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快速实例

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序列化

创建一个序列化类

简单使用

开发我们的Web API的第一件事是为我们的Web API提供一种将代码片段实例序列化和反序列化为诸如json之类的表示形式的方式。我们可以通过声明与Django forms非常相似的序列化器（serializers）来实现。

models部分:

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.

class Book(models.Model):

    title=models.CharField(max_length=32)

    price=models.IntegerField()

    pub_date=models.DateField()

    publish=models.ForeignKey("Publish")

    authors=models.ManyToManyField("Author")

    def __str__(self):

        return self.title

class Publish(models.Model):

    name=models.CharField(max_length=32)

    email=models.EmailField()

    def __str__(self):

        return self.name

class Author(models.Model):

    name=models.CharField(max_length=32)

    age=models.IntegerField()

    def __str__(self):

        return self.name

views部分：

from rest_framework.views import APIView

from rest_framework.response import Response

from .models import *

from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse

from django.core import serializers

from rest_framework import serializers

class BookSerializers(serializers.Serializer):

    title=serializers.CharField(max_length=32)

    price=serializers.IntegerField()

    pub_date=serializers.DateField()

    publish=serializers.CharField(source="publish.name")

    #authors=serializers.CharField(source="authors.all")

    authors=serializers.SerializerMethodField()

    def get_authors(self,obj):

        temp=[]

        for author in obj.authors.all():

            temp.append(author.name)

        return temp

class BookViewSet(APIView):

    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):

        book_list=Book.objects.all()

        # 序列化方式1:

        # from django.forms.models import model_to_dict

        # import json

        # data=[]

        # for obj in book_list:

        #     data.append(model_to_dict(obj))

        # print(data)

        # return HttpResponse("ok")

        # 序列化方式2:

        # data=serializers.serialize("json",book_list)

        # return HttpResponse(data)

        # 序列化方式3:

        bs=BookSerializers(book_list,many=True)

        return Response(bs.data)

ModelSerializer

class BookSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):

      class Meta:

          model=Book

          fields="__all__"

          depth=1

提交post请求

  def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):

        bs=BookSerializers(data=request.data,many=False)

        if bs.is_valid():

            # print(bs.validated_data)

            bs.save()

            return Response(bs.data)

        else:

            return HttpResponse(bs.errors)

重写save中的create方法

class BookSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):

      class Meta:

          model=Book

          fields="__all__"

          # exclude = ['authors',]

          # depth=1

      def create(self, validated_data):

          authors = validated_data.pop('authors')

          obj = Book.objects.create(**validated_data)

          obj.authors.add(*authors)

          return obj

单条数据的get和put请求

class BookDetailViewSet(APIView):

    def get(self,request,pk):

        book_obj=Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()

        bs=BookSerializers(book_obj)

        return Response(bs.data)

    def put(self,request,pk):

        book_obj=Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()

        bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,data=request.data)

        if bs.is_valid():

            bs.save()

            return Response(bs.data)

        else:

            return HttpResponse(bs.errors)

超链接API：Hyperlinked

class BookSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):

      publish= serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(
                     view_name='publish_detail',
                     lookup_field="publish_id",
                     lookup_url_kwarg="pk")

      class Meta:

          model=Book

          fields="__all__"

          #depth=1

urls部分：

urlpatterns = [

url(r'^books/$', views.BookViewSet.as_view(),name="book_list"),

url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)$', views.BookDetailViewSet.as_view(),name="book_detail"),

url(r'^publishers/$', views.PublishViewSet.as_view(),name="publish_list"),

url(r'^publishers/(?P<pk>\d+)$', views.PublishDetailViewSet.as_view(),name="publish_detail"),

]

回到顶部

视图三部曲

使用混合（mixins）

上一节的视图部分：

from rest_framework.views import APIView

from rest_framework.response import Response

from .models import *

from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse

from django.core import serializers

from rest_framework import serializers

class BookSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):

      class Meta:

          model=Book

          fields="__all__"

          #depth=1

class PublshSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):

      class Meta:

          model=Publish

          fields="__all__"

          depth=1

class BookViewSet(APIView):

    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):

        book_list=Book.objects.all()

        bs=BookSerializers(book_list,many=True,context={'request': request})

        return Response(bs.data)

