Python学习day08-python进阶(2)-内置方法

列表数据类型内置方法

  1. 作用

    描述多个值,比如爱好

  2. 定义方法

     
     
     
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    hobby_list['play','swimming','dancing']
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    print(hobby_list)
     
     
  3. 内置方法

     
     
     
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    # 1. 索引取值
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    hobby_list=['play','swimming','dancing','666']
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    # 索引可以按索引号直接修改
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    print(hobby_list[-1])
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    # 2. 切片
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    print(hobby_list[:])
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    print(hobby_list[::-2])
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    # 3, 长度
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    print(len(hobby_list)
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    # 4. in /not in
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    print('play' in hobby_list)
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    # 5. for循环
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    for hobby in hobby_list:
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     print(hobby)
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    # 6. del删除
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    del hobby_list[-1]
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    print(hobby_list)
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    # 7. append ()
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    hobby_list.append('fsds-->')
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    print(hobby_list)
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    # 8. count,对列表内的一个字符串计数
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    hobby_list =['play','swimming','dancing','666']
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    hobby_list.count('666')
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    print(hobby_list.count('666'))# 对列表内的一个字符串计数
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    # 9.extend 扩展列表 
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    hobby_list.extend([1,2,3,4])#扩展列表
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    print(hobby_list)
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    # 10. 清除clear
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    hobby_list.clear()#清除
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    # 11. copy复制
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    hobby_list[-1] = '233'
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    hobby_list.copy()#复制列表
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    # 11. pop,不加参数默认删除列表最后一个值
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    hobby_list.pop()# 默认删除最后一个
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    print(hobby_list)
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    # 12. index查询字符串位置
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    print(hobby_list.index('play'))#查询
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    print(hobby_list.index('play',0,2))
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    # 13. insert 插入
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    print(hobby_list.insert(0,'1'))#插入
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    print(hobby_list)
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    # 14. 删除remove
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    print(hobby_list.remove('1'))#删除
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    # 15. 反转,反序reverse
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    hobby_list.reverse()#反转
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    print(hobby_list)
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    # 16. sort,排序
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    hobby_list = [['nick',1000],['jason',500000],['sean',2000],['tank',10000]]
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    salary_dict = {'nick':1000,'jason':50000,'tank':10000,'sean':2000}
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    hobby_list.sort(key=lambda i:i[1],reverse = True)
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    print(hobby_list)
     
     
  4. 存一个只还是多个值

    列表是存多个值。

  5. 有序or无序

    有序

  6. 可变or不可变

    可变

元组类型内置方法

  1. 作用

    元组和列表一模一样,但是元组无法修改,元组在定义的那一刻,它的元素个数和值都全部确定了。而且元组一般是用于计算机早期减小内存占用,现在来说用处非常有限。

  2. 定义方法

     
     
     
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    tup = (1,2,3,4)
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    print(tup)
     
     
  3. 内置方法

    元组的内置方法非常简单,因为其值无法修改,所以涉及到增添或修改值的内置函数都无效,仅有index和count两个计数的内置函数可以使用。

     
     
     
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    tup.index()
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    tup.conut()
     
     
  4. 存一个只还是多个值

    多个值

  5. 有序or无序

    有序

  6. 可变or不可变

    没有这个概念

字典类型内置方法

  1. 作用

    用于对值添加描述信息使用

  2. 定义方法

    用{}包裹,并以逗号隔开加入键值对key:value

     
     
     
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    info_dict = {'name':'jack','age':20,'gener':'female'}
     
     
  3. 内置方法

     
     
