ansible的管理与剧本

首先我们安装一个ansible。

在7版本，直接用yum安装就可以

yum -y install ansible

然后清空ansible的配置文件，在里面写入自己需要管理的服务器的ip和相应的登陆密码

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/ansi
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[test]
web1 ansible_ssh_host=192.168.200.131 ansible_ssh_pass=mima
web2 ansible_ssh_host=192.168.200.133 ansible_ssh_pass=mima
[root@localhost ~]# 

ansible的批量运行的脚本

[root@localhost scripts]# pwd
/server/scripts
[root@localhost scripts]# vim auto_nginx.sh

#!/bin/bash
dir=/media/cdrom
anzhuang=/server/scripts
[ -d $dir ] || mkdir -p $dir
umount /dev/sr0
mount /dev/sr0 $dir &>/dev/null
yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ make pcre pcre-devel zlib zlib-devel openssl openssl-devel &>/dev/null
[ -d $anzhuang ] || mkdir -p $anzhuang
cd /server/scripts/
tar xf nginx-1.10..tar.gz -C /usr/src/
cd /usr/src/nginx-1.10./
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_stub_status_module &>/dev/null
make &>/dev/null
make install &>/dev/null
exit 0

写分发脚本

[root@localhost scripts]# vim fenfa.sh

#!/bin/bash
Group=$1
dir=/server/scripts/

ansible $Group -m shell -a "mkdir -p $dir"
ansible $Group -m copy -a "src=$dir dest=$dir"
ansible $Group -m script -a "/server/scripts/auto_nginx.sh"

然后激活脚本

[root@localhost scripts]# sh fenfa.sh all

如果copy报错一下的语句

  "msg": "Aborting, target uses selinux but python bindings (libselinux-python) aren't installed!"

需要在备分发的服务器上安装支持包

[root@www ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /media/cdrom/
mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@www ~]# yum -y install libselinux-python

ansible的剧本playbook

[root@ansible scripts]# cat test_shell.yaml  #playbook的执行模板
---         #开头三个小-开头
- hosts: webB
  tasks:
  - name: test
    shell: echo "welcome to yunjisaun" >> /tmp/username
  - name: test2
    shell: echo "welcome to yunjisuan" >> /tmp/username
模板说明：
---  #开头必须有三个小-，顶格写
- hosts：   #正文配置代码的第一级，必须有两个空格（-占一个空格位）
- host: webB   #webB是host参数的值，值和hosts：之间要有一个空格
  tasks:        #tasks：表示接下来要执行的具体任务
  - name:     #相对于tasks再多缩进两个格（-占一个空格位），表示属于tasks的下一级
  - name: test  #test只是要执行的具体命令的名字可以随便写。name:后还是有一个空格要注意
    shell:  #表示调用shell模块执行命令相对于tasks仍旧要多缩进两个空格
    shell: echo "xxx" >> xxx     #shell:后边还是要有个空格，需要注意。

执行剧本

[root@ansible scripts]# ansible-playbook test_shell.yaml #执行playbook配置文件
PLAY [webB] ********************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************
ok: [webB]
TASK [test] ********************************************************************************************************
changed: [webB]
TASK [test2] *******************************************************************************************************
changed: [webB]
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************
webB                       : ok=    changed=    unreachable=    failed= 

简单的copy剧本

[root@ansible scripts]# echo "welcom to yunjisuan" >> /tmp/test_copy
[root@ansible scripts]# cat test_copy.yaml
---
- hosts: all
  tasks:
  - name: test copy
    copy: src=/tmp/copy_test dest=/tmp/
[root@ansible scripts]# ansible-playbook /service/scripts/test_copy.yaml
PLAY [all] *********************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************
ok: [webA]
ok: [webB]
TASK [test copy] ***************************************************************************************************
changed: [webA]
changed: [webB]
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************
webA                       : ok=    changed=    unreachable=    failed=
webB                       : ok=    changed=    unreachable=    failed=   