    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):

        print(request.data)

        bs=BookSerializers(data=request.data,many=False)

        if bs.is_valid():

            print(bs.validated_data)

            bs.save()

            return Response(bs.data)

        else:

            return HttpResponse(bs.errors)

class BookDetailViewSet(APIView):

    def get(self,request,pk):

        book_obj=Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()

        bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,context={'request': request})

        return Response(bs.data)

    def put(self,request,pk):

        book_obj=Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()

        bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,data=request.data,context={'request': request})

        if bs.is_valid():

            bs.save()

            return Response(bs.data)

        else:

            return HttpResponse(bs.errors)

class PublishViewSet(APIView):

    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):

        publish_list=Publish.objects.all()

        bs=PublshSerializers(publish_list,many=True,context={'request': request})

        return Response(bs.data)

    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):

        bs=PublshSerializers(data=request.data,many=False)

        if bs.is_valid():

            # print(bs.validated_data)

            bs.save()

            return Response(bs.data)

        else:

            return HttpResponse(bs.errors)

class PublishDetailViewSet(APIView):

    def get(self,request,pk):

        publish_obj=Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()

        bs=PublshSerializers(publish_obj,context={'request': request})

        return Response(bs.data)

    def put(self,request,pk):

        publish_obj=Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()

        bs=PublshSerializers(publish_obj,data=request.data,context={'request': request})

        if bs.is_valid():

            bs.save()

            return Response(bs.data)

        else:

            return HttpResponse(bs.errors)

mixin类编写视图

from rest_framework import mixins

from rest_framework import generics

class BookViewSet(mixins.ListModelMixin,

                  mixins.CreateModelMixin,

                  generics.GenericAPIView):

    queryset = Book.objects.all()

    serializer_class = BookSerializers

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

        return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)

class BookDetailViewSet(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,

                    mixins.UpdateModelMixin,

                    mixins.DestroyModelMixin,

                    generics.GenericAPIView):

    queryset = Book.objects.all()

    serializer_class = BookSerializers

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

        return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

        return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)

使用通用的基于类的视图

通过使用mixin类，我们使用更少的代码重写了这些视图，但我们还可以再进一步。REST框架提供了一组已经混合好（mixed-in）的通用视图，我们可以使用它来简化我们的views.py模块。

from rest_framework import mixins

from rest_framework import generics

class BookViewSet(generics.ListCreateAPIView):

    queryset = Book.objects.all()

    serializer_class = BookSerializers

class BookDetailViewSet(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):

    queryset = Book.objects.all()

    serializer_class = BookSerializers

class PublishViewSet(generics.ListCreateAPIView):

    queryset = Publish.objects.all()

    serializer_class = PublshSerializers

class PublishDetailViewSet(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):

    queryset = Publish.objects.all()

    serializer_class = PublshSerializers

viewsets.ModelViewSet

urls.py:

    url(r'^books/$', views.BookViewSet.as_view({"get":"list","post":"create"}),name="book_list"),

    url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)$', views.BookViewSet.as_view({

                'get': 'retrieve',

                'put': 'update',

                'patch': 'partial_update',

                'delete': 'destroy'

            }),name="book_detail"),

views.py:

class BookViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):

    queryset = Book.objects.all()

    serializer_class = BookSerializers

回到顶部

认证与权限组件

认证组件

局部视图认证

在app01.service.auth.py:

class Authentication(BaseAuthentication):

    def authenticate(self,request):

        token=request._request.GET.get("token")

        token_obj=UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()

        if not token_obj:

            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("验证失败!")

        return (token_obj.user,token_obj)

在views.py：

def get_random_str(user):

    import hashlib,time

    ctime=str(time.time())

    md5=hashlib.md5(bytes(user,encoding="utf8"))

    md5.update(bytes(ctime,encoding="utf8"))

    return md5.hexdigest()

from app01.service.auth import *

from django.http import JsonResponse

class LoginViewSet(APIView):

    authentication_classes = [Authentication,]

    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):

        res={"code":1000,"msg":None}

        try:

            user=request._request.POST.get("user")

            pwd=request._request.POST.get("pwd")

            user_obj=UserInfo.objects.filter(user=user,pwd=pwd).first()

            print(user,pwd,user_obj)

            if not user_obj:

                res["code"]=1001

                res["msg"]="用户名或者密码错误"

            else:

                token=get_random_str(user)

                UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=user_obj,defaults={"token":token})

                res["token"]=token

        except Exception as e:

            res["code"]=1002

            res["msg"]=e

        return JsonResponse(res,json_dumps_params={"ensure_ascii":False})

全局视图认证组件

settings.py配置如下：

REST_FRAMEWORK={

"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES":["app01.service.auth.Authentication",]

}

权限组件

局部视图权限

在app01.service.permissions.py中：

from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission

class SVIPPermission(BasePermission):

    message="SVIP才能访问!"

