[LeetCode] 380. Insert Delete GetRandom O(1) 常数时间内插入删除和获得随机数
Design a data structure that supports all following operations in average O(1) time.
insert(val)
: Inserts an item val to the set if not already present.remove(val)
: Removes an item val from the set if present.getRandom
: Returns a random element from current set of elements. Each element must have the same probability of being returned.
Example:
// Init an empty set.
RandomizedSet randomSet = new RandomizedSet(); // Inserts 1 to the set. Returns true as 1 was inserted successfully.
randomSet.insert(1); // Returns false as 2 does not exist in the set.
randomSet.remove(2); // Inserts 2 to the set, returns true. Set now contains [1,2].
randomSet.insert(2); // getRandom should return either 1 or 2 randomly.
randomSet.getRandom(); // Removes 1 from the set, returns true. Set now contains [2].
randomSet.remove(1); // 2 was already in the set, so return false.
randomSet.insert(2); // Since 1 is the only number in the set, getRandom always return 1.
randomSet.getRandom();
这道题让我们在常数时间范围内实现插入删除和获得随机数操作,如果这道题没有常数时间的限制,那么将会是一道非常简单的题,直接用一个 HashSet 就可以搞定所有的操作。但是由于时间的限制,无法在常数时间内实现获取随机数,所以只能另辟蹊径。此题的正确解法是利用到了一个一维数组和一个 HashMap,其中数组用来保存数字,HashMap 用来建立每个数字和其在数组中的位置之间的映射,对于插入操作,先看这个数字是否已经在 HashMap 中存在,如果存在的话直接返回 false,不存在的话,将其插入到数组的末尾,然后建立数字和其位置的映射。删除操作是比较 tricky 的,还是要先判断其是否在 HashMap 里,如果没有,直接返回 false。由于 HashMap 的删除是常数时间的,而数组并不是,为了使数组删除也能常数级,实际上将要删除的数字和数组的最后一个数字调换个位置,然后修改对应的 HashMap 中的值,这样只需要删除数组的最后一个元素即可,保证了常数时间内的删除。而返回随机数对于数组来说就很简单了,只要随机生成一个位置,返回该位置上的数字即可,参见代码如下:
class RandomizedSet {
public:
RandomizedSet() {}
bool insert(int val) {
if (m.count(val)) return false;
nums.push_back(val);
m[val] = nums.size() - ;
return true;
}
bool remove(int val) {
if (!m.count(val)) return false;
int last = nums.back();
m[last] = m[val];
nums[m[val]] = last;
nums.pop_back();
m.erase(val);
return true;
}
int getRandom() {
return nums[rand() % nums.size()];
}
private:
vector<int> nums;
unordered_map<int, int> m;
};
Github 同步地址:
https://github.com/grandyang/leetcode/issues/380
类似题目:
Insert Delete GetRandom O(1) - Duplicates allowed
参考资料:
https://leetcode.com/problems/insert-delete-getrandom-o1/
LeetCode All in One 题目讲解汇总(持续更新中...)
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