剧本的查看输出的过程

我们在用playbook进行ansible模块操作的时候，并没有命令的执行结果输出，默认被隐藏了。 
我们可以通过register模块最加输出命令的执行结果

[root@ansible scripts]# cat test_register.yaml
---
- hosts: all
  tasks:
  - name: test register
    shell: echo "welcome to yunjisuan"
    register: print_result          #将之前命令的输出结果保存在变量print_result里
  - debug: var=print_result         #将变量的值作为debug输出出来。
[root@ansible scripts]# ansible-playbook test_register.yaml
PLAY [all] *********************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************
ok: [webA]
ok: [webB]
TASK [test register] ***********************************************************************************************
changed: [webA]
changed: [webB]
TASK [debug] *******************************************************************************************************
ok: [webA] => {                                             #命令的执行结果有输出了
    "print_result": {
        "changed": true,
        "cmd": "echo \"welcome to yunjisuan\"",
        "delta": "0:00:00.002269",
        "end": "2018-06-15 10:28:14.693883",
        "failed": false,
        "rc": ,
        "start": "2018-06-15 10:28:14.691614",
        "stderr": "",
        "stderr_lines": [],
        "stdout": "welcome to yunjisuan",
        "stdout_lines": [
            "welcome to yunjisuan"
        ]
    }
}
ok: [webB] => {
    "print_result": {
        "changed": true,
        "cmd": "echo \"welcome to yunjisuan\"",
        "delta": "0:00:00.002633",
        "end": "2018-06-15 10:28:14.710242",
        "failed": false,
        "rc": ,
        "start": "2018-06-15 10:28:14.707609",
        "stderr": "",
        "stderr_lines": [],
        "stdout": "welcome to yunjisuan",
        "stdout_lines": [
            "welcome to yunjisuan"
        ]
    }
}
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************
webA                       : ok=    changed=    unreachable=    failed=
webB                       : ok=    changed=    unreachable=    failed=   

配置文件下发的简单剧本

[root@ansible scripts]# cat test_nginx_conf.yaml
---
- hosts: all
  tasks:
  - name: copy nginx.conf
    copy: src=/tmp/nginx.conf dest=/usr/local/nginx/conf/ backup=yes
  - name:
    shell: /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
    register: nginx_result
  - debug: var=nginx_result

在剧本中使用自定义变量

[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_vars.yaml
---
- hosts: all
  vars:         #定义变量
  - name: "yunjisuan"   #第一个name变量
    age: ""            #第二个age变量
  tasks:
  - name: "{{ name }}"      #{{}}两对大括号引用变量，变量名两头空格
    shell: echo "myname {{ name }},myage {{ age }}"
    register: var_result
  - debug: var=var_result
特别提示：
引用变量需要在双引号中引用。
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook /service/scripts/test_vars.yaml
 [WARNING]: Found variable using reserved name: name        #这里提示，name是一个保留的内置变量，我们在自定义时不能用
PLAY [all] *********************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************
ok: [webA]
ok: [webB]
TASK [yunjisuan] ***************************************************************************************************
changed: [webA]
changed: [webB]
TASK [debug] *******************************************************************************************************
ok: [webA] => {
    "var_result": {
        "changed": true,
        "cmd": "echo \"myname yunjisuan,myage 3\"",
        "delta": "0:00:00.002320",
        "end": "2018-06-19 10:45:16.175728",
        "failed": false,
        "rc": ,
        "start": "2018-06-19 10:45:16.173408",
        "stderr": "",
        "stderr_lines": [],
        "stdout": "myname yunjisuan,myage 3",
        "stdout_lines": [
            "myname yunjisuan,myage 3"
        ]
    }
}
ok: [webB] => {
    "var_result": {
        "changed": true,
        "cmd": "echo \"myname yunjisuan,myage 3\"",
        "delta": "0:00:00.002518",
        "end": "2018-06-19 10:45:10.552331",
        "failed": false,
        "rc": ,
        "start": "2018-06-19 10:45:10.549813",
        "stderr": "",
        "stderr_lines": [],
        "stdout": "myname yunjisuan,myage 3",
        "stdout_lines": [
            "myname yunjisuan,myage 3"
        ]
    }
}
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************
webA                       : ok=    changed=    unreachable=    failed=
webB                       : ok=    changed=    unreachable=    failed=
#我们修改一下name这个变量再发送，就不会出警告了
[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_vars.yaml
---
- hosts: all
  vars:
  - names: "yunjisuan"
    age: ""
  tasks:
  - name: "{{ names }}"
    shell: echo "myname {{ names }},myage {{ age }}"
    register: var_result
  - debug: var=var_result
在使用自定义变量时，要特别注意不要和系统的内置保留变量同名，容易引发问题。

