Ansible常用模块介绍及使用(2)
Ansible模块
在上一篇博客《Ansible基础认识及安装使用详解（一）–技术流ken》中以及简单的介绍了一下ansible的模块。ansible是基于模块工作的，所以我们必须掌握几个常用的模块以便能够从容应对日常的工作。
相信大家在看完上一篇博客之后应该也已经知道可以使用ansible-doc -s 模块名，可以获取到模块的使用帮助，在本篇博客中就不再赘述。
Ansible常用模块介绍
ansible常用模块主要有如下12个：
ping 模块： 尝试连接主机，如果测试成功会返回‘pong’
command模块： 在远程节点执行命令
yum模块： 使用yum软件包管理工具管理软件包
shell模块： 和command模块类似，执行命令，支持变量等符号
cron模块 ： 管理定时任务
service模块： 管理程序服务
file模块： 设置文件属性
copy模块： 复制本地文件到远程主机
script模块： 传送本地的一个脚本并在远程主机上执行
setup模块： 获取远程主机的参数信息
user模块： 管理用户账户
group模块： 添加或者删除用户组
Ansible常用模块使用详解
下面就针对每个模块的使用进行一一演示
（一）command模块
command的模块是在远程主机执行命令。默认使用此模块，所以可以省略
例：获取远程主机的ip信息
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -m command -a "ip a"
10.220.5.138 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:a9:90:16 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.220.5.138/24 brd 10.220.5.255 scope global noprefixroute eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fea9:9016/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 10.220.5.139 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:65:31:ad brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.220.5.139/24 brd 10.220.5.255 scope global noprefixroute eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe65:31ad/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
（二）cron模块
cron模块是管理定时任务
例：在远程节点每隔5分钟往、/tmp/ken.txt输入111
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -m cron -a "minute=*/5 job='echo 111>/tmp/ken.txt' state=present"
10.220.5.139 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"envs": [],
"jobs": [
"None",
"None"
]
}
10.220.5.138 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"envs": [],
"jobs": [
"None",
"None"
]
}
可以查看是否已经设置成功。可以看到已经安装成功
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -a "crontab -l"
10.220.5.138 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
#Ansible: None
*/5 * * * * echo 111>/tmp/ken.txt 10.220.5.139 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
#Ansible: None
*/5 * * * * echo 111>/tmp/ken.txt
移除计划任务
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -a "crontab -r"
10.220.5.138 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >> 10.220.5.139 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >> [root@ken ~]# ansible all -a "crontab -l"
10.220.5.139 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
no crontab for rootnon-zero return code 10.220.5.138 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
no crontab for rootnon-zero return code
（三）copy模块
copy模块是复制本机文件到远程节点之上
例：复制本机/tmp/ken.sh 到远程节点上的/tmp下
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -m copy -a "src=/tmp/ken.sh dest=/tmp"
10.220.5.138 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709",
"dest": "/tmp/ken.sh",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e",
"mode": "0644",
"owner": "root",
"size": 0,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1542373625.27-167828199145082/source",
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
10.220.5.139 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709",
"dest": "/tmp/ken.sh",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e",
"mode": "0644",
"owner": "root",
"size": 0,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1542373625.3-279713897725048/source",
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
查看是否已经真的传送过去了。发现在远程主机的/tmp目录下面已经有个刚刚我们传送过去的文件了
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -m shell -a "ls /tmp | grep ken.sh"
10.220.5.138 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
ken.sh 10.220.5.139 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
ken.sh
（四）yum模块
yum模块是用来管理远程安装包的
例：在远程节点下载httpd服务
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -m yum -a "name=httpd state=present"
10.220.5.138 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"msg": "file:///mnt/repodata/repomd.xml: [Errno 14] curl#37 - \"Couldn't open file /mnt/repodata/repomd.xml\"\nTrying other mirror.\n",
"rc": 0,
"results": [
"Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks\nLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile\nResolving Dependencies\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 will be installed\n--> Finished Dependency Resolution\n\nDependencies Resolved\n\n================================================================================\n Package Arch Version Repository Size\n================================================================================\nInstalling:\n httpd x86_64 2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 updates 2.7 M\n\nTransaction Summary\n================================================================================\nInstall 1 Package\n\nTotal download size: 2.7 M\nInstalled size: 9.4 M\nDownloading packages:\nRunning transaction check\nRunning transaction test\nTransaction test succeeded\nRunning transaction\n Installing : httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64 1/1 \n Verifying : httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64 1/1 \n\nInstalled:\n httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 \n\nComplete!\n"
]
}
10.220.5.139 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"msg": "",
"rc": 0,
"results": [
"Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks\nLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile\nResolving Dependencies\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 will be installed\n--> Finished Dependency Resolution\n\nDependencies Resolved\n\n================================================================================\n Package Arch Version Repository Size\n================================================================================\nInstalling:\n httpd x86_64 2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 updates 2.7 M\n\nTransaction Summary\n================================================================================\nInstall 1 Package\n\nTotal download size: 2.7 M\nInstalled size: 9.4 M\nDownloading packages:\nRunning transaction check\nRunning transaction test\nTransaction test succeeded\nRunning transaction\n Installing : httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64 1/1 \n Verifying : httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64 1/1 \n\nInstalled:\n httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1 \n\nComplete!\n"
]
}
查看是否已经安装成功
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -m yum -a "list=httpd"
10.220.5.138 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"results": [
{
"arch": "x86_64",
"envra": "0:httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64",
"epoch": "0",
"name": "httpd",
"release": "80.el7.centos.1",
"repo": "installed",
"version": "2.4.6",
"yumstate": "installed"
},
{
"arch": "x86_64",
"envra": "0:httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64",
"epoch": "0",
"name": "httpd",
"release": "80.el7.centos.1",
"repo": "updates",
"version": "2.4.6",
"yumstate": "available"
},
{
"arch": "x86_64",
"envra": "0:httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.x86_64",
"epoch": "0",
"name": "httpd",
"release": "80.el7.centos",
"repo": "centos7",
"version": "2.4.6",
"yumstate": "available"
},
{
"arch": "x86_64",
"envra": "0:httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.x86_64",
"epoch": "0",
"name": "httpd",
"release": "80.el7.centos",
"repo": "ken",
"version": "2.4.6",
"yumstate": "available"
}
]
}
10.220.5.139 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"results": [
{
"arch": "x86_64",
"envra": "0:httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64",
"epoch": "0",
"name": "httpd",
"release": "80.el7.centos.1",
"repo": "installed",
"version": "2.4.6",
"yumstate": "installed"
},
{
"arch": "x86_64",
"envra": "0:httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.x86_64",
"epoch": "0",
"name": "httpd",
"release": "80.el7.centos.1",
"repo": "updates",
"version": "2.4.6",
"yumstate": "available"
},
{
"arch": "x86_64",
"envra": "0:httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.x86_64",
"epoch": "0",
"name": "httpd",
"release": "80.el7.centos",
"repo": "centos7",
"version": "2.4.6",
"yumstate": "available"
}
]
}
（五）service模块
service模块是用来管理服务程序的
例：启动远程节点的httpd服务
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -m service -a "name=httpd state=restarted"
10.220.5.138 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"name": "httpd",
"state": "started",
"status": {
"ActiveEnterTimestampMonotonic": "0",
"ActiveExitTimestampMonotonic": "0",
"ActiveState": "inactive",
"After": "nss-lookup.target systemd-journald.socket network.target tmp.mount system.slice remote-fs.target -.mount basic.target",
"AllowIsolate": "no",
"AmbientCapabilities": "0",
"AssertResult": "no",
"AssertTimestampMonotonic": "0",
"Before": "shutdown.target",
"BlockIOAccounting": "no",
....