     
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    # 1. 按key存取值
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    print(info_dict['hobby_list'])
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    info_dict['age'] = 18
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    print(info_dict)
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    # 2. 长度len
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    print(len(info_dict))
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    # 3. in /not in
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    print('name'in info_dict)
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    # 4. for循环
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    for i in info_dict:
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        print(i)
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    # 5. keys/values/itemsitems用的最多,一般用解压缩的形式一起用
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    print(list(info_dict.keys()))#keys即是输出key值
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    print(list(info_dict.values()))#values是输出value值
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    print(list(info_dict.items()))# item是键值对,即同时输出key:value
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    for i in info_dict.items():#取出来是元组类型
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    print(i)
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    for k,v in info_dict.items():#取出来是元组类型
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    print(k+'*'+str(v))
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    info_dict = {'name':'wangdapap','age':18,'height':129,'gender':'female','hobby_list':['dapap']}
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    # 6. copy复制
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    info_dict.copy()
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    # 7. pop加参数,按key值删除
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    info_dict.pop()#删除键值对,按key删除
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    info_dict.popitem()#默认删除最后一位键值对,早期是随即删除,但是由于python3底层做了优化,让字典看的有序了,所以默认删除最后一个
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    # 8. clear 清除
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    info_dict.clear()#清除
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    # 9. fromkeys即将后面的value值赋给前面全部的key值
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    info_dict.fromkeys(['name','age','sex'],None)
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    print(f"dic:{dic}")
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    #输出为 dic:{'name':None,'age':None,'sex':None}
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    # fromkeys由dict.出来的,快速造一个字典
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    # print(dict.fromkeys([1,2,3,4,5],2))
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    # 10. get取值,参数为key,输出为value值,若没有这个key则会输出None
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    info_dict.get('age')
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    info_dict.get('name','nick')# 如果没有这个值,默认返回None,也可以指定返回值,比如此句,返回nick
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    # 11. setdefault()有指定key值会改变,没有指定key值则不会变化
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    info_dict.setdefault('name',1432443)#有key值不会发生改变,没有则会添加
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    info_dict.setdefault('hello',1432443)#添加hello:1432443,若value为空,则默认添加None
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    print(info_dict)
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    # 12. update,更新添加
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    info_dict.update({'a':1})
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    print(info_dict)
     
     
  4. 存一个只还是多个值

    多个值

  5. 有序or无序

    无序,字典看似有序,其实是因为Python3做了优化,让字典看起来有序了,而实际上字典是无序的,在Python2里可以体现出来

  6. 可变or不可变

    可变

集合类型内置方法

  1. 作用

    存储一堆元素,容器数据类型

  2. 定义方法

    以{}包裹,中间以,隔开,是不可变数据,而且里面不能放列表

     
     
     
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    s = {1,2,1,'a','c','a'}
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    print(s)
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    # 看到打印结果是不是很奇怪,集合有自动去重的功能,而且是乱序,每次print输出结果都是不一样的
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    # 而对于正常的列表来说,是用set()来强制去重的,例如
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    lis = [1,2,3,4,3,1]
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    print(set(lis))
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    # 另外有一点,如下定义:
    10
    s = {}
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    #上述定义默认是空字典,而不是集合,如果需要定义空集合,需要
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    s = set()
     
     
  3. 内置方法

     
     
     
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    pythoners = {'jason','nick','tank','sean'}
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    linuxers = {'nick','egon','kevin'}
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    print(pythoners|linuxers)#并集,两组相加并去重
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    print(pythoners.union(linuxers))
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    print(pythoners&linuxers)#交集
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    print(pythoners.intersection(linuxers))
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    print(pythoners-linuxers)#差集
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    print(pythoners.difference(linuxers))
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    print(pythoners^linuxers)#交叉补集
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    print(pythoners.symmetric_difference(linuxers))
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    #
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    s = {1,2,3}
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    s.add(4)
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    pythoners = {'jason','nick','tank','sean'}
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    linuxers = {'nick','egon','kevin'}
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    pythoners.pop()# 随机删除,慎用
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    print(pythoners)
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    pythoners.update(linuxers)#增加,相当于并集
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    print(pythoners)
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    pythoners.clear()# 清空
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    pythoners.copy()# 复制
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    pythoners.remove('nick')#移除指定元素,比.pop好用,会报错
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    print(pythoners)
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    pythoners.discard('nick')#移除指定元素,没有的话不会报错
     
     
  4. 存一个只还是多个值

    多个值

  5. 有序or无序

    无序

  6. 可变or不可变

    可变

tips:

关于深拷贝和浅拷贝,发表一些自己的理解:

 
 
 
x
 
 
 
