【运维工程师必知必会】——MySql基础

一、SQL语句

1.分类

• DDL（data definition language）数据定义语言（create、alter、drop），管理基础数据。例如：库、表     #运维要熟练，开发也要熟练

• DCL（data control language）数据控制语言（grant、revoke、commit、rollback）用户授权，权限收回，数据提交，回滚等。 #运维要熟练运用

• DML（data manipulation language）数据操作语言（select、insert、delete、update）针对表里的数据进行操作、记录。  #开发要熟练，运维要了解

二、命令详解

1.修改数据库密码

1）库外修改

 #将原密码：rootpwd 修改为：test123
 [root@mysql-db01 ~]# mysqladmin -uroot -prootpwd password test123

2）库内修改

 #登录数据库
 [root@mysql-db01 ~]# mysql -uroot -ptest123
 #将root密码修改为test456
 mysql> update mysql.user set password = password('test456') where user = 'root' and host = 'localhost';
 #刷新系统授权表
 mysql> flush privileges;

2.库的基础操作

1）创建数据库

 #语法
 create database <数据库名>
 #创建一个库名为test1的库
 mysql> create database test1; 

2）查看所有库

 #查库
 mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
| test1              |#之前创建的test1库
+--------------------+

3）查看建库语句

 #语法
 show create database <数据库名>\G
 #查看test1的建库语句
 mysql> show create database test1\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Database: test1
Create Database: CREATE DATABASE `test1` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */  #默认字符集是utf-8

4）指定字符集建库

 #语法
 create database <数据库名> character set <字符集> collate <全称>;
 #创建数据库：test2，字符集为：gbk
 mysql> create database test2 character set gbk collate gbk_chinese_ci;
 #查看test2的建库语句
 mysql> show create database test2\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Database: test2
Create Database: CREATE DATABASE `test2` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET gbk */ #默认字符集是gbk

5）查找指定数据库

 #语法
 show databases like <条件>;
 #查找test库
 mysql> show databases like 'test';
+-----------------+
| Database (test) |
+-----------------+
| test            |
+-----------------+
 #查找test1库
 mysql> show databases like 'test1';
+------------------+
| Database (test1) |
+------------------+
| test1            |
+------------------+
 #模糊匹配，查找带te的库
 mysql> show databases like '%te%';
+-----------------+
| Database (%te%) |
+-----------------+
| test            |
| test1           |
| test2           |
+-----------------+

6）切换数据库

 #语法
 use <数据库名>
 #切换到test1
 mysql> use test1;
 Database changed
 #切换到test2
 mysql> use test2
 Database changed

7）查看当前所在库

 #查看当前所在库
 mysql> select database();
+------------+
| database() |
+------------+
| test2      |
+------------+
 #切换到test1
 mysql> use test1
 Database changed
 #查看当前所在库
 mysql> select database();
+------------+
| database() |
+------------+
| test1      |
+------------+

8）查看库内的表

 #查看test1库中的表
 mysql> show tables;
 #库里没有表
 Empty set (0.00 sec)
 #切换到mysql库
 mysql> use mysql
 #查看mysql库中的表
 mysql> show tables;
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysql           |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv              |
| db                        |
| event                     |
| func                      |
| general_log               |
| help_category             |
| help_keyword              |
| help_relation             |
| help_topic                |
| innodb_index_stats        |
| innodb_table_stats        |
| ndb_binlog_index          |
| plugin                    |
| proc                      |
| procs_priv                |
| proxies_priv              |
| servers                   |
| slave_master_info         |
| slave_relay_log_info      |
| slave_worker_info         |
| slow_log                  |
| tables_priv               |
| time_zone                 |
| time_zone_leap_second     |
| time_zone_name            |
| time_zone_transition      |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user                      |
+---------------------------+
 #模糊匹配，查找带有slave的表名
 mysql> show tables like '%slave%';
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysql (%slave%) |
+---------------------------+
| slave_master_info         |
| slave_relay_log_info      |
| slave_worker_info         |
+---------------------------+