输出信息很长，我就省略了。现在查看是否已经启动成功
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -m shell -a "ss -tnl | grep 80"
10.220.5.139 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::* 10.220.5.138 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::*
（六）file模块
file模块是用来设置文件属性的
例：在远程节点的/tmp下创建一个test.txt文件
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -m file -a "state=touch path=/tmp/test.txt"
10.220.5.139 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"dest": "/tmp/test.txt",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0644",
"owner": "root",
"size": 0,
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
10.220.5.138 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": true,
"dest": "/tmp/test.txt",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0644",
"owner": "root",
"size": 0,
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
查看文件是否已经创建成功
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -m shell -a "ls /tmp | grep test.txt"
10.220.5.138 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
test.txt 10.220.5.139 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
test.txt
（七）shell模块
shell模块和command模块类似即远程执行命令
但是比command更强大
例如：统计远程节点/tmp目录下有多少文件
我们首先使用command看下效果
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -a "ls /tmp | wc -l"
10.220.5.139 | FAILED | rc=2 >>
/tmp:
total 4
drwx------ 2 root root 65 Nov 17 05:25 ansible_aIMVHi
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 17 05:07 ken.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 17 05:00 ken.txt
drwx------ 3 root root 17 Nov 7 16:04 systemd-private-2e376cd91398450f85a81bc060207ef8-chronyd.service-TxdhUO
drwx------ 3 root root 17 Nov 7 16:05 systemd-private-2e376cd91398450f85a81bc060207ef8-httpd.service-k8IZOZ
drwx------ 3 root root 17 Nov 15 15:58 systemd-private-5c9f32d6cff64520b10075e086d943ab-chronyd.service-iAH3c0
drwx------ 3 root root 17 Nov 15 15:58 systemd-private-5c9f32d6cff64520b10075e086d943ab-httpd.service-dsAqeg
drwx------ 3 root root 17 Nov 14 15:56 systemd-private-65ded84926e64a90b0a201a805f752ca-chronyd.service-eSj3iR
drwx------ 3 root root 17 Nov 16 16:00 systemd-private-6706ba5361284cd4a0c91f3c8b68c606-chronyd.service-sLgAei
drwx------ 3 root root 17 Nov 17 05:17 systemd-private-6706ba5361284cd4a0c91f3c8b68c606-httpd.service-u6vla7
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 17 05:22 test.txt
drwx------ 2 root root 6 Nov 15 15:58 vmware-root
-rw------- 1 root root 467 Nov 15 16:02 yum_save_tx.2018-11-15.16-02.KHC9kd.yumtxls: cannot access |: No such file or directory
ls: cannot access wc: No such file or directorynon-zero return code 10.220.5.138 | FAILED | rc=2 >>
/tmp:
total 0
drwx------ 2 root root 65 Nov 16 21:25 ansible_v4MF1q
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 19 Nov 7 09:35 hsperfdata_root
drwxr-xr-x 2 zabbix zabbix 19 Nov 7 08:48 hsperfdata_zabbix
...