 
1
# 首先,拷贝,浅拷贝,深拷贝都是针对可变类型数据而言的
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age = 19
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print(f'first:{id(age)}')
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age = 20
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print(f'second:{id(age)}')
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# 普通拷贝,也就是赋值来说,原值有任何变化,赋值过的值也会发生变化,因为可变类型值变id不变
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l1 = ['a','b','c',['d','e','f']]
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l2 = l1
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print(l1)
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print(l2)
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l1.append('g')
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print(l1)
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print(l2)
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# 浅拷贝,原值内不可变元素不会影响拷贝后值,但原值内可变元素发生变化的话,浅拷贝后的值会跟着发生改变
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l1 = ['a','b','c',['d','e','f']]
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l2 = copy.copy(l1)
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l1.append('g')
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l1[3][0] = 'a'
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l1[3].append('g')
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print(l1)
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print(l2)#如上例,添加的’g’并没有改变在l2中,但是替换的‘a'在l2中有体现,因为添加的’g'是不可变的值,替换的‘a’在列表中的列表中,是可变的值
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# 深拷贝,原值内不管什么类型的数据发生变化,都不会体现在拷贝后的数据中,也就是拷贝之后保持值,永远不变
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l1 = ['a','b','c',['d','e','f']]
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l2 = copy.deepcopy(l1)
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l1.append('g')
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print(l1)
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print(l2)
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l1[3].append('g')
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print(l1)
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print(l2)# 即深度拷贝可以最大程度保持原值
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# 浅拷贝只是将原对象在内存中引用地址拷贝过来了。让新的对象指向这个地址。而深拷贝是将这个对象的所有内容遍历拷贝过来了,相当于跟原来没关系了,所以如果你这时候修改原来对象的值跟他没关系了,不会随之更改。
45
# 实际上于浅拷贝和深拷贝来说,如果拷贝对象都是不可变对象的话,那么两者效果是一样的。如果是可变对象的话,“=”拷贝的方式,只是拷贝了内存中的地址引用,两个对象的地址引用一样,所以两个对象的值会随着一方的修改而修改。而对于deepcopy()来说,如果是可变对象的话,那么拷贝内容后新对象的内存地址也会重新分配,跟原来的内存地址不一样了。所以两者任意修改变量的内容不会对另一方造成影响。
46
 
 

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.MathJax_SVG { display: inline; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; zoom: 90%; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; }
.MathJax_SVG * { transition: none 0s ease 0s; }
.MathJax_SVG_Display svg { vertical-align: middle !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; }
.os-windows.monocolor-emoji .md-emoji { font-family: "Segoe UI Symbol", sans-serif; }
.md-diagram-panel > svg { max-width: 100%; }
[lang="mermaid"] svg, [lang="flow"] svg { max-width: 100%; height: auto; }
[lang="mermaid"] .node text { font-size: 1rem; }
table tr th { border-bottom: 0px; }
video { max-width: 100%; display: block; margin: 0px auto; }
iframe { max-width: 100%; width: 100%; border: none; }
.highlight td, .highlight tr { border: 0px; }

