Python3基础之内置模块
模块和包
一、定义：
模块：用来从逻辑上组织Python代码(变量，函数，类，逻辑：实现一个功能),
本质就是.py结尾的Python文件
包：用来从逻辑上组织模块，本质就是一个目录（必须带有一个__init__.py文件）
二、导入方法：
import module_name,module_name2,...
from module_name import *
from module_name import m1，m2,m3
from module_name import logger as logger1
三、import本质(路径搜索和搜索路径)
导入模块的本质就是把Python文件解释一遍,解释器解释该py文件
(import test test='test.py all code')
(from test import name name='code')
import module_name----->module_name.py----->module_name.py的路径
导入包的本质就是执行该包的__init__.py文件,解释器解释该包下的 __init__.py 文件
__name__
当做脚本运行：
__name__ 等于'__main__'
当做模块导入：
__name__= 模块名
我们可以借助这个特性来控制我们的py文件在不同的应用场景下执行不同的逻辑。
举个例子：
def say_hai(name):
print('Hi, {}'.format(name)) # 下面的代码在当前文件以模块的方法被导入时是不会执行的
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(__name__)
input_name = input('your name:').strip()
say_hai(input_name)
四、导入优化
from module_test import test
五、模块的分类
import加载的模块分为四个通用类别：
1 使用python编写的代码（.py文件）
2 已被编译为共享库或DLL的C或C++扩展
3 包好一组模块的包
4 使用C编写并链接到python解释器的内置模块
常用内置模块
(一)时间模块
在Python中，通常有这几种方式来表示时间：
- 时间戳 1970年1月1日之后的秒，即：time.time()
- 格式化的字符串 2014-11-11 11:11， 即：time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
- 结构化时间 元组包含了：年、日、星期等... time.struct_time 即：time.localtime()
由于Python的time模块实现主要调用C库，所以各个平台可能有所不同。
UTC（Coordinated Universal Time，世界协调时）亦即格林威治天文时间，世界标准时间。
在中国为UTC+8。DST（Daylight Saving Time）即夏令时。
时间戳（timestamp）的方式：通常来说，时间戳表示的是从1970年1月1日00:00:00开始按秒计算的偏移量。
我们运行“type(time.time())”，返回的是float类型。返回时间戳方式的函数主要有time()，clock()等
| 索引（Index） | 属性（Attribute） | 值（Values） |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | tm_year（年） | 比如2011 |
| 1 | tm_mon（月） | 1 - 12 |
| 2 | tm_mday（日） | 1 - 31 |
| 3 | tm_hour（时） | 0 - 23 |
| 4 | tm_min（分） | 0 - 59 |
| 5 | tm_sec（秒） | 0 - 61 |
| 6 | tm_wday（weekday） | 0 - 6（0表示周日） |
| 7 | tm_yday（一年中的第几天） | 1 - 366 |
| 8 | tm_isdst（是否是夏令时） | 默认为-1 |
time模块的常用方法(函数)：
1）time.localtime([secs])：将一个时间戳转换为当前时区的struct_time。secs参数未提供，则以当前时间为准。
>>> import time
>>> time.localtime()
time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=10, tm_mday=25, tm_hour=22, tm_min=57, tm_sec=42, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=298, tm_isdst=0)
2）time.time()：返回当前时间的时间戳。
>>>import time
>>> time.time()
1540479500.1852782
3）time.gmtime([secs])：和localtime()方法类似，gmtime()方法是将一个时间戳转换为UTC时区（0时区）的struct_time。
>>>import time
>>> time.gmtime()
time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=10, tm_mday=25, tm_hour=14, tm_min=59, tm_sec=23, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=298, tm_isdst=0)
4）time.mktime(t)：将一个struct_time(UTC+8)转化为时间戳。
>>>import time
>>> x=time.localtime()
>>> time.mktime(x)
1540479626.0
5）time.sleep(secs)：线程推迟指定的时间运行。单位为秒。
import time
'''
运行程序，睡眠2秒后输出"Hello Python！"
'''
time.sleep(2)
print("Hello Python!")
6）time.asctime([t])：把一个表示时间的元组或者struct_time表示为这种形式：'Sun Jun 20 23:21:05 1993'。如果没有参数，将会将time.localtime()作为参数传入。
>>>import time
>>>x=time.localtime()
>>> time.asctime(x)
'Thu Oct 25 23:00:26 2018'
>>>
7）time.ctime([secs])：把一个时间戳（按秒计算的浮点数）转化为time.asctime()的形式。如果参数未给或者为None的时候，将会默认time.time()为参数。它的作用相当于time.asctime(time.localtime(secs))。
1 import time
2 >>> time.time()
3 1540459453.0845733
4 >>> time.ctime(time.time())
5 'Thu Oct 25 17:24:36 2018'
6 >>>
8）time.strftime(format[, t])：把一个代表时间的元组或者struct_time（如由time.localtime()和time.gmtime()返回）转化为格式化的时间字符串。
如果t未指定，将传入time.localtime()。如果元组中任何一个元素越界，ValueError的错误将会被抛出。
| 格式 | 含义 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|
| %a | 本地（locale）简化星期名称 | |
| %A | 本地完整星期名称 | |
| %b | 本地简化月份名称 | |
| %B | 本地完整月份名称 | |
| %c | 本地相应的日期和时间表示 | |
| %d | 一个月中的第几天（01 - 31） | |
| %H | 一天中的第几个小时（24小时制，00 - 23） | |
| %I | 第几个小时（12小时制，01 - 12） | |
| %j | 一年中的第几天（001 - 366） | |
| %m | 月份（01 - 12） | |
| %M | 分钟数（00 - 59） | |
| %p | 本地am或者pm的相应符 | 一 |
| %S | 秒（01 - 61） | 二 |
| %U | 一年中的星期数。（00 - 53星期天是一个星期的开始。）第一个星期天之前的所有天数都放在第0周。 | 三 |
| %w | 一个星期中的第几天（0 - 6，0是星期天） | 三 |
| %W | 和%U基本相同，不同的是%W以星期一为一个星期的开始。 | |
| %x | 本地相应日期 | |
| %X | 本地相应时间 | |
| %y | 去掉世纪的年份（00 - 99） | |
| %Y | 完整的年份 | |
| %Z | 时区的名字（如果不存在为空字符） | |
| %% | ‘%’字符 |
备注：
- “%p”只有与“%I”配合使用才有效果。
- 文档中强调确实是0 - 61，而不是59，闰年秒占两秒（汗一个）。
- 当使用strptime()函数时，只有当在这年中的周数和天数被确定的时候%U和%W才会被计算。
1 import time
2
3 >>> time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %A %H:%M:%S ")
4 '2018-10-25 Thursday 17:33:29 '
5
6 >>> time.strftime(" %A %H:%M:%S %Y-%m-%d ")
7 ' Thursday 17:35:09 2018-10-25 '
8 >>>
9）time.strptime(string[, format])：把一个格式化时间字符串转化为struct_time。实际上它和strftime()是逆操作。
import time
>>> time.strptime(' Thursday 17:35:09 2018-10-25',' %A %H:%M:%S %Y-%m-%d')
time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=10, tm_mday=25, tm_hour=17, tm_min=35, tm_sec=9, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=298, tm_isdst=-1)
>>>
10）time.clock()：这个需要注意，在不同的系统上含义不同。在UNIX系统上，它返回的是“进程时间”，它是用秒表示的浮点数（时间戳）。
而在WINDOWS中，第一次调用，返回的是进程运行的实际时间。而第二次之后的调用是自第一次调用以后到现在的运行时间。
（实际上是以WIN32上QueryPerformanceCounter()为基础，它比毫秒表示更为精确）
>>>import time
>>> if __name__ =='__main__':
... time.sleep(1)
... print("clock1:%s"%time.clock())
... time.sleep(1)
... print("clock2:%s" % time.clock())
... time.sleep(1)
... print("clock3:%s" % time.clock())
...
clock1:2.5e-06
clock2:1.0002382
clock3:2.0004314
>>>
时间关系转换
datetime
>>>import datetime
#当前时间
>>> datetime.datetime.now()
datetime.datetime(2018, 10, 25, 14, 58, 9, 526923)
#当前时间为未来3天
>>> print ( datetime.datetime.now()+datetime.timedelta(3))
2018-10-28 14:59:58.085724
#当前时间为-3天
>>> print ( datetime.datetime.now()+datetime.timedelta(-3))
2018-10-22 15:01:00.604181
>>> #当前时间+3小时
>>>print ( datetime.datetime.now()+datetime.timedelta(hours=3))
2018-10-25 18:02:36.695773
#当前时间+30分钟
>>> print ( datetime.datetime.now()+datetime.timedelta(minutes=30))
2018-10-25 15:33:21.053755
>>> #时间替换 >>> c_time=datetime.datetime.now()
>>> print(c_time.replace(minute=3,hour=2))
2018-10-25 02:03:39.820451
>>> datetime.date.today() 本地日期对象,(用str函数可得到它的字面表示(2014-03-24))
datetime.date.isoformat(obj) 当前[年-月-日]字符串表示(2014-03-24)
datetime.date.fromtimestamp() 返回一个日期对象，参数是时间戳,返回 [年-月-日]
datetime.date.weekday(obj) 返回一个日期对象的星期数,周一是0
datetime.date.isoweekday(obj) 返回一个日期对象的星期数,周一是1
datetime.date.isocalendar(obj) 把日期对象返回一个带有年月日的元组
datetime对象：
datetime.datetime.today() 返回一个包含本地时间(含微秒数)的datetime对象 2014-03-24 23:31:50.419000
datetime.datetime.now([tz]) 返回指定时区的datetime对象 2014-03-24 23:31:50.419000
datetime.datetime.utcnow() 返回一个零时区的datetime对象
datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp[,tz]) 按时间戳返回一个datetime对象，可指定时区,可用于strftime转换为日期表示
datetime.utcfromtimestamp(timestamp) 按时间戳返回一个UTC-datetime对象
datetime.datetime.strptime(‘2014-03-16 12:21:21‘,”%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S”) 将字符串转为datetime对象
datetime.datetime.strftime(datetime.datetime.now(), ‘%Y%m%d %H%M%S‘) 将datetime对象转换为str表示形式
datetime.date.today().timetuple() 转换为时间戳datetime元组对象，可用于转换时间戳
datetime.datetime.now().timetuple()
time.mktime(timetupleobj) 将datetime元组对象转为时间戳
time.time() 当前时间戳
time.localtime
time.gmtime
(二)random模块
random.random()#用于生成一个0到1的随机符点数: 0 <= n < 1.0
>>> import random
>>> random.random()
0.8048731160537441
>>> random.random()
0.540423134210193
>>> random.random()
0.5877892352747521
>>>
random.randint(a, b)，用于生成一个指定范围内的整数。其中参数a是下限，参数b是上限，生成的随机数n: a <= n <= b
>>>import random
>>> random.randint(1,9)
3
>>> random.randint(1,9)
7
>>> random.randint(1,9)
5
>>> random.randint(1,9)
9
randrange([start], stop[, step])， # 从指定范围内，按指定基数递增的集合中 获取一个随机数。
如：random.randrange(10, 100, 2)， # 结果相当于从[10, 12, 14, 16, ... 96, 98]序列中获取一个随机数。
>>>import random
>>> random.randrange(1,10,2)
1
>>> random.randrange(1,10,2)
7
>>> random.randrange(1,10,2)
9
>>> random.randrange(1,10,2)
5
>>> random.randrange(1,10,2)
1
>>> random.randrange(1,10,2)
9
>>> random.randrange(1,10,2)
3
random.choice(sequence)参数sequence表示一个有序类型。从序列中获取一个随机元素sequence
在python不是一种特定的类型，而是泛指一系列的类型。如 list, tuple, 字符串都属于sequence。
>>>import random
>>> random.choice("I Love You")
'o'
>>> random.choice("I Love You")
'Y'
>>> random.choice("I Love You")
'v'
>>> random.choice("I Love You")
' '
>>> random.choice("I Love You")
' '
>>> random.choice("I Love You")
'L'
>>> random.choice("I Love You")
' '
>>>
实际应用：
import random
import string
#随机整数：
print( random.randint(0,99)) # #随机选取0到100间的偶数：
print(random.randrange(0, 101, 2)) # #随机浮点数：
print( random.random()) #0.2746445568079129
print(random.uniform(1, 10)) #9.887001463194844 #随机字符：
print(random.choice('abcdefg&#%^*f')) #f #多个字符中选取特定数量的字符：
print(random.sample('abcdefghij',3)) #['f', 'h', 'd'] #随机选取字符串：
print( random.choice ( ['apple', 'pear', 'peach', 'orange', 'lemon'] )) #apple
#洗牌#
items = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
print(items) #[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
random.shuffle(items)
print(items) #[1, 4, 7, 2, 5, 3, 6]
生成随机验证码
import random checkcode='' for i in range(4):
current=random.randrange(0,4)
if i==current:
# 字母
tmp=chr(random.randint(65,122)) else:
#数字
tmp=random.randint(0,9) checkcode+=str(tmp) print(checkcode)
(三)os模块模块
提供对操作系统进行调用的接口
os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径
os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cd
os.curdir 返回当前目录: ('.')