可以看到命令执行失败
现在我们再使用shell执行相同的操作看下效果
可以发现这次获取到了我们所需要的信息
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -m shell -a "ls /tmp | wc -l"
10.220.5.138 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
13 10.220.5.139 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
13
（八）ping模块
ping模块可以探测远程主机
不用加任何的参数信息
获取成功就会返回pong
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -m ping
10.220.5.139 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
10.220.5.138 | SUCCESS => {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
接下来还有四个常用模块，因为我换了自己的电脑，所以IP地址不再是上面的那些。
（九）setup模块
setup模块用来获取节点的参数信息
获取到的信息很详细，大家如果感兴趣可以研究一下
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -m setup
192.168.43.176 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"ansible_all_ipv4_addresses": [
"192.168.11.5",
"192.168.43.176"
],
"ansible_all_ipv6_addresses": [
"fe80::20c:29ff:fea5:e9ae",
"2408:84f4:83:54f1:20c:29ff:fea5:e9a4",
"fe80::20c:29ff:fea5:e9a4"
],
"ansible_apparmor": {
"status": "disabled"
},
"ansible_architecture": "x86_64",
"ansible_bios_date": "07/02/2015",
"ansible_bios_version": "6.00",
"ansible_cmdline": {
"BOOT_IMAGE": "/vmlinuz-3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64",
"biosdevname": "0",
"crashkernel": "auto",
"net.ifnames": "0",
"quiet": true,
"rd.lvm.lv": "centos/swap",
"rhgb": true,
"ro": true,
"root": "/dev/mapper/centos-root"
},
"ansible_date_time": {
"date": "2018-11-16",
"day": "16",
"epoch": "1542378922",
"hour": "22",
"iso8601": "2018-11-16T14:35:22Z",
"iso8601_basic": "20181116T223522739565",
"iso8601_basic_short": "20181116T223522",
"iso8601_micro": "2018-11-16T14:35:22.739656Z",
"minute": "35",
"month": "11",
"second": "22",
"time": "22:35:22",
"tz": "CST",
"tz_offset": "+0800",
"weekday": "Friday",
"weekday_number": "5",
"weeknumber": "46",
"year": "2018"
},
...
（十）script模块
作用是将本地的一个脚本传送至远程主机上面并运行
无需加多余参数，只需要在-a后面加上本地脚本路径即可
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -m script -a /tmp/test.sh
192.168.43.175 | CHANGED => {
"changed": true,
"rc": 0,
"stderr": "Shared connection to 192.168.43.175 closed.\r\n",
"stderr_lines": [
"Shared connection to 192.168.43.175 closed."
],
"stdout": "server\r\n",
"stdout_lines": [
"server"
]
}
192.168.43.176 | CHANGED => {
"changed": true,
"rc": 0,
"stderr": "Shared connection to 192.168.43.176 closed.\r\n",
"stderr_lines": [
"Shared connection to 192.168.43.176 closed."
],
"stdout": "agent\r\n",
"stdout_lines": [
"agent"
]
}
（十一）user模块
user模块是请求的是useradd, userdel, usermod三个指令
如下的命令含义是创建一个ken用户，shell类型为/sbin/nologin,uid号为454，系统用户
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -m user -a "name=ken shell=/sbin/nologin uid=454 state=present"
192.168.43.176 | FAILED! => {
"changed": false,
"msg": "useradd: UID 454 is not unique\n",
"name": "ken",
"rc": 4
}
192.168.43.175 | CHANGED => {
"changed": true,
"comment": "",
"create_home": true,
"group": 100,
"home": "/home/ken",
"name": "ken",
"shell": "/sbin/nologin",
"state": "present",
"system": false,
"uid": 454
}
从上面的执行结果来看192.168.43.176执行失败了，根据提示可知uid454的用户可能已经存在，让我们来看一下是否真的存在
命令返回结果显示uid454为nginx用户
[root@ken ~]# ansible 192.168.43.176 -a "grep 454 /etc/passwd"
192.168.43.176 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
nginx:x:454:454:Nginx web server:/var/lib/nginx:/sbin/nologin
再来看一下192.168.43.175执行成功的
[root@ken ~]# ansible 192.168.43.175 -a "tail -1 /etc/passwd"
192.168.43.175 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
ken:x:454:100::/home/ken:/sbin/nologin
（十二）group模块
goup模块请求的是groupadd, groupdel, groupmod 三个指令
如下命令含义是创建一个名为test1的组，gid为1122，在远程主机可用
[root@ken ~]# ansible all -m group -a "name=test1 gid=1122 state=present"
192.168.43.176 | CHANGED => {
"changed": true,
"gid": 1122,
"name": "test1",
"state": "present",
"system": false
}
192.168.43.175 | CHANGED => {
"changed": true,
"gid": 1122,
"name": "test1",
"state": "present",
"system": false
}
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