用我最喜欢的侯捷老师一句话：源码面前，了无秘密。话说侯老师，你不准备写一本《UE4引擎深入浅出》吗？多少money我都支持，擦，，，，MFC深入浅出我买了二本，第一本大多数人都没见过，浅蓝色封面的，可惜送人了。嘻嘻。