os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：('..')
os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2') 可生成多层递归目录
os.removedirs('dirname1') 若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推
os.mkdir('dirname') 生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirname
os.rmdir('dirname') 删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirname
os.listdir('dirname') 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印
os.remove() 删除一个文件
os.rename("oldname","newname") 重命名文件/目录
os.stat('path/filename') 获取文件/目录信息
os.sep 输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"
os.linesep 输出当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n"
os.pathsep 输出用于分割文件路径的字符串
os.name 输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix'
os.system("bash command") 运行shell命令，直接显示
os.environ 获取系统环境变量
os.path.abspath(path) 返回path规范化的绝对路径
os.path.split(path) 将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回
os.path.dirname(path) 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素
os.path.basename(path) 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素
os.path.exists(path) 如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回False
os.path.isabs(path) 如果path是绝对路径，返回True
os.path.isfile(path) 如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回False
os.path.isdir(path) 如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回False
os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) 将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略
os.path.getatime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间
os.path.getmtime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间
(四)sys模块
sys.argv 命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径
sys.exit(n) 退出程序，正常退出时exit(0)
sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息
sys.maxint 最大的Int值
sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值
sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称
sys.stdout.write('please:')
val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]
(五)shutil模块
高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块
shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中，可以部分内容
def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024):
"""copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst"""
while 1:
buf = fsrc.read(length)
if not buf:
break
fdst.write(buf)
import shutil
f1 = open("程序员必逛的网站.txt",encoding='gbk')
f2 = open("笔记本2",'w',encoding='utf-8')
shutil.copyfileobj(f1,f2)
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
拷贝文件
def copyfile(src, dst):
"""Copy data from src to dst"""
if _samefile(src, dst):
raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst)) for fn in [src, dst]:
try:
st = os.stat(fn)
except OSError:
# File most likely does not exist
pass
else:
# XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...)
if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):
raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn) with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc:
with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst:
copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
import shutil
shutil.copyfile('笔记本2','笔记本3')
shutil.copymode(src, dst)
仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变
def copymode(src, dst):
"""Copy mode bits from src to dst"""
if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
st = os.stat(src)
mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
os.chmod(dst, mode)
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
拷贝状态的信息，包括：mode bits, atime, mtime, flags
def copystat(src, dst):
"""Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst"""
st = os.stat(src)
mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
if hasattr(os, 'utime'):
os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))
if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
os.chmod(dst, mode)
if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'):
try:
os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags)
except OSError, why:
for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP':
if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err):
break
else:
raise
shutil.copy(src, dst)
拷贝文件和权限
def copy(src, dst):
"""Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst"). The destination may be a directory. """
if os.path.isdir(dst):
dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
copyfile(src, dst)
copymode(src, dst)
shutil.copy2(src, dst)
拷贝文件和状态信息
def copy2(src, dst):
"""Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst"). The destination may be a directory. """
if os.path.isdir(dst):
dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
copyfile(src, dst)
copystat(src, dst)
shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
递归的去拷贝文件
import shutil
shutil.copytree('a','new_a')
shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
递归的去删除文件
import shutil
shutil.rmtree('new_a')
shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的去移动文件
def move(src, dst):
"""Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is
similar to the Unix "mv" command. If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source
is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already
exist. If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be
overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics. If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.
Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed.
A lot more could be done here... A look at a mv.c shows a lot of
the issues this implementation glosses over. """
real_dst = dst
if os.path.isdir(dst):
if _samefile(src, dst):
# We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,
# perform the rename anyway.
os.rename(src, dst)
return real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))
if os.path.exists(real_dst):
raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst
try:
os.rename(src, real_dst)
except OSError:
if os.path.isdir(src):
if _destinsrc(src, dst):
raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst)
copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)
rmtree(src)
else:
copy2(src, real_dst)
os.unlink(src)
shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)
import shutil
shutil.make_archive('shutil_make_archive','zip','H:\Python3_study\jichu\day1')
def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,
dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None):
"""Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar). 'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific
extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar"
or "gztar". 'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the
archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the
archive. 'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from;
ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and
directories in the archive. 'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default
to the current directory. Returns the name of the archive file. 'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default,
uses the current owner and group.
"""
save_cwd = os.getcwd()
if root_dir is not None:
if logger is not None:
logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir)
base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)
if not dry_run:
os.chdir(root_dir) if base_dir is None:
base_dir = os.curdir kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger} try:
format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format]
except KeyError:
raise ValueError, "unknown archive format '%s'" % format func = format_info[0]
for arg, val in format_info[1]:
kwargs[arg] = val if format != 'zip':
kwargs['owner'] = owner
kwargs['group'] = group try:
filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)
finally:
if root_dir is not None:
if logger is not None:
logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd)
os.chdir(save_cwd) return filename
创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar
base_name： 压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径，
如：www =>保存至当前路径
如：/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/
format： 压缩包种类，“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”，“gztar”
root_dir： 要压缩的文件夹路径（默认当前目录）
owner： 用户，默认当前用户
group： 组，默认当前组
logger： 用于记录日志，通常是logging.Logger对象
shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的，详细：
import zipfile # 压缩
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w')
z.write('a.log')
z.write('data.data')
z.close() # 解压
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r')
z.extractall()
z.close() zipfile 压缩解压
zipfile 压缩解压
import tarfile # 压缩
tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w')
tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip')
tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip')
tar.close() # 解压
tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r')
tar.extractall() # 可设置解压地址
tar.close()
tarfile 压缩解压
class ZipFile(object):
""" Class with methods to open, read, write, close, list zip files. z = ZipFile(file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False) file: Either the path to the file, or a file-like object.
If it is a path, the file will be opened and closed by ZipFile.
mode: The mode can be either read "r", write "w" or append "a".
compression: ZIP_STORED (no compression) or ZIP_DEFLATED (requires zlib).
allowZip64: if True ZipFile will create files with ZIP64 extensions when
needed, otherwise it will raise an exception when this would
be necessary. """ fp = None # Set here since __del__ checks it def __init__(self, file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False):
"""Open the ZIP file with mode read "r", write "w" or append "a"."""
if mode not in ("r", "w", "a"):
raise RuntimeError('ZipFile() requires mode "r", "w", or "a"') if compression == ZIP_STORED:
pass
elif compression == ZIP_DEFLATED:
if not zlib:
raise RuntimeError,\
"Compression requires the (missing) zlib module"
else:
raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported" self._allowZip64 = allowZip64
self._didModify = False
self.debug = 0 # Level of printing: 0 through 3
self.NameToInfo = {} # Find file info given name
self.filelist = [] # List of ZipInfo instances for archive
self.compression = compression # Method of compression
self.mode = key = mode.replace('b', '')[0]
self.pwd = None
self._comment = '' # Check if we were passed a file-like object
if isinstance(file, basestring):
self._filePassed = 0
self.filename = file
modeDict = {'r' : 'rb', 'w': 'wb', 'a' : 'r+b'}
try:
self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode])
except IOError:
if mode == 'a':
mode = key = 'w'
self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode])
else:
raise
else:
self._filePassed = 1
self.fp = file
self.filename = getattr(file, 'name', None) try:
if key == 'r':
self._RealGetContents()
elif key == 'w':
# set the modified flag so central directory gets written
# even if no files are added to the archive
self._didModify = True
elif key == 'a':
try:
# See if file is a zip file
self._RealGetContents()
# seek to start of directory and overwrite
self.fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0)
except BadZipfile:
# file is not a zip file, just append
self.fp.seek(0, 2) # set the modified flag so central directory gets written
# even if no files are added to the archive
self._didModify = True
else:
raise RuntimeError('Mode must be "r", "w" or "a"')
except:
fp = self.fp
self.fp = None
if not self._filePassed:
fp.close()
raise def __enter__(self):
return self def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
self.close() def _RealGetContents(self):
"""Read in the table of contents for the ZIP file."""
fp = self.fp
try:
endrec = _EndRecData(fp)
except IOError:
raise BadZipfile("File is not a zip file")
if not endrec:
raise BadZipfile, "File is not a zip file"
if self.debug > 1:
print endrec
size_cd = endrec[_ECD_SIZE] # bytes in central directory
offset_cd = endrec[_ECD_OFFSET] # offset of central directory
self._comment = endrec[_ECD_COMMENT] # archive comment # "concat" is zero, unless zip was concatenated to another file
concat = endrec[_ECD_LOCATION] - size_cd - offset_cd
if endrec[_ECD_SIGNATURE] == stringEndArchive64:
# If Zip64 extension structures are present, account for them
concat -= (sizeEndCentDir64 + sizeEndCentDir64Locator) if self.debug > 2:
inferred = concat + offset_cd
print "given, inferred, offset", offset_cd, inferred, concat
# self.start_dir: Position of start of central directory
self.start_dir = offset_cd + concat
fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0)
data = fp.read(size_cd)
fp = cStringIO.StringIO(data)
total = 0
while total < size_cd:
centdir = fp.read(sizeCentralDir)
if len(centdir) != sizeCentralDir:
raise BadZipfile("Truncated central directory")
centdir = struct.unpack(structCentralDir, centdir)
if centdir[_CD_SIGNATURE] != stringCentralDir:
raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for central directory")
if self.debug > 2:
print centdir
filename = fp.read(centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH])
# Create ZipInfo instance to store file information
x = ZipInfo(filename)
x.extra = fp.read(centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH])
x.comment = fp.read(centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH])
x.header_offset = centdir[_CD_LOCAL_HEADER_OFFSET]
(x.create_version, x.create_system, x.extract_version, x.reserved,
x.flag_bits, x.compress_type, t, d,
x.CRC, x.compress_size, x.file_size) = centdir[1:12]
x.volume, x.internal_attr, x.external_attr = centdir[15:18]
# Convert date/time code to (year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
x._raw_time = t
x.date_time = ( (d>>9)+1980, (d>>5)&0xF, d&0x1F,
t>>11, (t>>5)&0x3F, (t&0x1F) * 2 ) x._decodeExtra()
x.header_offset = x.header_offset + concat
x.filename = x._decodeFilename()
self.filelist.append(x)
self.NameToInfo[x.filename] = x # update total bytes read from central directory
total = (total + sizeCentralDir + centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH]
+ centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]
+ centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH]) if self.debug > 2:
print "total", total def namelist(self):
"""Return a list of file names in the archive."""