    def has_permission(self, request, view):

        if request.user.user_type==3:

            return True

        return False

在views.py：

from app01.service.permissions import *

class BookViewSet(generics.ListCreateAPIView):

    permission_classes = [SVIPPermission,]

    queryset = Book.objects.all()

    serializer_class = BookSerializers

全局视图权限

settings.py配置如下：

REST_FRAMEWORK={

"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES":["app01.service.auth.Authentication",],

"DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES":["app01.service.permissions.SVIPPermission",]

}

throttle(访问频率)组件

局部视图throttle

在app01.service.throttles.py中：

from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle

VISIT_RECORD={}

class VisitThrottle(BaseThrottle):

    def __init__(self):

        self.history=None

    def allow_request(self,request,view):

        remote_addr = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')

        print(remote_addr)

        import time

        ctime=time.time()

        if remote_addr not in VISIT_RECORD:

            VISIT_RECORD[remote_addr]=[ctime,]

            return True

        history=VISIT_RECORD.get(remote_addr)

        self.history=history

        while history and history[-1]<ctime-60:

            history.pop()

        if len(history)<3:

            history.insert(0,ctime)

            return True

        else:

            return False

    def wait(self):

        import time

        ctime=time.time()

        return 60-(ctime-self.history[-1])

在views.py中：

from app01.service.throttles import *

class BookViewSet(generics.ListCreateAPIView):

    throttle_classes = [VisitThrottle,]

    queryset = Book.objects.all()

    serializer_class = BookSerializers

全局视图throttle

REST_FRAMEWORK={

    "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES":["app01.service.auth.Authentication",],

    "DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES":["app01.service.permissions.SVIPPermission",],

    "DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES":["app01.service.throttles.VisitThrottle",]

}

内置throttle类

在app01.service.throttles.py修改为：

class VisitThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):

    scope="visit_rate"

    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):

        return self.get_ident(request)

settings.py设置：

REST_FRAMEWORK={

    "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES":["app01.service.auth.Authentication",],

    "DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES":["app01.service.permissions.SVIPPermission",],

    "DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES":["app01.service.throttles.VisitThrottle",],

    "DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES":{

        "visit_rate":"5/m",

    }

}

回到顶部

解析器

request类

django的request类和rest-framework的request类的源码解析

局部视图

from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser,FormParser

class PublishViewSet(generics.ListCreateAPIView):

    parser_classes = [FormParser,JSONParser]

    queryset = Publish.objects.all()

    serializer_class = PublshSerializers

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

        print("request.data",request.data)

        return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)

全局视图

REST_FRAMEWORK={

    "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES":["app01.service.auth.Authentication",],

    "DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES":["app01.service.permissions.SVIPPermission",],

    "DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES":["app01.service.throttles.VisitThrottle",],

    "DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES":{

        "visit_rate":"5/m",

    },

    "DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES":['rest_framework.parsers.FormParser',]

}

回到顶部

分页

简单分页

from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination,LimitOffsetPagination

class PNPagination(PageNumberPagination):

        page_size = 1

        page_query_param = 'page'

        page_size_query_param = "size"

        max_page_size = 5

class BookViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):

    queryset = Book.objects.all()

    serializer_class = BookSerializers

    def list(self,request,*args,**kwargs):

        book_list=Book.objects.all()

        pp=LimitOffsetPagination()

        pager_books=pp.paginate_queryset(queryset=book_list,request=request,view=self)

        print(pager_books)

        bs=BookSerializers(pager_books,many=True)

        #return Response(bs.data)

        return pp.get_paginated_response(bs.data)

偏移分页

from rest_framework.pagination import LimitOffsetPagination

转载

rest-framework框架的基本组件

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转载：rest-framework框架的基本组件

快速实例

序列化

创建一个序列化类

简单使用

ModelSerializer

提交post请求

重写save中的create方法

单条数据的get和put请求

超链接API：Hyperlinked

视图三部曲

使用混合（mixins）

mixin类编写视图

使用通用的基于类的视图

viewsets.ModelViewSet

认证与权限组件

认证组件

局部视图认证

全局视图认证组件

权限组件

局部视图权限

全局视图权限

throttle(访问频率)组件

局部视图throttle

全局视图throttle

内置throttle类

解析器

request类

局部视图

全局视图

分页

简单分页

偏移分页

rest-framework框架的基本组件

转载：rest-framework框架的基本组件的更多相关文章

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