使用内置的变量

我们可以使用ansible all -m setup | less查看ansible内置变量

[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_setupvars.yaml
---
- hosts: all
  gather_facts: True    #使用ansible内置变量
  tasks:
  - name: setup var
    shell: echo "ip {{ ansible_all_ipv4_addresses[0] }} cpu {{ ansible_processor_count }}"
    register: var_result
  - debug: var=var_result
[root@localhost scripts]#
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook test_setupvars.yaml
PLAY [all] *********************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************
ok: [webA]
ok: [webB]
TASK [setup var] ***************************************************************************************************
changed: [webA]
changed: [webB]
TASK [debug] *******************************************************************************************************
ok: [webA] => {
    "var_result": {
        "changed": true,
        "cmd": "echo \"ip 192.168.200.132 cpu 1\"",
        "delta": "0:00:00.002408",
        "end": "2018-06-19 11:32:44.540658",
        "failed": false,
        "rc": ,
        "start": "2018-06-19 11:32:44.538250",
        "stderr": "",
        "stderr_lines": [],
        "stdout": "ip 192.168.200.132 cpu 1",
        "stdout_lines": [
            "ip 192.168.200.132 cpu 1"
        ]
    }
}
ok: [webB] => {
    "var_result": {
        "changed": true,
        "cmd": "echo \"ip 192.168.200.138 cpu 1\"",
        "delta": "0:00:00.002102",
        "end": "2018-06-19 11:32:44.526875",
        "failed": false,
        "rc": ,
        "start": "2018-06-19 11:32:44.524773",
        "stderr": "",
        "stderr_lines": [],
        "stdout": "ip 192.168.200.138 cpu 1",
        "stdout_lines": [
            "ip 192.168.200.138 cpu 1"
        ]
    }
}
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************
webA                       : ok=    changed=    unreachable=    failed=
webB                       : ok=    changed=    unreachable=    failed=   

去内置变量的操作

[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_setupvars.yaml
---
- hosts: all
  gather_facts: True
  tasks:
  - name: setup var
    shell: echo "ip {{ ansible_all_ipv4_addresses[0] }} cpu {{ ansible_processor_count }}" >> /tmp/test
  - name: setup var2
    shell: echo "time {{ ansible_date_time["date"] }}" >> /tmp/test
    register: var_result
  - debug: var=var_result

利用template模块下发可变的变量配置

[root@localhost scripts]# cat /tmp/test
my name is {{ myname }} #自定义变量
my name is {{ ansible_all_ipv4_addresses[] }}  #系统变量
[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_filevars.yaml
---
- hosts: all
  gather_facts: True    #开启系统变量
  vars:
  - myname: "yunjisuan" #自定义变量
  tasks:
  - name: template test
    template: src=/tmp/test dest=/root/test #使用template下发可变配置文件
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook test_filevars.yaml

下发的变量的判断的语法

[root@localhost scripts]# cat /tmp/if.j2
{% if PORT %}       #if PORT存在
ip=0.0.0.0:{{ PORT }}
{% else %}          #否则的话
ip=0.0.0.0:
{% endif %}         #结尾
[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_ifvars.yaml
---
- hosts: all
  gather_facts: True    #开启系统内置变量
  vars:
  - PORT:         #自定义变量
  tasks:
  - name: jinja2 if test
    template: src=/tmp/if.j2 dest=/root/test
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook test_ifvars.yaml 

如果我们把PROT的值置空就会是假

[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_ifvars.yaml
---
- hosts: all
  gather_facts: True
  vars:
  - PORT:       #置空
  tasks:
  - name: jinja2 if test
    template: src=/tmp/if.j2 dest=/root/test
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook test_ifvars.yaml

剧本的通知和下发机制

#下发可执行动作的可变的nginx配置文件
[root@localhost scripts]# head - /tmp/nginx.j2
worker_processes  {{ ansible_processor_count }};    #可变的参数
[root@localhost scripts]# cat test_nginxvars.yaml
---
- hosts: all
  gather_facts: True    #开启系统内置变量
  tasks:
  - name: nginx conf
    template: src=/tmp/nginx.j2 dest=/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    notify:
    - reload nginx  #下发通知给handlers模块执行名字叫做reload nginx的动作
  handlers: #定义动作
  - name: reload nginx  #动作的名字
    shell: /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@localhost scripts]# ansible-playbook test_nginxvars.yaml 