l = []
for data in self.filelist:
l.append(data.filename)
return l def infolist(self):
"""Return a list of class ZipInfo instances for files in the
archive."""
return self.filelist def printdir(self):
"""Print a table of contents for the zip file."""
print "%-46s %19s %12s" % ("File Name", "Modified ", "Size")
for zinfo in self.filelist:
date = "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" % zinfo.date_time[:6]
print "%-46s %s %12d" % (zinfo.filename, date, zinfo.file_size) def testzip(self):
"""Read all the files and check the CRC."""
chunk_size = 2 ** 20
for zinfo in self.filelist:
try:
# Read by chunks, to avoid an OverflowError or a
# MemoryError with very large embedded files.
with self.open(zinfo.filename, "r") as f:
while f.read(chunk_size): # Check CRC-32
pass
except BadZipfile:
return zinfo.filename def getinfo(self, name):
"""Return the instance of ZipInfo given 'name'."""
info = self.NameToInfo.get(name)
if info is None:
raise KeyError(
'There is no item named %r in the archive' % name) return info def setpassword(self, pwd):
"""Set default password for encrypted files."""
self.pwd = pwd @property
def comment(self):
"""The comment text associated with the ZIP file."""
return self._comment @comment.setter
def comment(self, comment):
# check for valid comment length
if len(comment) > ZIP_MAX_COMMENT:
import warnings
warnings.warn('Archive comment is too long; truncating to %d bytes'
% ZIP_MAX_COMMENT, stacklevel=2)
comment = comment[:ZIP_MAX_COMMENT]
self._comment = comment
self._didModify = True def read(self, name, pwd=None):
"""Return file bytes (as a string) for name."""
return self.open(name, "r", pwd).read() def open(self, name, mode="r", pwd=None):
"""Return file-like object for 'name'."""
if mode not in ("r", "U", "rU"):
raise RuntimeError, 'open() requires mode "r", "U", or "rU"'
if not self.fp:
raise RuntimeError, \
"Attempt to read ZIP archive that was already closed" # Only open a new file for instances where we were not
# given a file object in the constructor
if self._filePassed:
zef_file = self.fp
should_close = False
else:
zef_file = open(self.filename, 'rb')
should_close = True try:
# Make sure we have an info object
if isinstance(name, ZipInfo):
# 'name' is already an info object
zinfo = name
else:
# Get info object for name
zinfo = self.getinfo(name) zef_file.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0) # Skip the file header:
fheader = zef_file.read(sizeFileHeader)
if len(fheader) != sizeFileHeader:
raise BadZipfile("Truncated file header")
fheader = struct.unpack(structFileHeader, fheader)
if fheader[_FH_SIGNATURE] != stringFileHeader:
raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for file header") fname = zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_FILENAME_LENGTH])
if fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]:
zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]) if fname != zinfo.orig_filename:
raise BadZipfile, \
'File name in directory "%s" and header "%s" differ.' % (
zinfo.orig_filename, fname) # check for encrypted flag & handle password
is_encrypted = zinfo.flag_bits & 0x1
zd = None
if is_encrypted:
if not pwd:
pwd = self.pwd
if not pwd:
raise RuntimeError, "File %s is encrypted, " \
"password required for extraction" % name zd = _ZipDecrypter(pwd)
# The first 12 bytes in the cypher stream is an encryption header
# used to strengthen the algorithm. The first 11 bytes are
# completely random, while the 12th contains the MSB of the CRC,
# or the MSB of the file time depending on the header type
# and is used to check the correctness of the password.
bytes = zef_file.read(12)
h = map(zd, bytes[0:12])
if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x8:
# compare against the file type from extended local headers
check_byte = (zinfo._raw_time >> 8) & 0xff
else:
# compare against the CRC otherwise
check_byte = (zinfo.CRC >> 24) & 0xff
if ord(h[11]) != check_byte:
raise RuntimeError("Bad password for file", name) return ZipExtFile(zef_file, mode, zinfo, zd,
close_fileobj=should_close)
except:
if should_close:
zef_file.close()
raise def extract(self, member, path=None, pwd=None):
"""Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately
as possible. `member' may be a filename or a ZipInfo object. You can
specify a different directory using `path'.
"""
if not isinstance(member, ZipInfo):
member = self.getinfo(member) if path is None:
path = os.getcwd() return self._extract_member(member, path, pwd) def extractall(self, path=None, members=None, pwd=None):
"""Extract all members from the archive to the current working
directory. `path' specifies a different directory to extract to.
`members' is optional and must be a subset of the list returned
by namelist().
"""
if members is None:
members = self.namelist() for zipinfo in members:
self.extract(zipinfo, path, pwd) def _extract_member(self, member, targetpath, pwd):
"""Extract the ZipInfo object 'member' to a physical
file on the path targetpath.
"""
# build the destination pathname, replacing
# forward slashes to platform specific separators.
arcname = member.filename.replace('/', os.path.sep) if os.path.altsep:
arcname = arcname.replace(os.path.altsep, os.path.sep)
# interpret absolute pathname as relative, remove drive letter or
# UNC path, redundant separators, "." and ".." components.
arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1]
arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep)
if x not in ('', os.path.curdir, os.path.pardir))
if os.path.sep == '\\':
# filter illegal characters on Windows
illegal = ':<>|"?*'
if isinstance(arcname, unicode):
table = {ord(c): ord('_') for c in illegal}
else:
table = string.maketrans(illegal, '_' * len(illegal))
arcname = arcname.translate(table)
# remove trailing dots
arcname = (x.rstrip('.') for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep))
arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname if x) targetpath = os.path.join(targetpath, arcname)
targetpath = os.path.normpath(targetpath) # Create all upper directories if necessary.
upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath)
if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs):
os.makedirs(upperdirs) if member.filename[-1] == '/':
if not os.path.isdir(targetpath):
os.mkdir(targetpath)
return targetpath with self.open(member, pwd=pwd) as source, \
file(targetpath, "wb") as target:
shutil.copyfileobj(source, target) return targetpath def _writecheck(self, zinfo):
"""Check for errors before writing a file to the archive."""
if zinfo.filename in self.NameToInfo:
import warnings
warnings.warn('Duplicate name: %r' % zinfo.filename, stacklevel=3)
if self.mode not in ("w", "a"):
raise RuntimeError, 'write() requires mode "w" or "a"'
if not self.fp:
raise RuntimeError, \
"Attempt to write ZIP archive that was already closed"
if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED and not zlib:
raise RuntimeError, \
"Compression requires the (missing) zlib module"
if zinfo.compress_type not in (ZIP_STORED, ZIP_DEFLATED):
raise RuntimeError, \
"That compression method is not supported"
if not self._allowZip64:
requires_zip64 = None
if len(self.filelist) >= ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT:
requires_zip64 = "Files count"
elif zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
requires_zip64 = "Filesize"
elif zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT:
requires_zip64 = "Zipfile size"
if requires_zip64:
raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 +
" would require ZIP64 extensions") def write(self, filename, arcname=None, compress_type=None):
"""Put the bytes from filename into the archive under the name
arcname."""
if not self.fp:
raise RuntimeError(
"Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed") st = os.stat(filename)
isdir = stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)
mtime = time.localtime(st.st_mtime)
date_time = mtime[0:6]
# Create ZipInfo instance to store file information
if arcname is None:
arcname = filename
arcname = os.path.normpath(os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1])
while arcname[0] in (os.sep, os.altsep):
arcname = arcname[1:]
if isdir:
arcname += '/'
zinfo = ZipInfo(arcname, date_time)
zinfo.external_attr = (st[0] & 0xFFFF) << 16L # Unix attributes
if compress_type is None:
zinfo.compress_type = self.compression
else:
zinfo.compress_type = compress_type zinfo.file_size = st.st_size
zinfo.flag_bits = 0x00
zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() # Start of header bytes self._writecheck(zinfo)
self._didModify = True if isdir:
zinfo.file_size = 0
zinfo.compress_size = 0
zinfo.CRC = 0
zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 # MS-DOS directory flag
self.filelist.append(zinfo)
self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo
self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(False))
return with open(filename, "rb") as fp:
# Must overwrite CRC and sizes with correct data later
zinfo.CRC = CRC = 0
zinfo.compress_size = compress_size = 0
# Compressed size can be larger than uncompressed size
zip64 = self._allowZip64 and \
zinfo.file_size * 1.05 > ZIP64_LIMIT
self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))
if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED:
cmpr = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,
zlib.DEFLATED, -15)
else:
cmpr = None
file_size = 0
while 1:
buf = fp.read(1024 * 8)
if not buf:
break
file_size = file_size + len(buf)
CRC = crc32(buf, CRC) & 0xffffffff
if cmpr:
buf = cmpr.compress(buf)
compress_size = compress_size + len(buf)
self.fp.write(buf)
if cmpr:
buf = cmpr.flush()
compress_size = compress_size + len(buf)
self.fp.write(buf)
zinfo.compress_size = compress_size
else:
zinfo.compress_size = file_size
zinfo.CRC = CRC
zinfo.file_size = file_size
if not zip64 and self._allowZip64:
if file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
raise RuntimeError('File size has increased during compressing')
if compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
raise RuntimeError('Compressed size larger than uncompressed size')
# Seek backwards and write file header (which will now include
# correct CRC and file sizes)
position = self.fp.tell() # Preserve current position in file
self.fp.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0)
self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))
self.fp.seek(position, 0)
self.filelist.append(zinfo)
self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo def writestr(self, zinfo_or_arcname, bytes, compress_type=None):
"""Write a file into the archive. The contents is the string
'bytes'. 'zinfo_or_arcname' is either a ZipInfo instance or
the name of the file in the archive."""