.CodeMirror { height: auto; }
.CodeMirror.cm-s-inner { background: inherit; }
.CodeMirror-scroll { overflow: auto hidden; z-index: 3; }
.CodeMirror-gutter-filler, .CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler { background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
.CodeMirror-gutters { border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); background: inherit; white-space: nowrap; }
.CodeMirror-linenumber { padding: 0px 3px 0px 5px; text-align: right; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-keyword { color: rgb(119, 0, 136); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-atom, .cm-s-inner.cm-atom { color: rgb(34, 17, 153); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-number { color: rgb(17, 102, 68); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-def { color: rgb(0, 0, 255); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-variable { color: rgb(0, 0, 0); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-variable-2 { color: rgb(0, 85, 170); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-variable-3 { color: rgb(0, 136, 85); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-string { color: rgb(170, 17, 17); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-property { color: rgb(0, 0, 0); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-operator { color: rgb(152, 26, 26); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-comment, .cm-s-inner.cm-comment { color: rgb(170, 85, 0); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-string-2 { color: rgb(255, 85, 0); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-meta { color: rgb(85, 85, 85); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-qualifier { color: rgb(85, 85, 85); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-builtin { color: rgb(51, 0, 170); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-bracket { color: rgb(153, 153, 119); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-tag { color: rgb(17, 119, 0); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-attribute { color: rgb(0, 0, 204); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-header, .cm-s-inner.cm-header { color: rgb(0, 0, 255); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-quote, .cm-s-inner.cm-quote { color: rgb(0, 153, 0); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-hr, .cm-s-inner.cm-hr { color: rgb(153, 153, 153); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-link, .cm-s-inner.cm-link { color: rgb(0, 0, 204); }
.cm-negative { color: rgb(221, 68, 68); }
.cm-positive { color: rgb(34, 153, 34); }
.cm-header, .cm-strong { font-weight: 700; }
.cm-del { text-decoration: line-through; }
.cm-em { font-style: italic; }
.cm-link { text-decoration: underline; }
.cm-error { color: red; }
.cm-invalidchar { color: red; }
.cm-constant { color: rgb(38, 139, 210); }
.cm-defined { color: rgb(181, 137, 0); }
div.CodeMirror span.CodeMirror-matchingbracket { color: rgb(0, 255, 0); }
div.CodeMirror span.CodeMirror-nonmatchingbracket { color: rgb(255, 34, 34); }
.cm-s-inner .CodeMirror-activeline-background { background: inherit; }
.CodeMirror { position: relative; overflow: hidden; }
.CodeMirror-scroll { height: 100%; outline: 0px; position: relative; box-sizing: content-box; background: inherit; }
.CodeMirror-sizer { position: relative; }
.CodeMirror-gutter-filler, .CodeMirror-hscrollbar, .CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler, .CodeMirror-vscrollbar { position: absolute; z-index: 6; display: none; }
.CodeMirror-vscrollbar { right: 0px; top: 0px; overflow: hidden; }
.CodeMirror-hscrollbar { bottom: 0px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; }
.CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler { right: 0px; bottom: 0px; }
.CodeMirror-gutter-filler { left: 0px; bottom: 0px; }
.CodeMirror-gutters { position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; padding-bottom: 30px; z-index: 3; }
.CodeMirror-gutter { white-space: normal; height: 100%; box-sizing: content-box; padding-bottom: 30px; margin-bottom: -32px; display: inline-block; }
.CodeMirror-gutter-wrapper { position: absolute; z-index: 4; background: 0px 0px !important; border: none !important; }
.CodeMirror-gutter-background { position: absolute; top: 0px; bottom: 0px; z-index: 4; }
.CodeMirror-gutter-elt { position: absolute; cursor: default; z-index: 4; }
.CodeMirror-lines { cursor: text; }
.CodeMirror pre { border-radius: 0px; border-width: 0px; background: 0px 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px; white-space: pre; overflow-wrap: normal; color: inherit; z-index: 2; position: relative; overflow: visible; }
.CodeMirror-wrap pre { overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: normal; }
.CodeMirror-code pre { border-right: 30px solid transparent; width: fit-content; }
.CodeMirror-wrap .CodeMirror-code pre { border-right: none; width: auto; }
.CodeMirror-linebackground { position: absolute; left: 0px; right: 0px; top: 0px; bottom: 0px; z-index: 0; }
.CodeMirror-linewidget { position: relative; z-index: 2; overflow: auto; }
.CodeMirror-wrap .CodeMirror-scroll { overflow-x: hidden; }
.CodeMirror-measure { position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 0px; overflow: hidden; visibility: hidden; }
.CodeMirror-measure pre { position: static; }
.CodeMirror div.CodeMirror-cursor { position: absolute; visibility: hidden; border-right: none; width: 0px; }
.CodeMirror div.CodeMirror-cursor { visibility: hidden; }
.CodeMirror-focused div.CodeMirror-cursor { visibility: inherit; }
.cm-searching { background: rgba(255, 255, 0, 0.4); }
@media print {
.CodeMirror div.CodeMirror-cursor { visibility: hidden; }
}