9）查询用户

 mysql> select user,host from mysql.user;
+------+------------+
| user | host       |
+------+------------+
| root | 127.0.0.1  |
| root | ::1        |
|      | localhost  |
| root | localhost  |
|      | mysql-db01 |
| root | mysql-db01 |
+------+------------+

10）删除用户

 #语法
 drop user <user> <host>;
 #删除root连接IPv6的用户
 mysql> drop user root@'::1';
 #查询用户
 mysql> select user,host from mysql.user;
+------+------------+
| user | host       |
+------+------------+
| root | 127.0.0.1  |
|      | localhost  |
| root | localhost  |
|      | mysql-db01 |
| root | mysql-db01 |
+------+------------+

****** 当 drop 无法删除的时候 ******

 #语法
 delete from mysql.user where user='<用户>' and host='<主机>';
 #删除root连接IPv6的用户
 mysql> delete from mysql.user where user='root' and host='::1';
+------+------------+
| user | host       |
+------+------------+
| root | 127.0.0.1  |
|      | localhost  |
| root | localhost  |
|      | mysql-db01 |
| root | mysql-db01 |
+------+------------+

11）用户授权

 #语法
 grant <权限> on <数据库>.<表> to <用户>@<主机> identified by <密码>;
 #创建一个user用户密码为123456
 mysql> grant all on *.* to user@'10.0.0.%' identified by '';
 #检查用户是否创建成功
 mysql> select user,host from mysql.user;
+------+------------+
| user | host       |
+------+------------+
| user | 10.0.0.%   |
| root | 127.0.0.1  |
|      | localhost  |
| root | localhost  |
|      | mysql-db01 |
| root | mysql-db01 |
+------+------------+

3.表的基础操作

1）建表语法

 create table student(                      #<== create  table 表示创建表的固定关键字，student为表名
 id int() not null,                        #<== 学号列，数字类型，长度为4，不为空值。
 name char() not null,                    #<== 名字列，定长字符类型，长度20，不为空值。
 age tinyint()  NOT NULL default '',      #<== 年龄列，很小的数字类型，长度为2，不为空，默认为0值。
 dept varchar()  default NULL             #<== 系别列，变长字符类型，长度16，默认为空。
 ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;    #<== 引擎和字符集，引擎默认为innodb，字符集，继承库的latin1

• 数字类型

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列类型	需要的存储量
TINYINT	1字节
SMALLNT	2个字节
MEDIUMINT	3个字节
INT	4个字节（4294967296）
BIGINT	8个字节
FLOAT（X）	4如果X <=24 或 8 如果25<=x <=53
FLOAT	4个字节

• 日期类型

列类型	需要的存储量
DATE	3字节
DATETIME	8个字节
TIMESTAMP	4个字节
TIME	3个字节
YEAR	1个字节

• 字符串类型

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列类型	需要的存储量
CHAR（M）	M字节，1<=M<=255字节
VARCHAR（M）	L+1字节，在此L<=M和1<=M<=255
TINYBLOB,TINYTEXT	L+1字节，在此L< 2 ^ 8
BLOB,TEXT	L+2字节，在此L< 2 ^ 16

• CHAR 和 VARCHAR的区别

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值	CHAR（4）	存储需求	VARCHAR	存储需求
‘ ‘	’    ‘	4个字节	‘ ‘	1个字节
’ab’	‘ab  ‘	4个字节	‘ ab’	3个字节
‘abcd’	‘abcd’	4个字节	‘ abcd’	5个字节
‘abcdefgh’	‘abcd’	4个字节	‘abcd’	5个字节

2）创建索引

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  主键索引：要求列的内容是唯一的。

 #使用test1库
 mysql> use test1
 #创建主索引
 mysql> CREATE TABLE `student` (
     ->   `id` int() NOT NULL auto_increment,
     ->   `name` char() NOT NULL,
     ->   `age` tinyint() NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     ->   `dept` varchar() DEFAULT NULL,
     ->    primary key(id)
     -> ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