if not isinstance(zinfo_or_arcname, ZipInfo):
zinfo = ZipInfo(filename=zinfo_or_arcname,
date_time=time.localtime(time.time())[:6]) zinfo.compress_type = self.compression
if zinfo.filename[-1] == '/':
zinfo.external_attr = 0o40775 << 16 # drwxrwxr-x
zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 # MS-DOS directory flag
else:
zinfo.external_attr = 0o600 << 16 # ?rw-------
else:
zinfo = zinfo_or_arcname if not self.fp:
raise RuntimeError(
"Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed") if compress_type is not None:
zinfo.compress_type = compress_type zinfo.file_size = len(bytes) # Uncompressed size
zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() # Start of header bytes
self._writecheck(zinfo)
self._didModify = True
zinfo.CRC = crc32(bytes) & 0xffffffff # CRC-32 checksum
if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED:
co = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,
zlib.DEFLATED, -15)
bytes = co.compress(bytes) + co.flush()
zinfo.compress_size = len(bytes) # Compressed size
else:
zinfo.compress_size = zinfo.file_size
zip64 = zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT or \
zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT
if zip64 and not self._allowZip64:
raise LargeZipFile("Filesize would require ZIP64 extensions")
self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))
self.fp.write(bytes)
if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x08:
# Write CRC and file sizes after the file data
fmt = '<LQQ' if zip64 else '<LLL'
self.fp.write(struct.pack(fmt, zinfo.CRC, zinfo.compress_size,
zinfo.file_size))
self.fp.flush()
self.filelist.append(zinfo)
self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo def __del__(self):
"""Call the "close()" method in case the user forgot."""
self.close() def close(self):
"""Close the file, and for mode "w" and "a" write the ending
records."""
if self.fp is None:
return try:
if self.mode in ("w", "a") and self._didModify: # write ending records
pos1 = self.fp.tell()
for zinfo in self.filelist: # write central directory
dt = zinfo.date_time
dosdate = (dt[0] - 1980) << 9 | dt[1] << 5 | dt[2]
dostime = dt[3] << 11 | dt[4] << 5 | (dt[5] // 2)
extra = []
if zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT \
or zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
extra.append(zinfo.file_size)
extra.append(zinfo.compress_size)
file_size = 0xffffffff
compress_size = 0xffffffff
else:
file_size = zinfo.file_size
compress_size = zinfo.compress_size if zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT:
extra.append(zinfo.header_offset)
header_offset = 0xffffffffL
else:
header_offset = zinfo.header_offset extra_data = zinfo.extra
if extra:
# Append a ZIP64 field to the extra's
extra_data = struct.pack(
'<HH' + 'Q'*len(extra),
1, 8*len(extra), *extra) + extra_data extract_version = max(45, zinfo.extract_version)
create_version = max(45, zinfo.create_version)
else:
extract_version = zinfo.extract_version
create_version = zinfo.create_version try:
filename, flag_bits = zinfo._encodeFilenameFlags()
centdir = struct.pack(structCentralDir,
stringCentralDir, create_version,
zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved,
flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate,
zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size,
len(filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment),
0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr,
header_offset)
except DeprecationWarning:
print >>sys.stderr, (structCentralDir,
stringCentralDir, create_version,
zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved,
zinfo.flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate,
zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size,
len(zinfo.filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment),
0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr,
header_offset)
raise
self.fp.write(centdir)
self.fp.write(filename)
self.fp.write(extra_data)
self.fp.write(zinfo.comment) pos2 = self.fp.tell()
# Write end-of-zip-archive record
centDirCount = len(self.filelist)
centDirSize = pos2 - pos1
centDirOffset = pos1
requires_zip64 = None
if centDirCount > ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT:
requires_zip64 = "Files count"
elif centDirOffset > ZIP64_LIMIT:
requires_zip64 = "Central directory offset"
elif centDirSize > ZIP64_LIMIT:
requires_zip64 = "Central directory size"
if requires_zip64:
# Need to write the ZIP64 end-of-archive records
if not self._allowZip64:
raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 +
" would require ZIP64 extensions")
zip64endrec = struct.pack(
structEndArchive64, stringEndArchive64,
44, 45, 45, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount,
centDirSize, centDirOffset)
self.fp.write(zip64endrec) zip64locrec = struct.pack(
structEndArchive64Locator,
stringEndArchive64Locator, 0, pos2, 1)
self.fp.write(zip64locrec)
centDirCount = min(centDirCount, 0xFFFF)
centDirSize = min(centDirSize, 0xFFFFFFFF)
centDirOffset = min(centDirOffset, 0xFFFFFFFF) endrec = struct.pack(structEndArchive, stringEndArchive,
0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount,
centDirSize, centDirOffset, len(self._comment))
self.fp.write(endrec)
self.fp.write(self._comment)
self.fp.flush()
finally:
fp = self.fp
self.fp = None
if not self._filePassed:
fp.close() ZipFile
ZipFile
class TarFile(object):
"""The TarFile Class provides an interface to tar archives.
""" debug = 0 # May be set from 0 (no msgs) to 3 (all msgs) dereference = False # If true, add content of linked file to the
# tar file, else the link. ignore_zeros = False # If true, skips empty or invalid blocks and
# continues processing. errorlevel = 1 # If 0, fatal errors only appear in debug
# messages (if debug >= 0). If > 0, errors
# are passed to the caller as exceptions. format = DEFAULT_FORMAT # The format to use when creating an archive. encoding = ENCODING # Encoding for 8-bit character strings. errors = None # Error handler for unicode conversion. tarinfo = TarInfo # The default TarInfo class to use. fileobject = ExFileObject # The default ExFileObject class to use. def __init__(self, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, format=None,
tarinfo=None, dereference=None, ignore_zeros=None, encoding=None,
errors=None, pax_headers=None, debug=None, errorlevel=None):
"""Open an (uncompressed) tar archive `name'. `mode' is either 'r' to
read from an existing archive, 'a' to append data to an existing
file or 'w' to create a new file overwriting an existing one. `mode'
defaults to 'r'.
If `fileobj' is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it
can be determined, `mode' is overridden by `fileobj's mode.
`fileobj' is not closed, when TarFile is closed.
"""
modes = {"r": "rb", "a": "r+b", "w": "wb"}
if mode not in modes:
raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")
self.mode = mode
self._mode = modes[mode] if not fileobj:
if self.mode == "a" and not os.path.exists(name):
# Create nonexistent files in append mode.
self.mode = "w"
self._mode = "wb"
fileobj = bltn_open(name, self._mode)
self._extfileobj = False
else:
if name is None and hasattr(fileobj, "name"):
name = fileobj.name
if hasattr(fileobj, "mode"):
self._mode = fileobj.mode
self._extfileobj = True
self.name = os.path.abspath(name) if name else None
self.fileobj = fileobj # Init attributes.
if format is not None:
self.format = format
if tarinfo is not None:
self.tarinfo = tarinfo
if dereference is not None:
self.dereference = dereference
if ignore_zeros is not None:
self.ignore_zeros = ignore_zeros
if encoding is not None:
self.encoding = encoding if errors is not None:
self.errors = errors
elif mode == "r":
self.errors = "utf-8"
else:
self.errors = "strict" if pax_headers is not None and self.format == PAX_FORMAT:
self.pax_headers = pax_headers
else:
self.pax_headers = {} if debug is not None:
self.debug = debug
if errorlevel is not None:
self.errorlevel = errorlevel # Init datastructures.
self.closed = False
self.members = [] # list of members as TarInfo objects
self._loaded = False # flag if all members have been read
self.offset = self.fileobj.tell()
# current position in the archive file
self.inodes = {} # dictionary caching the inodes of
# archive members already added try:
if self.mode == "r":
self.firstmember = None
self.firstmember = self.next() if self.mode == "a":
# Move to the end of the archive,
# before the first empty block.
while True:
self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
try:
tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)
self.members.append(tarinfo)
except EOFHeaderError:
self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
break
except HeaderError, e:
raise ReadError(str(e)) if self.mode in "aw":
self._loaded = True if self.pax_headers:
buf = self.tarinfo.create_pax_global_header(self.pax_headers.copy())
self.fileobj.write(buf)
self.offset += len(buf)
except:
if not self._extfileobj:
self.fileobj.close()
self.closed = True
raise def _getposix(self):
return self.format == USTAR_FORMAT
def _setposix(self, value):
import warnings
warnings.warn("use the format attribute instead", DeprecationWarning,
2)
if value:
self.format = USTAR_FORMAT
else:
self.format = GNU_FORMAT
posix = property(_getposix, _setposix) #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Below are the classmethods which act as alternate constructors to the
# TarFile class. The open() method is the only one that is needed for
# public use; it is the "super"-constructor and is able to select an
# adequate "sub"-constructor for a particular compression using the mapping
# from OPEN_METH.
#
# This concept allows one to subclass TarFile without losing the comfort of
# the super-constructor. A sub-constructor is registered and made available
# by adding it to the mapping in OPEN_METH. @classmethod
def open(cls, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, bufsize=RECORDSIZE, **kwargs):
"""Open a tar archive for reading, writing or appending. Return
an appropriate TarFile class. mode:
'r' or 'r:*' open for reading with transparent compression
'r:' open for reading exclusively uncompressed
'r:gz' open for reading with gzip compression
'r:bz2' open for reading with bzip2 compression
'a' or 'a:' open for appending, creating the file if necessary
'w' or 'w:' open for writing without compression
'w:gz' open for writing with gzip compression
'w:bz2' open for writing with bzip2 compression 'r|*' open a stream of tar blocks with transparent compression
'r|' open an uncompressed stream of tar blocks for reading
'r|gz' open a gzip compressed stream of tar blocks
'r|bz2' open a bzip2 compressed stream of tar blocks
'w|' open an uncompressed stream for writing
'w|gz' open a gzip compressed stream for writing
'w|bz2' open a bzip2 compressed stream for writing
""" if not name and not fileobj:
raise ValueError("nothing to open") if mode in ("r", "r:*"):
# Find out which *open() is appropriate for opening the file.
for comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:
func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])
if fileobj is not None:
saved_pos = fileobj.tell()
try:
return func(name, "r", fileobj, **kwargs)
except (ReadError, CompressionError), e:
if fileobj is not None:
fileobj.seek(saved_pos)
continue
raise ReadError("file could not be opened successfully") elif ":" in mode:
filemode, comptype = mode.split(":", 1)
filemode = filemode or "r"
comptype = comptype or "tar" # Select the *open() function according to
# given compression.
if comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:
func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])
else:
raise CompressionError("unknown compression type %r" % comptype)
return func(name, filemode, fileobj, **kwargs) elif "|" in mode:
filemode, comptype = mode.split("|", 1)
filemode = filemode or "r"
comptype = comptype or "tar" if filemode not in ("r", "w"):
raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'") stream = _Stream(name, filemode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize)
try:
t = cls(name, filemode, stream, **kwargs)
except:
stream.close()
raise
t._extfileobj = False
return t elif mode in ("a", "w"):
return cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs) raise ValueError("undiscernible mode") @classmethod
def taropen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, **kwargs):
"""Open uncompressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
"""
if mode not in ("r", "a", "w"):
raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")
return cls(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs) @classmethod
def gzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):
"""Open gzip compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
Appending is not allowed.