用roles来模板换剧本，可以自己组合模板

#创建roles基本原型的目录结构
[root@ansible myroles]# tree /myroles/
/myroles/
├── nginx.yaml  #入口触发配置文件
└── roles       #playbook的原型配置目录
    └── nginx   #nginx相关模组配置目录
        ├── files   #copy模块和script模块的参数src默认会从这个文件夹查找
        ├── handlers    #用来存放notify的
        ├── tasks       #用来存放ansible模块任务的
        ├── templates   #用来存放j2的
        └── vars        #用来存放变量的
 directories,  file
#入口触发配置文件
[root@ansible myroles]# cat /myroles/nginx.yaml
---
- hosts: all    #执行的主机范围
  gather_facts: True    #开启系统内置变量
  roles:                #启用roles原型配置
  - nginx           #执行nginx原型模组

tasks的任务编排模块

#在nginx模组添加tasks任务配置文件
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/tasks/main.yaml
---
- name: check alived    #任务1的名字
  ping:                 #执行ping模块
- name:                 #任务2的名字
  shell: ls /           #执行shell模块
  register: ls_result   #将执行结果保存给变量
- debug: var=ls_result  #变量的值赋值给debug进行输出
#完成后的目录结构如下所示
[root@ansible myroles]# tree /myroles/
/myroles/
├── nginx.yaml  #nginx模组入口配置文件
└── roles
    └── nginx   #nginx原型模组目录
        ├── files
        ├── handlers
        ├── tasks
        │   └── main.yaml   #nginx模组的tasks任务配置文件
        ├── templates
        └── vars
 directories,  files

执行监督的模块

[root@ansible myroles]# ansible-playbook nginx.yaml
PLAY [all] ****************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ****************************************************************************************
ok: [webA]
ok: [webB]
TASK [nginx : check alived] ***********************************************************************************
ok: [webA]
ok: [webB]
TASK [nginx : shell] ******************************************************************************************
changed: [webA]
changed: [webB]
TASK [nginx : debug] ******************************************************************************************
ok: [webA] => {
    "ls_result": {
        "changed": true,
        "cmd": "ls /",
        "delta": "0:00:00.002805",
        "end": "2018-06-21 11:52:29.343592",
        "failed": false,
        "rc": ,
        "start": "2018-06-21 11:52:29.340787",
        "stderr": "",
        "stderr_lines": [],
        "stdout": "bin\nboot\ndev\netc\nhome\nlib\nlib64\nmedia\nmnt\nopt\nproc\nroo\nroot\nrun\nsbin\nservice\nsrv\nsys\ntmp\nusr\nvar",
        "stdout_lines": [
            "bin",
            "boot",
            "dev",
            "etc",
            "home",
            "lib",
            "lib64",
            "media",
            "mnt",
            "opt",
            "proc",
            "roo",
            "root",
            "run",
            "sbin",
            "service",
            "srv",
            "sys",
            "tmp",
            "usr",
            "var"
        ]
    }
}
ok: [webB] => {
    "ls_result": {
        "changed": true,
        "cmd": "ls /",
        "delta": "0:00:00.002708",
        "end": "2018-06-21 11:52:29.359754",
        "failed": false,
        "rc": ,
        "start": "2018-06-21 11:52:29.357046",
        "stderr": "",
        "stderr_lines": [],
        "stdout": "bin\nboot\ndev\netc\nhome\nlib\nlib64\nmedia\nmnt\nopt\nproc\nroo\nroot\nrun\nsbin\nservice\nsrv\nsys\ntmp\nusr\nvar",
        "stdout_lines": [
            "bin",
            "boot",
            "dev",
            "etc",
            "home",
            "lib",
            "lib64",
            "media",
            "mnt",
            "opt",
            "proc",
            "roo",
            "root",
            "run",
            "sbin",
            "service",
            "srv",
            "sys",
            "tmp",
            "usr",
            "var"
        ]
    }
}
PLAY RECAP ****************************************************************************************************
webA                       : ok=    changed=    unreachable=    failed=
webB                       : ok=    changed=    unreachable=    failed=   

ansible-playbook执行入口配置文件nginx.yaml后，它会自动在roles目录下查找nginx目录并进入后查找tasks任务目录并执行main.yaml的任务配置文件。
其实，这个roles的操作等效于以下配置