如果在建表的时候，没有创建索引可以使用alter来创建索引:

 #增加索引
 mysql> alter table student add primary key(id);
 #查看索引
 mysql> desc student;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(4)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | char(20)    | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | tinyint(2)  | NO   |     | 0       |                |
| dept  | varchar(16) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
 #将索引改为自增
 mysql> alter table student change id id int() auto_increment;

• 普通索引：一个表内可以创建多个。

 #创建普通索引
 mysql> CREATE TABLE `student1` (
     ->   `id` int() NOT NULL auto_increment,
     ->   `name` char() NOT NULL,
     ->   `age` tinyint() NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     ->   `dept` varchar() DEFAULT NULL,
     ->    primary key(id),
     ->    KEY index_name(name)
     -> );

• 联合索引：多个表创建一个索引，加大唯一性

 #创建联合索引
 create index ind_name_dept on student(name,dept);
 #根据前八个字符来创建联合索引
 create index ind_name_deptnew on student(name(),dept());
 #查看索引
 mysql> show index from student;
+---------+------------+------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table   | Non_unique | Key_name         | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+---------+------------+------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| student |          0 | PRIMARY          |            1 | id          | A         |           0 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| student |          1 | ind_name_dept    |            1 | name        | A         |           0 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| student |          1 | ind_name_dept    |            2 | dept        | A         |           0 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| student |          1 | ind_name_deptnew |            1 | name        | A         |           0 |        8 | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| student |          1 | ind_name_deptnew |            2 | dept        | A         |           0 |        8 | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
+---------+------------+------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+

• 唯一索引：生产使用不多，但是针对登录账号可以选择

 #创建唯一索引
 mysql> create unique index uni_index_name on student(name);
 #查看索引
 mysql> show index from student;
+---------+------------+------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table   | Non_unique | Key_name         | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+---------+------------+------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| student |          0 | PRIMARY          |            1 | id          | A         |           0 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| student |          0 | uni_index_name   |            1 | name        | A         |           0 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| student |          1 | ind_name_dept    |            1 | name        | A         |           0 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| student |          1 | ind_name_dept    |            2 | dept        | A         |           0 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| student |          1 | ind_name_deptnew |            1 | name        | A         |           0 |        8 | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| student |          1 | ind_name_deptnew |            2 | dept        | A         |           0 |        8 | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
+---------+------------+------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+

---

问题1：既然索引可以加快查询速度，那就给所有列建索引吧？

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解答：因为索引不但占用存储空间，而且更新数据时还需要维护索引数据的，因此，索引是一把双刃剑，并不是越多越好，例如：数十到数百行的小表上无需建立索引，插入更新频繁，读取比较少的表要尽量不建立索引。

---

问题2：需要在哪些列上创建索引才能加快查询速度呢？

解答：

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select user,host from mysql.user where password=…,索引一定要创建在where后的条件上，而不是select后的选择数据的列上，另外，我们要尽量选择在唯一值多的大表上的列建立索引，例如，男女性别列唯一值少，不适合建立索引。

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创建索引知识小结：

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• 索引类似书籍的目录，会加快查询数据的速度。
• 要在表的列（字段）上创建索引。
• 索引会加快查询的速度，但是也会影响更新的速度，因为更新要维护索引数据。
• 索引列并不是越多越好，要在频繁查询的表语句where后的条件列上创建索引。
• 小表或重复值很多的列上可以不创建索引。要在大表以及重复值少的条件列上创建索引。
• 多个联合索引有前缀生效特性。
• 当字段内容前N个字符已经接近唯一时，可以对字段的前N个字符创建索引。
• 索引从工作方式区分，有主键，唯一，普通索引。
• 索引类型会有BTREE（默认）和hash（适合做缓存（内蕴数据库））等

创建索引相关命令小结：

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mso-para-margin:0cm;
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mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
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• 创建主键索引

 alter table student change id id int primary key auto_increment; 