"""
if mode not in ("r", "w"):
raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'") try:
import gzip
gzip.GzipFile
except (ImportError, AttributeError):
raise CompressionError("gzip module is not available") try:
fileobj = gzip.GzipFile(name, mode, compresslevel, fileobj)
except OSError:
if fileobj is not None and mode == 'r':
raise ReadError("not a gzip file")
raise try:
t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
except IOError:
fileobj.close()
if mode == 'r':
raise ReadError("not a gzip file")
raise
except:
fileobj.close()
raise
t._extfileobj = False
return t @classmethod
def bz2open(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):
"""Open bzip2 compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
Appending is not allowed.
"""
if mode not in ("r", "w"):
raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'.") try:
import bz2
except ImportError:
raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available") if fileobj is not None:
fileobj = _BZ2Proxy(fileobj, mode)
else:
fileobj = bz2.BZ2File(name, mode, compresslevel=compresslevel) try:
t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
except (IOError, EOFError):
fileobj.close()
if mode == 'r':
raise ReadError("not a bzip2 file")
raise
except:
fileobj.close()
raise
t._extfileobj = False
return t # All *open() methods are registered here.
OPEN_METH = {
"tar": "taropen", # uncompressed tar
"gz": "gzopen", # gzip compressed tar
"bz2": "bz2open" # bzip2 compressed tar
} #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
# The public methods which TarFile provides: def close(self):
"""Close the TarFile. In write-mode, two finishing zero blocks are
appended to the archive.
"""
if self.closed:
return if self.mode in "aw":
self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE * 2))
self.offset += (BLOCKSIZE * 2)
# fill up the end with zero-blocks
# (like option -b20 for tar does)
blocks, remainder = divmod(self.offset, RECORDSIZE)
if remainder > 0:
self.fileobj.write(NUL * (RECORDSIZE - remainder)) if not self._extfileobj:
self.fileobj.close()
self.closed = True def getmember(self, name):
"""Return a TarInfo object for member `name'. If `name' can not be
found in the archive, KeyError is raised. If a member occurs more
than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the
most up-to-date version.
"""
tarinfo = self._getmember(name)
if tarinfo is None:
raise KeyError("filename %r not found" % name)
return tarinfo def getmembers(self):
"""Return the members of the archive as a list of TarInfo objects. The
list has the same order as the members in the archive.
"""
self._check()
if not self._loaded: # if we want to obtain a list of
self._load() # all members, we first have to
# scan the whole archive.
return self.members def getnames(self):
"""Return the members of the archive as a list of their names. It has
the same order as the list returned by getmembers().
"""
return [tarinfo.name for tarinfo in self.getmembers()] def gettarinfo(self, name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None):
"""Create a TarInfo object for either the file `name' or the file
object `fileobj' (using os.fstat on its file descriptor). You can
modify some of the TarInfo's attributes before you add it using
addfile(). If given, `arcname' specifies an alternative name for the
file in the archive.
"""
self._check("aw") # When fileobj is given, replace name by
# fileobj's real name.
if fileobj is not None:
name = fileobj.name # Building the name of the member in the archive.
# Backward slashes are converted to forward slashes,
# Absolute paths are turned to relative paths.
if arcname is None:
arcname = name
drv, arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)
arcname = arcname.replace(os.sep, "/")
arcname = arcname.lstrip("/") # Now, fill the TarInfo object with
# information specific for the file.
tarinfo = self.tarinfo()
tarinfo.tarfile = self # Use os.stat or os.lstat, depending on platform
# and if symlinks shall be resolved.
if fileobj is None:
if hasattr(os, "lstat") and not self.dereference:
statres = os.lstat(name)
else:
statres = os.stat(name)
else:
statres = os.fstat(fileobj.fileno())
linkname = "" stmd = statres.st_mode
if stat.S_ISREG(stmd):
inode = (statres.st_ino, statres.st_dev)
if not self.dereference and statres.st_nlink > 1 and \
inode in self.inodes and arcname != self.inodes[inode]:
# Is it a hardlink to an already
# archived file?
type = LNKTYPE
linkname = self.inodes[inode]
else:
# The inode is added only if its valid.
# For win32 it is always 0.
type = REGTYPE
if inode[0]:
self.inodes[inode] = arcname
elif stat.S_ISDIR(stmd):
type = DIRTYPE
elif stat.S_ISFIFO(stmd):
type = FIFOTYPE
elif stat.S_ISLNK(stmd):
type = SYMTYPE
linkname = os.readlink(name)
elif stat.S_ISCHR(stmd):
type = CHRTYPE
elif stat.S_ISBLK(stmd):
type = BLKTYPE
else:
return None # Fill the TarInfo object with all
# information we can get.
tarinfo.name = arcname
tarinfo.mode = stmd
tarinfo.uid = statres.st_uid
tarinfo.gid = statres.st_gid
if type == REGTYPE:
tarinfo.size = statres.st_size
else:
tarinfo.size = 0L
tarinfo.mtime = statres.st_mtime
tarinfo.type = type
tarinfo.linkname = linkname
if pwd:
try:
tarinfo.uname = pwd.getpwuid(tarinfo.uid)[0]
except KeyError:
pass
if grp:
try:
tarinfo.gname = grp.getgrgid(tarinfo.gid)[0]
except KeyError:
pass if type in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE):
if hasattr(os, "major") and hasattr(os, "minor"):
tarinfo.devmajor = os.major(statres.st_rdev)
tarinfo.devminor = os.minor(statres.st_rdev)
return tarinfo def list(self, verbose=True):
"""Print a table of contents to sys.stdout. If `verbose' is False, only
the names of the members are printed. If it is True, an `ls -l'-like
output is produced.
"""
self._check() for tarinfo in self:
if verbose:
print filemode(tarinfo.mode),
print "%s/%s" % (tarinfo.uname or tarinfo.uid,
tarinfo.gname or tarinfo.gid),
if tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
print "%10s" % ("%d,%d" \
% (tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)),
else:
print "%10d" % tarinfo.size,
print "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" \
% time.localtime(tarinfo.mtime)[:6], print tarinfo.name + ("/" if tarinfo.isdir() else ""), if verbose:
if tarinfo.issym():
print "->", tarinfo.linkname,
if tarinfo.islnk():
print "link to", tarinfo.linkname,
print def add(self, name, arcname=None, recursive=True, exclude=None, filter=None):
"""Add the file `name' to the archive. `name' may be any type of file
(directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, `arcname'
specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive.
Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by
setting `recursive' to False. `exclude' is a function that should
return True for each filename to be excluded. `filter' is a function
that expects a TarInfo object argument and returns the changed
TarInfo object, if it returns None the TarInfo object will be
excluded from the archive.
"""
self._check("aw") if arcname is None:
arcname = name # Exclude pathnames.
if exclude is not None:
import warnings
warnings.warn("use the filter argument instead",
DeprecationWarning, 2)
if exclude(name):
self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)
return # Skip if somebody tries to archive the archive...
if self.name is not None and os.path.abspath(name) == self.name:
self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Skipped %r" % name)
return self._dbg(1, name) # Create a TarInfo object from the file.
tarinfo = self.gettarinfo(name, arcname) if tarinfo is None:
self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unsupported type %r" % name)
return # Change or exclude the TarInfo object.
if filter is not None:
tarinfo = filter(tarinfo)
if tarinfo is None:
self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)
return # Append the tar header and data to the archive.
if tarinfo.isreg():
with bltn_open(name, "rb") as f:
self.addfile(tarinfo, f) elif tarinfo.isdir():
self.addfile(tarinfo)
if recursive:
for f in os.listdir(name):
self.add(os.path.join(name, f), os.path.join(arcname, f),
recursive, exclude, filter) else:
self.addfile(tarinfo) def addfile(self, tarinfo, fileobj=None):
"""Add the TarInfo object `tarinfo' to the archive. If `fileobj' is
given, tarinfo.size bytes are read from it and added to the archive.
You can create TarInfo objects using gettarinfo().
On Windows platforms, `fileobj' should always be opened with mode
'rb' to avoid irritation about the file size.
"""
self._check("aw") tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo) buf = tarinfo.tobuf(self.format, self.encoding, self.errors)
self.fileobj.write(buf)
self.offset += len(buf) # If there's data to follow, append it.
if fileobj is not None:
copyfileobj(fileobj, self.fileobj, tarinfo.size)
blocks, remainder = divmod(tarinfo.size, BLOCKSIZE)
if remainder > 0:
self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE - remainder))
blocks += 1
self.offset += blocks * BLOCKSIZE self.members.append(tarinfo) def extractall(self, path=".", members=None):
"""Extract all members from the archive to the current working
directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on
directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory
to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the
list returned by getmembers().
"""
directories = [] if members is None:
members = self for tarinfo in members:
if tarinfo.isdir():
# Extract directories with a safe mode.
directories.append(tarinfo)
tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
tarinfo.mode = 0700
self.extract(tarinfo, path) # Reverse sort directories.
directories.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('name'))
directories.reverse() # Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories.
for tarinfo in directories:
dirpath = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name)
try:
self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath)
self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath)
self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath)
except ExtractError, e:
if self.errorlevel > 1:
raise
else:
self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e) def extract(self, member, path=""):
"""Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately
as possible. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. You can
specify a different directory using `path'.
"""
self._check("r") if isinstance(member, basestring):
tarinfo = self.getmember(member)
else:
tarinfo = member # Prepare the link target for makelink().
if tarinfo.islnk():
tarinfo._link_target = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.linkname) try:
self._extract_member(tarinfo, os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name))
except EnvironmentError, e:
if self.errorlevel > 0:
raise
else:
if e.filename is None:
self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e.strerror)
else:
self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %r" % (e.strerror, e.filename))
except ExtractError, e:
if self.errorlevel > 1:
raise
else:
self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e) def extractfile(self, member):
"""Extract a member from the archive as a file object. `member' may be
a filename or a TarInfo object. If `member' is a regular file, a
file-like object is returned. If `member' is a link, a file-like
object is constructed from the link's target. If `member' is none of
the above, None is returned.
The file-like object is read-only and provides the following
methods: read(), readline(), readlines(), seek() and tell()
"""
self._check("r") if isinstance(member, basestring):
tarinfo = self.getmember(member)
else:
tarinfo = member if tarinfo.isreg():
return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo) elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
# If a member's type is unknown, it is treated as a
# regular file.
return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo) elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
if isinstance(self.fileobj, _Stream):
# A small but ugly workaround for the case that someone tries
# to extract a (sym)link as a file-object from a non-seekable
# stream of tar blocks.
raise StreamError("cannot extract (sym)link as file object")
else:
# A (sym)link's file object is its target's file object.
return self.extractfile(self._find_link_target(tarinfo))
else:
# If there's no data associated with the member (directory, chrdev,
# blkdev, etc.), return None instead of a file object.
return None def _extract_member(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Extract the TarInfo object tarinfo to a physical
file called targetpath.