#本配置和之前的roles配置等效
[root@ansible myroles]# cat /service/scripts/test.yaml
---
- hosts: all
  gather_facts: True
  tasks:                #其实roles的本质就是将tasks任务单独写了。
  - name: check alived  #并在入口文件里追加了roles去查找tasks配置文件路径
    ping:
  - name:
    shell: ls /
    register: ls_result
  - debug: var=ls_result

roles下的自定义变量模块

#创建自定义变量vars模组的配置文件
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/vars/main.yaml
---
my_name: yunjisuan
phone:
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/tasks/main.yaml
---
- name: check alived
  ping:
- name:
  shell: ls /
  register: ls_result
- debug: var=ls_result
- name:         #添加对变量引用的任务编排
  shell: echo my phone is {{ phone }}
  register: echo_result
- debug: var=echo_result
[root@ansible myroles]# ansible-playbook nginx.yaml     #执行入口配置文件

roles使用copy，和scripts模块

[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/files/test
welcome to yunjisuan
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/files/test.sh
echo "aaa" >> /tmp/test
[root@ansible myroles]# chmod +x roles/nginx/files/test.sh
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/tasks/main.yaml
---
- name: check alived
  ping:
- name:
  shell: ls /
  register: ls_result
- debug: var=ls_result
- name:
  shell: echo my phone is {{ phone }}
  register: echo_result
- debug: var=echo_result
- name:         #添加copy模块
  copy: src=test dest=/root/
- name:         #添加script模块（自动在目标IP机器上执行脚本）
  script: test.sh
[root@ansible myroles]# ansible-playbook nginx.yaml 

roles中的template模块

[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/templates/test.j2
myname is {{ my_name }},my phone is {{ phone }} #引用自定义变量
my ipaddress is {{ansible_all_ipv4_addresses[]}}   #引用内置变量
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/tasks/main.yaml
---
- name: check alived
  ping:
- name:
  shell: ls /
  register: ls_result
- debug: var=ls_result
- name:
  shell: echo my phone is {{ phone }}
  register: echo_result
- debug: var=echo_result
- name:
  copy: src=test dest=/root/
- name:
  script: test.sh
- name:
  template: src=test.j2 dest=/root/test2    #下发可变配置文件
[root@ansible myroles]# ansible-playbook nginx.yaml 

roles的notify变动通知执行模块

[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/handlers/main.yaml
---
- name: start_nginx     #定义handlers的动作类型
  shell: /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
- name: stop_nginx  #定义handlers的动作类型
  shell: /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s stop
- name: reload_nginx    #定义handlers的动作类型
  shell: /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@ansible myroles]# cat roles/nginx/tasks/main.yaml
---
- name: check alived
  ping:
- name:
  shell: ls /
  register: ls_result
- debug: var=ls_result
- name:
  shell: echo my phone is {{ phone }}
  register: echo_result
- debug: var=echo_result
- name:
  copy: src=test dest=/root/
- name:
  script: test.sh
- name:
  template: src=test.j2 dest=/root/test2
  notify: start_nginx   #执行template任务后下发通知给handlers执行start_nginx
[root@ansible myroles]# ansible-playbook nginx.yaml 

特别提示： 
notify下发通知只有当之前的任务造成了变化那么才会被执行，如果没有发生任何改变，则notify不会被执行。例如：

#tasks任务造成改变，触发notify
[root@ansible myroles]# cat /tmp/test.yaml
---
- hosts: webA
  gather_facts: True
  tasks:
  - name:
    copy: src=/tmp/test dest=/root/ #这步造成目标改变才能出发notify
    notify: start_nginx
  handlers:
  - name: start_nginx
    shell: /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
[root@ansible myroles]# ansible-playbook /tmp/test.yaml
PLAY [webA] ***************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ****************************************************************************************
ok: [webA]
TASK [copy] ***************************************************************************************************
changed: [webA] #发生了改变
RUNNING HANDLER [start_nginx]   #触发notify *********************************************************************************
changed: [webA]
PLAY RECAP ****************************************************************************************************
webA                       : ok=    changed=    unreachable=    failed=
#我们再次执行/tmp/test.yaml
[root@ansible myroles]# ansible-playbook /tmp/test.yaml
PLAY [webA] ***************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] ****************************************************************************************
ok: [webA]
TASK [copy] ***************************************************************************************************
ok: [webA]      #没有造成任务改变，未触发notify通知
PLAY RECAP ****************************************************************************************************
webA                       : ok=    changed=    unreachable=    failed=