• 删除主键索引（主键列不能自增）

 alter table student drop primary key;

• 创建普通索引：

 alter table student add index index_dept(dept);

• 根据列的前n个字符创建普通索引：

 create index index_dept on student(dept());

• 根据多个列创建联合普通索引：

 create index ind_name_dept on student(name,dept);

• 根据多个列的前n个字符创建联合普通索引：

 create index ind_name_dept on student(name(),dept());

• 创建唯一索引：

 create unique index uni_ind_name on student(name);

• 查看索引：

 desc student;
 show index from student;

• 删除普通索引与唯一索引：

 alter table student drop index index_dept;
 drop index index_dept on student;

• 查看表记录唯一值的数量：

 select count(distinct user) from mysql.user;
 select count(distinct (user,host)) from mysql.user;

3）增删改表的字段

 #创建一个练习用的表
 mysql> CREATE TABLE `test` (
     -> `id` int() NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
     -> `name` char() NOT NULL,
     -> PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
     -> ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

• 查看表的信息

 #查看表
 mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_test2 |
+-----------------+
| test            |
+-----------------+
 #查看表结构
 mysql> desc test;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(4)   | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | char(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

• 增加一个字段

 #增加sex这个字段
 mysql> alter table test add sex char();
 #查看增加的字段
 mysql> desc test;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(4)   | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | char(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sex   | char(4)  | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

• 插入一个字段

 #在name后面增加一个age字段
 mysql> alter table test add age int() after name;
 #查看字段
 mysql> desc test;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(4)   | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | char(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | int(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex   | char(4)  | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

• 在第一行插入字段

 #在第一行加入一个QQ字段
 mysql> alter table test add qq varchar() first
 #查看字段
 mysql> desc test;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| qq    | varchar(15) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| id    | int(4)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | char(20)    | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | int(4)      | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex   | char(4)     | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

4）修改字段类型

 #把age字段类型改成char4
 mysql> alter table test modify age char() after name;
 #查看字段类型
 mysql> desc test;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| qq    | varchar(15) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| id    | int(4)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | char(20)    | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | char(4)     | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex   | char(4)     | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

5）修改字段名

 #讲age字段名改为testage
 mysql> alter table test change age testage char() after name;
 #查看字段
 mysql> desc test;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field   | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| qq      | varchar(15) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| id      | int(4)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name    | char(20)    | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| testage | char(4)     | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex     | char(4)     | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

6）插入数据

 #语法
 insert into <表名> [( <字段名1>[,..<字段名n > ])] values ( 值1 )[, ( 值n )]
 #添加id为1，名字为zzgx的数据到test表中
 mysql> insert into test(id,name) values(,'zzgx');
 #查询表中内容
 mysql> select * from test;
+------+----+------+---------+------+
| qq   | id | name | testage | sex  |
+------+----+------+---------+------+
| NULL |  1 | zzgx | NULL    | NULL |
+------+----+------+---------+------+

7）批量插入多条数据

 #插入数据，id：3 name：zuma和id：4 name：kaka
 mysql> insert into test(id,name) values(,'zuma'),(,'kaka');
 #查看表中数据
 mysql> select * from test;
+------+----+------+---------+------+
| qq   | id | name | testage | sex  |
+------+----+------+---------+------+
| NULL |  1 | zzgx | NULL    | NULL |
| NULL |  3 | zuma | NULL    | NULL |
| NULL |  4 | kaka | NULL    | NULL |
+------+----+------+---------+------+

8）删除数据

 #删除id为3的数据
 mysql> delete from test where id=;
 #查看表中数据
 mysql> select * from test;
+------+----+------+---------+------+
| qq   | id | name | testage | sex  |
+------+----+------+---------+------+
| NULL |  1 | zzgx | NULL    | NULL |
| NULL |  4 | kaka | NULL    | NULL |
+------+----+------+---------+------+