"""
# Fetch the TarInfo object for the given name
# and build the destination pathname, replacing
# forward slashes to platform specific separators.
targetpath = targetpath.rstrip("/")
targetpath = targetpath.replace("/", os.sep) # Create all upper directories.
upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath)
if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs):
# Create directories that are not part of the archive with
# default permissions.
os.makedirs(upperdirs) if tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
self._dbg(1, "%s -> %s" % (tarinfo.name, tarinfo.linkname))
else:
self._dbg(1, tarinfo.name) if tarinfo.isreg():
self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
elif tarinfo.isdir():
self.makedir(tarinfo, targetpath)
elif tarinfo.isfifo():
self.makefifo(tarinfo, targetpath)
elif tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
self.makedev(tarinfo, targetpath)
elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
self.makelink(tarinfo, targetpath)
elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
self.makeunknown(tarinfo, targetpath)
else:
self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath) self.chown(tarinfo, targetpath)
if not tarinfo.issym():
self.chmod(tarinfo, targetpath)
self.utime(tarinfo, targetpath) #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Below are the different file methods. They are called via
# _extract_member() when extract() is called. They can be replaced in a
# subclass to implement other functionality. def makedir(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Make a directory called targetpath.
"""
try:
# Use a safe mode for the directory, the real mode is set
# later in _extract_member().
os.mkdir(targetpath, 0700)
except EnvironmentError, e:
if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
raise def makefile(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Make a file called targetpath.
"""
source = self.extractfile(tarinfo)
try:
with bltn_open(targetpath, "wb") as target:
copyfileobj(source, target)
finally:
source.close() def makeunknown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Make a file from a TarInfo object with an unknown type
at targetpath.
"""
self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unknown file type %r, " \
"extracted as regular file." % tarinfo.type) def makefifo(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Make a fifo called targetpath.
"""
if hasattr(os, "mkfifo"):
os.mkfifo(targetpath)
else:
raise ExtractError("fifo not supported by system") def makedev(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Make a character or block device called targetpath.
"""
if not hasattr(os, "mknod") or not hasattr(os, "makedev"):
raise ExtractError("special devices not supported by system") mode = tarinfo.mode
if tarinfo.isblk():
mode |= stat.S_IFBLK
else:
mode |= stat.S_IFCHR os.mknod(targetpath, mode,
os.makedev(tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)) def makelink(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Make a (symbolic) link called targetpath. If it cannot be created
(platform limitation), we try to make a copy of the referenced file
instead of a link.
"""
if hasattr(os, "symlink") and hasattr(os, "link"):
# For systems that support symbolic and hard links.
if tarinfo.issym():
if os.path.lexists(targetpath):
os.unlink(targetpath)
os.symlink(tarinfo.linkname, targetpath)
else:
# See extract().
if os.path.exists(tarinfo._link_target):
if os.path.lexists(targetpath):
os.unlink(targetpath)
os.link(tarinfo._link_target, targetpath)
else:
self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath)
else:
try:
self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath)
except KeyError:
raise ExtractError("unable to resolve link inside archive") def chown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Set owner of targetpath according to tarinfo.
"""
if pwd and hasattr(os, "geteuid") and os.geteuid() == 0:
# We have to be root to do so.
try:
g = grp.getgrnam(tarinfo.gname)[2]
except KeyError:
g = tarinfo.gid
try:
u = pwd.getpwnam(tarinfo.uname)[2]
except KeyError:
u = tarinfo.uid
try:
if tarinfo.issym() and hasattr(os, "lchown"):
os.lchown(targetpath, u, g)
else:
if sys.platform != "os2emx":
os.chown(targetpath, u, g)
except EnvironmentError, e:
raise ExtractError("could not change owner") def chmod(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Set file permissions of targetpath according to tarinfo.
"""
if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
try:
os.chmod(targetpath, tarinfo.mode)
except EnvironmentError, e:
raise ExtractError("could not change mode") def utime(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Set modification time of targetpath according to tarinfo.
"""
if not hasattr(os, 'utime'):
return
try:
os.utime(targetpath, (tarinfo.mtime, tarinfo.mtime))
except EnvironmentError, e:
raise ExtractError("could not change modification time") #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
def next(self):
"""Return the next member of the archive as a TarInfo object, when
TarFile is opened for reading. Return None if there is no more
available.
"""
self._check("ra")
if self.firstmember is not None:
m = self.firstmember
self.firstmember = None
return m # Read the next block.
self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
tarinfo = None
while True:
try:
tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)
except EOFHeaderError, e:
if self.ignore_zeros:
self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))
self.offset += BLOCKSIZE
continue
except InvalidHeaderError, e:
if self.ignore_zeros:
self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))
self.offset += BLOCKSIZE
continue
elif self.offset == 0:
raise ReadError(str(e))
except EmptyHeaderError:
if self.offset == 0:
raise ReadError("empty file")
except TruncatedHeaderError, e:
if self.offset == 0:
raise ReadError(str(e))
except SubsequentHeaderError, e:
raise ReadError(str(e))
break if tarinfo is not None:
self.members.append(tarinfo)
else:
self._loaded = True return tarinfo #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Little helper methods: def _getmember(self, name, tarinfo=None, normalize=False):
"""Find an archive member by name from bottom to top.
If tarinfo is given, it is used as the starting point.
"""
# Ensure that all members have been loaded.
members = self.getmembers() # Limit the member search list up to tarinfo.
if tarinfo is not None:
members = members[:members.index(tarinfo)] if normalize:
name = os.path.normpath(name) for member in reversed(members):
if normalize:
member_name = os.path.normpath(member.name)
else:
member_name = member.name if name == member_name:
return member def _load(self):
"""Read through the entire archive file and look for readable
members.
"""
while True:
tarinfo = self.next()
if tarinfo is None:
break
self._loaded = True def _check(self, mode=None):
"""Check if TarFile is still open, and if the operation's mode
corresponds to TarFile's mode.
"""
if self.closed:
raise IOError("%s is closed" % self.__class__.__name__)
if mode is not None and self.mode not in mode:
raise IOError("bad operation for mode %r" % self.mode) def _find_link_target(self, tarinfo):
"""Find the target member of a symlink or hardlink member in the
archive.
"""
if tarinfo.issym():
# Always search the entire archive.
linkname = "/".join(filter(None, (os.path.dirname(tarinfo.name), tarinfo.linkname)))
limit = None
else:
# Search the archive before the link, because a hard link is
# just a reference to an already archived file.
linkname = tarinfo.linkname
limit = tarinfo member = self._getmember(linkname, tarinfo=limit, normalize=True)
if member is None:
raise KeyError("linkname %r not found" % linkname)
return member def __iter__(self):
"""Provide an iterator object.
"""
if self._loaded:
return iter(self.members)
else:
return TarIter(self) def _dbg(self, level, msg):
"""Write debugging output to sys.stderr.
"""
if level <= self.debug:
print >> sys.stderr, msg def __enter__(self):
self._check()
return self def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
if type is None:
self.close()
else:
# An exception occurred. We must not call close() because
# it would try to write end-of-archive blocks and padding.
if not self._extfileobj:
self.fileobj.close()
self.closed = True
# class TarFile TarFile
TarFile
(六)json和pickle模块
用于序列化的两个模块
json，用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
''' 序列化 '''
import json
info={
'name':'鲁班',
'age':22
} f=open('test.txt','w') f.write(json.dumps(info))#用于将Python数据以字符串的形式写入到文件中 f.close()''' 反序列化 '''
import json
#json不同语言之间进行交互
f = open('test.txt','r') data=json.loads(f.read())#从文件中加载出Python的数据类型 print(data['age'])pickle，用于python特有的类型 和 python的数据类型间进行转换
'''
序列化 '''
import pickle
def sayhi(name):
print("hello python",name) info = {
'name':'鲁班',
'age':22,
'func':'sayhi'
}
f=open("pickle_test.txt",'rb') pickle.dump(info,f)#==f.write(pickle.dumps(info)) f.close()''' 反序列化 ''' import pickle f=open("pickle_test.txt",'rb') data=pickle.load(f)
print(data["age"])
Json模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
(七)shelve模块
shelve模块是一个简单的k,v将内存数据通过文件持久化的模块，可以持久化任何pickle可支持的python数据格式
'''
利用shelve模块把Python数据写入文件 '''
import shelve d = shelve.open('shelve_test') # 打开一个文件
t = '123'
t2 = '123334' name = ["鲁班", "rain", "test"]
d["test"] = name # 持久化列表
d["t1"] = t # 持久化类
d["t2"] = t2 d.close()
'''
利用shelve模块从文件中读取Python数据 '''
import shelve
d=shelve.open('shelve_test') # 打开一个文件
print(d.get("test"))
print(d.get("t1"))
print(d.get("t2"))
(七)xml处理模块
xml是实现不同语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议，跟json差不多，但json使用起来更简单，不过，古时候，在json还没诞生的黑暗年代，
大家只能选择用xml呀，至今很多传统公司如金融行业的很多系统的接口还主要是xml。
xml的格式如下，就是通过<>节点来区别数据结构的:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<data>
<country name="Liechtenstein">
<rank updated="yes">2</rank>
<year>2008</year>
<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
<neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>
<neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>
</country>
<country name="Singapore">
<rank updated="yes">5</rank>
<year>2011</year>
<gdppc>59900</gdppc>
<neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>
</country>
<country name="Panama">
<rank updated="yes">69</rank>
<year>2011</year>
<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
<neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/>
<neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/>
</country>
</data>
xml_hehe.xml
xml协议在各个语言里的都 是支持的，在python中可以用以下模块操作xml。
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
tree = ET.parse("xml_hehe.xml")
root = tree.getroot()
print(root)
print(root.tag) # 遍历xml文档
for child in root:
print(child.tag, child.attrib)
for i in child:
print(i.tag, i.text,i.attrib) # 只遍历year 节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
print(node.tag, node.text)
xml_handle.py
修改和删除xml文档内容
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
tree = ET.parse("xml_hehe.xml")
root = tree.getroot()
# 修改
for node in root.iter('year'):
new_year = int(node.text) + 1
node.text = str(new_year)
node.set("updated_by", "Yun")
tree.write("xmltest.xml")
# 删除node
for country in root.findall('country'):
rank = int(country.find('rank').text)
if rank > 50:
root.remove(country)
tree.write('output.xml')
xml_change.py
自己创建xml文档
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
new_xml = ET.Element("namelist")
Personal = ET.SubElement(new_xml, "Personal", attrib={"enrolled": "yes"})
name = ET.SubElement(Personal,"name")
name.text="鲁班大师"
age = ET.SubElement(Personal, "age", attrib={"checked": "no"})
sex = ET.SubElement(Personal, "sex")
age.text = ''
sex.text='man'
Personal = ET.SubElement(new_xml, "Personal2", attrib={"enrolled": "no"})
name = ET.SubElement(Personal, "name")
name.text="安琪拉"
sex = ET.SubElement(Personal, "sex")
sex.text='men'
age = ET.SubElement(Personal, "age")
age.text = ''
et = ET.ElementTree(new_xml) # 生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True)
ET.dump(new_xml) # 打印生成的格式
xml_myself.py
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<namelist>
<Personal enrolled="yes">
<name>鲁班大师</name>
<age checked="no">33</age>
<sex>man</sex></Personal>
<Personal2 enrolled="no">
<name>安琪拉</name>
<sex>men</sex>
<age>19</age></Personal2>
</namelist>
test.xml
(八)PyYAML模块
Python也可以很容易的处理ymal文档格式，只不过需要安装一个模块，参考文档：http://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation
(九)ConfigParser模块
用于生成和修改常见配置文档，当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser。
来看一个好多软件的常见文档格式如下
[DEFAULT]
ServerAliveInterval = 45
Compression = yes
CompressionLevel = 9
ForwardX11 = yes [bitbucket.org]
User = hg [topsecret.server.com]
Port = 50022
ForwardX11 = no
如果想用python生成一个这样的文档怎么做呢？
import configparser config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config["DEFAULT"] = {'ServerAliveInterval': '',
'Compression': 'yes',
'CompressionLevel': ''} config['bitbucket.org'] = {}
config['bitbucket.org']['User'] = 'hg'
config['topsecret.server.com'] = {}
topsecret = config['topsecret.server.com']
topsecret['Host Port'] = '' # mutates the parser
topsecret['ForwardX11'] = 'no' # same here
config['DEFAULT']['ForwardX11'] = 'yes'
with open('example.ini', 'w') as configfile:
config.write(configfile)
Config_test.py
读取Config文档内容
import configparser
conf = configparser.ConfigParser()
conf.read("example.ini")
print(conf.defaults())
print(conf.sections()) print(conf['bitbucket.org']['user'])
configparser增删改查语法
[section1]
k1 = v1
k2:v2 [section2]
k1 = v1 import ConfigParser config = ConfigParser.ConfigParser()
config.read('i.cfg') # ########## 读 ##########
#secs = config.sections()
#print secs
#options = config.options('group2')
#print options #item_list = config.items('group2')
#print item_list #val = config.get('group1','key')
#val = config.getint('group1','key') # ########## 改写 ##########
#sec = config.remove_section('group1')
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) #sec = config.has_section('wupeiqi')
#sec = config.add_section('wupeiqi')
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) #config.set('group2','k1',11111)
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) #config.remove_option('group2','age')
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
(十)hashlib模块
用于加密相关的操作，3.x里代替了md5模块和sha模块，主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ，MD5 算法
import hashlib m = hashlib.md5()
m.update(b'hello')
print(m.hexdigest())
m.update(b'world!')