:root { --side-bar-bg-color: #fafafa; --control-text-color: #777; }
html { font-size: 16px; }
body { font-family: "Open Sans", "Clear Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.6; }
#write { max-width: 860px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 30px 30px 100px; }
#write > ul:first-child, #write > ol:first-child { margin-top: 30px; }
a { color: rgb(65, 131, 196); }
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { position: relative; margin-top: 1rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.4; cursor: text; }
h1:hover a.anchor, h2:hover a.anchor, h3:hover a.anchor, h4:hover a.anchor, h5:hover a.anchor, h6:hover a.anchor { text-decoration: none; }
h1 tt, h1 code { font-size: inherit; }
h2 tt, h2 code { font-size: inherit; }
h3 tt, h3 code { font-size: inherit; }
h4 tt, h4 code { font-size: inherit; }
h5 tt, h5 code { font-size: inherit; }
h6 tt, h6 code { font-size: inherit; }
h1 { padding-bottom: 0.3em; font-size: 2.25em; line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); }
h2 { padding-bottom: 0.3em; font-size: 1.75em; line-height: 1.225; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); }
h3 { font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.43; }
h4 { font-size: 1.25em; }
h5 { font-size: 1em; }
h6 { font-size: 1em; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); }
p, blockquote, ul, ol, dl, table { margin: 0.8em 0px; }
li > ol, li > ul { margin: 0px; }
hr { height: 2px; padding: 0px; margin: 16px 0px; background-color: rgb(231, 231, 231); border: 0px none; overflow: hidden; box-sizing: content-box; }
li p.first { display: inline-block; }
ul, ol { padding-left: 30px; }
ul:first-child, ol:first-child { margin-top: 0px; }
ul:last-child, ol:last-child { margin-bottom: 0px; }
blockquote { border-left: 4px solid rgb(223, 226, 229); padding: 0px 15px; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); }
blockquote blockquote { padding-right: 0px; }
table { padding: 0px; word-break: initial; }
table tr { border-top: 1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
table tr:nth-child(2n), thead { background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); }
table tr th { font-weight: bold; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(223, 226, 229); border-right-color: rgb(223, 226, 229); border-left-color: rgb(223, 226, 229); border-image: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; text-align: left; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 13px; }
table tr td { border: 1px solid rgb(223, 226, 229); text-align: left; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 13px; }
table tr th:first-child, table tr td:first-child { margin-top: 0px; }
table tr th:last-child, table tr td:last-child { margin-bottom: 0px; }
.CodeMirror-lines { padding-left: 4px; }
.code-tooltip { box-shadow: rgba(0, 28, 36, 0.3) 0px 1px 1px 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(238, 242, 242); }
.md-fences, code, tt { border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; padding: 2px 4px 0px; font-size: 0.9em; }
code { background-color: rgb(243, 244, 244); padding: 0px 2px; }
.md-fences { margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding-top: 8px; padding-bottom: 6px; }
.md-task-list-item > input { margin-left: -1.3em; }
@media print {
html { font-size: 13px; }
table, pre { break-inside: avoid; }
pre { overflow-wrap: break-word; }
}
.md-fences { background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); }
#write pre.md-meta-block { padding: 1rem; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.45; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; border-radius: 3px; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); margin-top: 0px !important; }
.mathjax-block > .code-tooltip { bottom: 0.375rem; }
.md-mathjax-midline { background: rgb(250, 250, 250); }
#write > h3.md-focus::before { left: -1.5625rem; top: 0.375rem; }
#write > h4.md-focus::before { left: -1.5625rem; top: 0.285714rem; }
#write > h5.md-focus::before { left: -1.5625rem; top: 0.285714rem; }
#write > h6.md-focus::before { left: -1.5625rem; top: 0.285714rem; }
.md-image > .md-meta { border-radius: 3px; padding: 2px 0px 0px 4px; font-size: 0.9em; color: inherit; }
.md-tag { color: rgb(167, 167, 167); opacity: 1; }
.md-toc { margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 20px; }
.sidebar-tabs { border-bottom: none; }
#typora-quick-open { border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); }
#typora-quick-open-item { background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250); border-color: rgb(254, 254, 254) rgb(229, 229, 229) rgb(229, 229, 229) rgb(238, 238, 238); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; }
.on-focus-mode blockquote { border-left-color: rgba(85, 85, 85, 0.12); }
header, .context-menu, .megamenu-content, footer { font-family: "Segoe UI", Arial, sans-serif; }
.file-node-content:hover .file-node-icon, .file-node-content:hover .file-node-open-state { visibility: visible; }
.mac-seamless-mode #typora-sidebar { background-color: var(--side-bar-bg-color); }
.md-lang { color: rgb(180, 101, 77); }
.html-for-mac .context-menu { --item-hover-bg-color: #E6F0FE; }
#md-notification .btn { border: 0px; }
.dropdown-menu .divider { border-color: rgb(229, 229, 229); }
-->

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