9）查表语句

 #查询test表里前两行数据
 mysql> select * from test limit ;
+------+----+------+---------+------+
| qq   | id | name | testage | sex  |
+------+----+------+---------+------+
| NULL |  1 | zzgx | NULL    | NULL |
| NULL |  4 | kaka | NULL    | NULL |
+------+----+------+---------+------+

 #升序查询
 mysql> select * from test where id> or name='zuma' order by id;
+------+----+------+---------+------+
| qq   | id | name | testage | sex  |
+------+----+------+---------+------+
| NULL |  4 | kaka | NULL    | NULL |
+------+----+------+---------+------+

 #按id倒叙查询
 mysql> select * from test where id> or name='zuma' order by id desc;
+------+----+------+---------+------+
| qq   | id | name | testage | sex  |
+------+----+------+---------+------+
| NULL |  4 | kaka | NULL    | NULL |
+------+----+------+---------+------+

10）连表查询

首先需要创建三个表：

 #第一张表
 mysql> create table student(
     ->      Sno int() NOT NULL COMMENT '学号',
     ->      Sname varchar() NOT NULL COMMENT '姓名',
     ->      Ssex char() NOT NULL COMMENT '性别',
     ->      Sage tinyint()  NOT NULL default '' COMMENT '学生年龄',
     ->      Sdept varchar()  default NULL  COMMENT '学生所在系别',
     ->      PRIMARY KEY  (Sno) ,
     ->      key index_Sname (Sname)
     ->      ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT= DEFAULT CHARSET=UTF8;

 #第二张表
 mysql> create table course(
     ->      Cno int() NOT NULL COMMENT '课程号',
     ->      Cname varchar() NOT NULL COMMENT '课程名',
     ->      Ccredit tinyint() NOT NULL COMMENT '学分',
     ->      PRIMARY KEY  (Cno)
     ->      ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT= DEFAULT CHARSET=UTF8;

 #第三张表
 mysql> CREATE TABLE `SC` (
     ->         SCid int() NOT NULL auto_increment COMMENT '主键',
     ->        `Cno` int() NOT NULL COMMENT '课程号',
     ->        `Sno` int() NOT NULL COMMENT '学号',
     ->        `Grade` tinyint() NOT NULL COMMENT '学生成绩',
     ->        PRIMARY KEY  (`SCid`)
     ->      ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=UTF8;

 #查看刚才创建的三张表
 mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_test2 |
+-----------------+
| course          |
| sc              |
| student         |
+-----------------+

 #往student表中插入数据
 mysql> INSERT INTO student values(,'宏志','男',,'计算机网络');
 mysql> INSERT INTO student values(,'王硕 ','男',,'computer');
 mysql> INSERT INTO student values(,'oldboy','男',,'物流管理');
 mysql> INSERT INTO student values(,'脉动','男',,'computer');
 mysql> INSERT INTO student values(,'oldgirl','女',,'计算机科学与技术');
 mysql> INSERT INTO student values(,'莹莹','女',,'护士');
 #查询数据
 mysql> select * from student;
+-----+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
| Sno | Sname   | Ssex | Sage | Sdept                    |
+-----+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
|   1 | 宏志    | 男   |   30 | 计算机网络               |
|   2 | 王硕    | 男   |   30 | computer                 |
|   3 | oldboy  | 男   |   28 | 物流管理                 |
|   4 | 脉动    | 男   |   29 | computer                 |
|   5 | oldgirl | 女   |   26 | 计算机科学与技术         |
|   6 | 莹莹    | 女   |   22 | 护士                     |
+-----+---------+------+------+--------------------------+

 #往course表中插入数据
 mysql> INSERT INTO course values(,'Linux中高级运维',);
 mysql> INSERT INTO course values(,'Linux高级架构师',);
 mysql> INSERT INTO course values(,'MySQL高级Dba',);
 mysql> INSERT INTO course values(,'Python运维开发',);
 mysql> INSERT INTO course values(,'Java web开发',);
 #查询数据
 mysql> select * from course;
+------+----------------------+---------+
| Cno  | Cname                | Ccredit |
+------+----------------------+---------+
| 1001 | Linux中高级运维      |       3 |
| 1002 | Linux高级架构师      |       5 |
| 1003 | MySQL高级Dba         |       4 |
| 1004 | Python运维开发       |       4 |
| 1005 | Java web开发         |       3 |
+------+----------------------+---------+