print(m.hexdigest()) m2 = hashlib.md5()
m2.update(b'helloworld!')
print(m2.hexdigest())
#sha256()
hash=hashlib.sha256()
hash.update('微微一笑很倾城'.encode(encoding='utf-8'))
print(hash.hexdigest())
#sha384()
hash1 = hashlib.sha384()
hash1.update('微微一笑很倾城'.encode(encoding='utf-8'))
print(hash1.hexdigest())
#sha512()
hash2 = hashlib.sha512()
hash2.update('微微一笑很倾城'.encode(encoding='utf-8'))
print(hash2.hexdigest()) '''
python 还有一个 hmac 模块，它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密
散列消息鉴别码，简称HMAC，是一种基于消息鉴别码MAC（Message Authentication Code）
的鉴别机制。使用HMAC时,消息通讯的双方，通过验证消息中加入的鉴别密钥K
来鉴别消息的真伪；
一般用于网络通信中消息加密，前提是双方先要约定好key,就像接头暗号一样，
然后消息发送把用key把消息加密，接收方用key ＋ 消息明文再加密，
拿加密后的值 跟 发送者的相对比是否相等，这样就能验证消息的真实性，
及发送者的合法性了。
'''
import hmac
h = hmac.new('鲁班大师'.encode(encoding='utf-8'),
'智障二百五'.encode(encoding='utf-8'))
print (h.hexdigest())
(十一)re模块
常用正则表达式符号
'.' 默认匹配除\n之外的任意一个字符，若指定flag DOTALL,则匹配任意字符，包括换行
'^' 匹配字符开头，若指定flags MULTILINE,这种也可以匹配上(r"^a","\nabc\neee",flags=re.MULTILINE)
'$' 匹配字符结尾，或e.search("foo$","bfoo\nsdfsf",flags=re.MULTILINE).group()也可以
'*' 匹配*号前的字符0次或多次，re.findall("ab*","cabb3abcbbac") 结果为['abb', 'ab', 'a']
'+' 匹配前一个字符1次或多次，re.findall("ab+","ab+cd+abb+bba") 结果['ab', 'abb']
'?' 匹配前一个字符1次或0次
'{m}' 匹配前一个字符m次
'{n,m}' 匹配前一个字符n到m次，re.findall("ab{1,3}","abb abc abbcbbb") 结果'abb', 'ab', 'abb']
'|' 匹配|左或|右的字符，re.search("abc|ABC","ABCBabcCD").group() 结果'ABC'
'(...)' 分组匹配，re.search("(abc){2}a(123|456)c", "abcabca456c").group() 结果 abcabca456c '\A' 只从字符开头匹配，re.search("\Aabc","alexabc") 是匹配不到的
'\Z' 匹配字符结尾，同$
'\d' 匹配数字0-9
'\D' 匹配非数字
'\w' 匹配[A-Za-z0-9]
'\W' 匹配非[A-Za-z0-9]
's' 匹配空白字符、\t、\n、\r , re.search("\s+","ab\tc1\n3").group() 结果 '\t' '(?P<name>...)' 分组匹配 re.search("(?P<province>[0-9]{4})(?P<city>[0-9]{2})(?P<birthday>[0-9]{4})","").groupdict("city")
结果{'province': '', 'city': '', 'birthday': ''}
演示
>>> import re
>>> re.match('.','dsskdslds211')
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 1), match='d'>
>>>import re
>>> re.match('^ds','dsdsdsdsadj1212')
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 2), match='ds'>
>>>
>>>import re
>>> re.match('^ds\d','ds12123dsdsdsadj1212')
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 3), match='ds1'>
>>> re.match('^ds\d+','ds12123dsdsdsadj1212')
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 7), match='ds12123'>
>>>
>>>import re
>>>re.search('k[a-z]+a','sahsaj1212kaHEHEsha12sakasha')
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(23, 28), match='kasha'>
>>>import re
>>>re.search('k[a-zA-Z]+a','sahsaj1212kaHEHEsha12sakasha')
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(10, 19), match='kaHEHEsha'>
>>>import re
>>>re.search('#.+#','as#hello#ha')
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(2, 9), match='#hello#'>
>>>import re
>>>print(re.search('a?','asnksaaaha'))
>>>print(re.search('aa?','asnksaaaha'))
>>>print(re.search('aaa?','asnksaaaha'))
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 1), match='a'>
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 1), match='a'>
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(5, 8), match='aaa'>
import re
print(re.search('[0-9]{3}','asn1k2sa1213aaha'))
print(re.search('[0-9]{1,3}','asn1k2sa1213aaha'))
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(8, 11), match=''>
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(3, 4), match=''>
import re
print(re.findall('[0-9]{3}','asn1k2sa1213aaha'))
print(re.findall('[0-9]{1,3}','asn1k2sa1213aaha'))
['']
['', '', '', '']
import re
print(re.findall('abc|ABC','asabcn1k2sABCa1213aaha'))
print(re.search('abc|ABC','asabcn1k2sABCa1213aaha').group()) ['abc', 'ABC']
abc
import re
print(re.search('(abc){2}','asabcn1abcabcka'))
print(re.search('(abc){2}\|','asabcn1abcabc|ka'))
print(re.search('(abc){2}\|{2}','asabcn1abcabc||ka'))
print(re.search('(abc){2}\|\|=','asabcn1abcabc||=ka'))
print(re.search('(abc){2}(\|\|=){2}','asabcn1abcabc||=||=ka'))
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(7, 13), match='abcabc'>
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(7, 14), match='abcabc|'>
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(7, 15), match='abcabc||'>
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(7, 16), match='abcabc||='>
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(7, 19), match='abcabc||=||='>
import re
print(re.search('\A[0-9]+[a-z]\Z','1213a'))
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 5), match='1213a'>
import re
print(re.search('\D+','1213asa |?$#@'))
print(re.search('\W+','1213asa |?$#@'))
print(re.search('\s+','1213asa \r\n\t')) <_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(4, 13), match='asa |?$#@'>
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(7, 13), match=' |?$#@'>
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(7, 11), match=' \r\n\t'>
import re
re.search("(?P<province>[0-9]{2})(?P<city>[0-9]{2})
(?P<local>[0-9]{2})(?P<birthday>[0-9]{8})",
"").groupdict("city") {'province': '', 'city': '', 'local': '', 'birthday': ''}
正则表达式
在线测试工具 http://tool.chinaz.com/regex/
同一个位置上可以出现的字符的范围。
字符组 ： [字符组]
在同一个位置可能出现的各种字符组成了一个字符组，在正则表达式中用[]表示
字符分为很多类，比如数字、字母、标点等等。
假如你现在要求一个位置"只能出现一个数字",那么这个位置上的字符只能是0、1、2...9这10个数之一。
字符：
元字符 |
匹配内容 |
| . | 匹配除换行符以外的任意字符 |
| \w | 匹配字母或数字或下划线 |
| \s | 匹配任意的空白符 |
| \d | 匹配数字 |
| \n | 匹配一个换行符 |
| \t | 匹配一个制表符 |
| \b | 匹配一个单词的结尾 |
| ^ | 匹配字符串的开始 |
| $ | 匹配字符串的结尾 |
| \W |
匹配非字母或数字或下划线 |
| \D |
匹配非数字 |
| \S |
匹配非空白符 |
| a|b |
匹配字符a或字符b |
| () |
匹配括号内的表达式，也表示一个组 |
| [...] |
匹配字符组中的字符 |
| [^...] |
匹配除了字符组中字符的所有字符 |
量词：
量词 |
用法说明 |
| * | 重复零次或更多次 |
| + | 重复一次或更多次 |
| ? | 重复零次或一次 |
| {n} | 重复n次 |
| {n,} | 重复n次或更多次 |
| {n,m} | 重复n到m次 |
. ^ $
| 正则 | 待匹配字符 | 匹配 结果 |
说明 |
| 海. | 海燕海娇海东 | 海燕海娇海东 | 匹配所有"海."的字符 |
| ^海. | 海燕海娇海东 | 海燕 | 只从开头匹配"海." |
| 海.$ | 海燕海娇海东 | 海东 | 只匹配结尾的"海.$" |
* + ? { }
| 正则 | 待匹配字符 | 匹配 结果 |
说明 |
| 李.? | 李杰和李莲英和李二棍子 |
李杰 |
?表示重复零次或一次，即只匹配"李"后面一个任意字符 |
| 李.* | 李杰和李莲英和李二棍子 | 李杰和李莲英和李二棍子 |
*表示重复零次或多次，即匹配"李"后面0或多个任意字符 |
| 李.+ | 李杰和李莲英和李二棍子 | 李杰和李莲英和李二棍子 |