 #往SC表中插入数据
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 mysql> INSERT INTO SC(Sno,Cno,Grade)  values(,,);
 #查询数据
 mysql> select * from SC;
+------+------+-----+-------+
| SCid | Cno  | Sno | Grade |
+------+------+-----+-------+
|    1 | 1001 |   1 |     4 |
|    2 | 1002 |   1 |     3 |
|    3 | 1003 |   1 |     1 |
|    4 | 1004 |   1 |     6 |
|    5 | 1001 |   2 |     3 |
|    6 | 1002 |   2 |     2 |
|    7 | 1003 |   2 |     2 |
|    8 | 1004 |   2 |     8 |
|    9 | 1001 |   3 |     4 |
|   10 | 1002 |   3 |     4 |
|   11 | 1003 |   3 |     2 |
|   12 | 1004 |   3 |     8 |
|   13 | 1001 |   4 |     1 |
|   14 | 1002 |   4 |     1 |
|   15 | 1003 |   4 |     2 |
|   16 | 1004 |   4 |     3 |
|   17 | 1001 |   5 |     5 |
|   18 | 1002 |   5 |     3 |
|   19 | 1003 |   5 |     2 |
|   20 | 1004 |   5 |     9 |
+------+------+-----+-------+

开始连表查询

 #连表查询
 mysql> select student.Sno,student.Sname,course.Cname,SC.Grade from student,course,SC where student.Sno=SC.Sno and course.Cno=SC.Cno;
+-----+---------+----------------------+-------+
| Sno | Sname   | Cname                | Grade |
+-----+---------+----------------------+-------+
|   1 | 宏志    | Linux中高级运维      |     4 |
|   2 | 王硕    | Linux中高级运维      |     3 |
|   3 | oldboy  | Linux中高级运维      |     4 |
|   4 | 脉动    | Linux中高级运维      |     1 |
|   5 | oldgirl | Linux中高级运维      |     5 |
|   1 | 宏志    | Linux高级架构师      |     3 |
|   2 | 王硕    | Linux高级架构师      |     2 |
|   3 | oldboy  | Linux高级架构师      |     4 |
|   4 | 脉动    | Linux高级架构师      |     1 |
|   5 | oldgirl | Linux高级架构师      |     3 |
|   1 | 宏志    | MySQL高级Dba         |     1 |
|   2 | 王硕    | MySQL高级Dba         |     2 |
|   3 | oldboy  | MySQL高级Dba         |     2 |
|   4 | 脉动    | MySQL高级Dba         |     2 |
|   5 | oldgirl | MySQL高级Dba         |     2 |
|   1 | 宏志    | Python运维开发       |     6 |
|   2 | 王硕    | Python运维开发       |     8 |
|   3 | oldboy  | Python运维开发       |     8 |
|   4 | 脉动    | Python运维开发       |     3 |
|   5 | oldgirl | Python运维开发       |     9 |
+-----+---------+----------------------+-------+

三、mysql优化

优化大纲：

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{mso-style-name:普通表格;
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;}

1、硬件层面优化

1.1 数据库物理机采购：

1.2 服务器硬件配置调整

1.2.1 服务器BIOS调整：

1.2.2 阵列卡调整：

2、软件层优化

2.1 操作系统层面优化

2.1.1 操作系统及MySQL实例选择

2.1.2 文件系统层优化

2.1.3 linux内核参数优化

2.2 mysql数据库层面优化

2.2.1 my.cnf参数优化

2.2.2 关于库表的设计规范

2.2.3 SQL语句的优化

3、网站集群架构上的优化

4、流程，制度，安全优化

• SQL语句优化

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mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
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mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
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1、抓慢查询SQL语句方法

a、救火：紧急且重要：show full processlist;（登录数据库现场抓，连续执行2次，超过2秒）

mysql –uroot –poldboy –S /data/3306/mysql.sock –e “show full processlist;”|egrep –vi “sleep”

b、未雨绸缪：重要不紧急，记录意思分析慢查询日志。

配置参数记录慢查询语句：

long_query_time = 2                    ### 超过2秒，记录到Slow Log里。

log_queries_not_using_indexes           ### 没有走索引的语句，记录到Slow Log里。

log-slow-queries = /data/3306/slow.log     ### Slow Log 文件。

min_examined_row_limit                ### 记录结果集大于指定值的SQL语句，5.6-5.7都可以使用

2、

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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;}

explain语句检查索引执行情况

 mysql> explain select * from student where Sname='oldboy'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: student
         type: ref
possible_keys: index_Sname
          key: index_Sname
      key_len: 50
          ref: const
         rows: 1
        Extra: Using index condition

 mysql> explain select SQL_NO_CACHE * from student where Sname='oldboy'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: student
         type: ref
possible_keys: index_Sname
          key: index_Sname
      key_len: 50
          ref: const
         rows: 1
        Extra: Using index condition

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{mso-style-name:普通表格;
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;}

3、对需要建索引的条件列建立索引

生产场景，大表高峰期不能建立索引，例如：300玩记录。

4、分析慢查询SQL的工具mysqlsla（每天早很发邮件给核心开发、运维、CTO）

5、按天切割慢查询日志，如果并发太大可以按小时，去重分析后发给大家。

a．mv然后flush进程。

b．cp复制，然后利用>清空。

c．定时任务 mv /data/3306/slow.log /opt/$(date +%F)_slow.log

d．mysqladmin –uroot –poldboy –S /data/3306/mysql.sock flush-logs

6、日常优化

dba、总监、开发、CTO联合解决。

• 索引优化

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1）白名单机制 – 百度，项目开发，DBA暗语，减少上线后的慢SQL数量；

抓出慢SQL

配置my.cnf

long_query_time = 2

log_queries_not_using_indexes

log-slow-queries = /data/3306/slow.log

min_examined_row_limit

按天轮询：slow-log

2）慢查询日志分析工具 -----mysqlsla 或 pt-query-digest（推荐）；

3）每天晚上0点定时分析慢查询，发到核心开发，DBA分析，及高级运维，CTO的邮箱里；

DBA分析给出优化建议 à核心开发确认更改 à DBA线上操作处理；

4）定期使用pt-duplicate-key-checker检查并删除重复的索引；

定期使用pt-index-usage工具检查并删除使用频率很低的索引；

5）使用pt-online-schema-change来完成大表的ONLINE DDL 需求；

6）有时候mysql会使用错误的索引，对于这种情况使用USE INDEX;

7）使用explain及set profile 优化SQL语句；

8）打的复杂的SQL语句拆分成多个小的SQL语句；

子查询，JOIN连表查询，某个表4000万条记录；

9）数据库是存储数据的地方，但是不是计算数据的地方；

对于数据计算、应用处理、都要拿到前端应用解决、禁止在数据库上处理；

10）使用连接（JOIN）来代替子查询；

11）避免在整个表上使用count(*)，他可能锁住整张表；

12）多表连接查询时，把结果集小的表作为驱动表；

13）多表联接并且有排序时，排序字段必须是驱动表里的，负责排序列无法用到索引；

14）尽量去掉”IN”  ”OR”  “<>”

15）类似分页功能的SQL，建议先用主键关联，然后返回结果集，效率会高很多；

【开源是一种精神，分享是一种美德】

— By GoodCook

— 笔者QQ：253097001

— 欢迎大家随时来交流

—原创作品，允许转载，转载时请务必以超链接形式标明文章 原始出处 、作者信息和本声明。否则将追究法律责任。

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