+表示重复一次或多次，即只匹配"李"后面1个或多个任意字符 |
| 李.{1,2} | 李杰和李莲英和李二棍子 |
李杰和 |
{1,2}匹配1到2次任意字符
|
注意：前面的*,+,?等都是贪婪匹配，也就是尽可能匹配，后面加?号使其变成惰性匹配
| 正则 | 待匹配字符 | 匹配 结果 |
说明 |
| 李.*? | 李杰和李莲英和李二棍子 |
李 李 李 |
惰性匹配 |
字符集［］［^］
| 正则 | 待匹配字符 | 匹配 结果 |
说明 |
| 李[杰莲英二棍子]* | 李杰和李莲英和李二棍子 |
李杰 |
表示匹配"李"字后面[杰莲英二棍子]的字符任意次 |
| 李[^和]* | 李杰和李莲英和李二棍子 |
李杰 |
表示匹配一个不是"和"的字符任意次 |
| [\d] | 456bdha3 |
4 |
表示匹配任意一个数字，匹配到4个结果 |
| [\d]+ | 456bdha3 |
456 |
表示匹配任意个数字，匹配到2个结果 |
分组 ()与 或 ｜［^］
身份证号码是一个长度为15或18个字符的字符串，如果是15位则全部由数字组成，首位不能为0；如果是18位，则前17位全部是数字，末位可能是数字或x，下面我们尝试用正则来表示：
| 正则 | 待匹配字符 | 匹配 结果 |
说明 |
| ^[1-9]\d{13,16}[0-9x]$ | 110101198001017032 |
110101198001017032 |
表示可以匹配一个正确的身份证号 |
| ^[1-9]\d{13,16}[0-9x]$ | 1101011980010170 |
1101011980010170 |
表示也可以匹配这串数字，但这并不是一个正确的身份证号码，它是一个16位的数字 |
| ^[1-9]\d{14}(\d{2}[0-9x])?$ | 1101011980010170 |
False |
现在不会匹配错误的身份证号了 |
| ^([1-9]\d{16}[0-9x]|[1-9]\d{14})$ | 110105199812067023 |
110105199812067023 |
表示先匹配[1-9]\d{16}[0-9x]如果没有匹配上就匹配[1-9]\d{14}
|
转义符 \
在正则表达式中，有很多有特殊意义的是元字符，比如\n和\s等，如果要在正则中匹配正常的"\n"而不是"换行符"就需要对"\"进行转义，变成'\\'。
在python中，无论是正则表达式，还是待匹配的内容，都是以字符串的形式出现的，在字符串中\也有特殊的含义，本身还需要转义。所以如果匹配一次"\n",字符串中要写成'\\n'，那么正则里就要写成"\\\\n",这样就太麻烦了。这个时候我们就用到了r'\n'这个概念，此时的正则是r'\\n'就可以了。
| 正则 | 待匹配字符 | 匹配 结果 |
说明 |
| \n | \n | False |
因为在正则表达式中\是有特殊意义的字符，所以要匹配\n本身，用表达式\n无法匹配 |
| \\n | \n | True |
转义\之后变成\\，即可匹配 |
| "\\\\n" | '\\n' | True |
如果在python中，字符串中的'\'也需要转义，所以每一个字符串'\'又需要转义一次 |
| r'\\n' | r'\n' | True |
在字符串之前加r，让整个字符串不转义 |
贪婪匹配
贪婪匹配：在满足匹配时，匹配尽可能长的字符串，默认情况下，采用贪婪匹配
| 正则 | 待匹配字符 | 匹配 结果 |
说明 |
| <.*> |
<script>...<script> |
<script>...<script> |
默认为贪婪匹配模式，会匹配尽量长的字符串 |
| <.*?> | <script>...<script> |
<script> |
加上？为将贪婪匹配模式转为非贪婪匹配模式，会匹配尽量短的字符串 |
几个常用的非贪婪匹配Pattern
*? 重复任意次，但尽可能少重复
+? 重复1次或更多次，但尽可能少重复
?? 重复0次或1次，但尽可能少重复
{n,m}? 重复n到m次，但尽可能少重复
{n,}? 重复n次以上，但尽可能少重复
.*?的用法
. 是任意字符
* 是取 0 至 无限长度
? 是非贪婪模式。
何在一起就是 取尽量少的任意字符，一般不会这么单独写，他大多用在：
.*?x 就是取前面任意长度的字符，直到一个x出现
re模块下的常用方法
import re
ret = re.findall('a', 'eva egon yuan') # 返回所有满足匹配条件的结果,放在列表里
print(ret) #结果 : ['a', 'a']
ret = re.search('a', 'eva egon yuan').group()
print(ret) #结果 : 'a'
# 函数会在字符串内查找模式匹配,只到找到第一个匹配然后返回一个包含匹配信息的对象,该对象可以
# 通过调用group()方法得到匹配的字符串,如果字符串没有匹配，则返回None。
ret = re.match('a', 'abc').group() # 同search,不过仅在字符串开始处进行匹配
print(ret)
#结果 : 'a'
ret = re.split('[ab]', 'abcd') # 先按'a'分割得到''和'bcd',在对''和'bcd'分别按'b'分割
print(ret) # ['', '', 'cd']
ret = re.sub('\d', 'H', 'eva3egon4yuan4', 1)#将数字替换成'H'，参数1表示只替换1个
print(ret) #evaHegon4yuan4
ret = re.subn('\d', 'H', 'eva3egon4yuan4')#将数字替换成'H'，返回元组(替换的结果,替换了多少次)
print(ret)
obj = re.compile('\d{3}') #将正则表达式编译成为一个 正则表达式对象，规则要匹配的是3个数字
ret = obj.search('abc123eeee') #正则表达式对象调用search，参数为待匹配的字符串
print(ret.group()) #结果 ： 123
import re
ret = re.finditer('\d', 'ds3sy4784a') #finditer返回一个存放匹配结果的迭代器
print(ret) # <callable_iterator object at 0x10195f940>
print(next(ret).group()) #查看第一个结果
print(next(ret).group()) #查看第二个结果
print([i.group() for i in ret]) #查看剩余的左右结果
注意：
1 findall的优先级查询：
import re
ret = re.findall('www.(baidu|oldboy).com', 'www.oldboy.com')
print(ret) # ['oldboy'] 这是因为findall会优先把匹配结果组里内容返回,如果想要匹配结果,取消权限即可
ret = re.findall('www.(?:baidu|oldboy).com', 'www.oldboy.com')
print(ret) # ['www.oldboy.com']
2 split的优先级查询
ret=re.split("\d+","eva3egon4yuan")
print(ret) #结果 ： ['eva', 'egon', 'yuan']
ret=re.split("(\d+)","eva3egon4yuan")
print(ret) #结果 ： ['eva', '3', 'egon', '4', 'yuan']
#在匹配部分加上（）之后所切出的结果是不同的，
#没有（）的没有保留所匹配的项，但是有（）的却能够保留了匹配的项，
#这个在某些需要保留匹配部分的使用过程是非常重要的。
正则 |
待匹配字符 |
匹配 |
说明 |
[0123456789] |
8 |
True |
在一个字符组里枚举合法的所有字符，字符组里的任意一个字符 |
[0123456789] |
a |
False |
由于字符组中没有"a"字符，所以不能匹配 |
[0-9] |
7 |
True |
也可以用-表示范围,[0-9]就和[0123456789]是一个意思 |
[a-z] |
s |
True |
同样的如果要匹配所有的小写字母，直接用[a-z]就可以表示 |
[A-Z] |
B |
True |
[A-Z]就表示所有的大写字母 |
[0-9a-fA-F] |
e |
True |
可以匹配数字，大小写形式的a～f，用来验证十六进制字符 |
十二string模块
str.capitalize() 把字符串的第一个字符大写
str.center(width) 返回一个原字符串居中，并使用空格填充到width长度的新字符串
str.ljust(width) 返回一个原字符串左对齐，用空格填充到指定长度的新字符串
str.rjust(width) 返回一个原字符串右对齐，用空格填充到指定长度的新字符串
str.zfill(width) 返回字符串右对齐，前面用0填充到指定长度的新字符串
str.count(str,[beg,len]) 返回子字符串在原字符串出现次数，beg,len是范围
str.decode(encodeing[,replace]) 解码string,出错引发ValueError异常
str.encode(encodeing[,replace]) 解码string
str.endswith(substr[,beg,end]) 字符串是否以substr结束，beg,end是范围
str.startswith(substr[,beg,end]) 字符串是否以substr开头，beg,end是范围
str.expandtabs(tabsize = 8) 把字符串的tab转为空格，默认为8个
str.find(str,[stat,end]) 查找子字符串在字符串第一次出现的位置，否则返回-1
str.index(str,[beg,end]) 查找子字符串在指定字符中的位置，不存在报异常
str.isalnum() 检查字符串是否以字母和数字组成，是返回true否则False
str.isalpha() 检查字符串是否以纯字母组成，是返回true,否则false
str.isdecimal() 检查字符串是否以纯十进制数字组成，返回布尔值
str.isdigit() 检查字符串是否以纯数字组成，返回布尔值
str.islower() 检查字符串是否全是小写，返回布尔值
str.isupper() 检查字符串是否全是大写，返回布尔值
str.isnumeric() 检查字符串是否只包含数字字符，返回布尔值
str.isspace() 如果str中只包含空格，则返回true,否则FALSE
str.title() 返回标题化的字符串（所有单词首字母大写，其余小写）
str.istitle() 如果字符串是标题化的(参见title())则返回true,否则false
str.join(seq) 以str作为连接符，将一个序列中的元素连接成字符串
str.split(str=‘‘,num) 以str作为分隔符，将一个字符串分隔成一个序列，num是被分隔的字符串
str.splitlines(num) 以行分隔，返回各行内容作为元素的列表
str.lower() 将大写转为小写
str.upper() 转换字符串的小写为大写
str.swapcase() 翻换字符串的大小写
str.lstrip() 去掉字符左边的空格和回车换行符
str.rstrip() 去掉字符右边的空格和回车换行符
str.strip() 去掉字符两边的空格和回车换行符
str.partition(substr) 从substr出现的第一个位置起，将str分割成一个3元组。
str.replace(str1,str2,num) 查找str1替换成str2，num是替换次数
str.rfind(str[,beg,end]) 从右边开始查询子字符串
str.rindex(str,[beg,end]) 从右边开始查找子字符串位置
str.rpartition(str) 类似partition函数，不过从右边开始查找
str.translate(str,del=‘‘) 按str给出的表转换string的字符，del是要过虑的字符
十三math模块
ceil:取大于等于x的最小的整数值，如果x是一个整数，则返回x
copysign:把y的正负号加到x前面，可以使用0
cos:求x的余弦，x必须是弧度
degrees:把x从弧度转换成角度
e:表示一个常量
exp:返回math.e,也就是2.71828的x次方
expm1:返回math.e的x(其值为2.71828)次方的值减１
fabs:返回x的绝对值
factorial:取x的阶乘的值
floor:取小于等于x的最大的整数值，如果x是一个整数，则返回自身
fmod:得到x/y的余数，其值是一个浮点数
frexp:返回一个元组(m,e),其计算方式为：x分别除0.5和1,得到一个值的范围
fsum:对迭代器里的每个元素进行求和操作
gcd:返回x和y的最大公约数
hypot:如果x是不是无穷大的数字,则返回True,否则返回False
isfinite:如果x是正无穷大或负无穷大，则返回True,否则返回False
isinf:如果x是正无穷大或负无穷大，则返回True,否则返回False
isnan:如果x不是数字True,否则返回False
ldexp:返回x*(2**i)的值
log:返回x的自然对数，默认以e为基数，base参数给定时，将x的对数返回给定的base,计算式为：log(x)/log(base)
log10:返回x的以10为底的对数
log1p:返回x+1的自然对数(基数为e)的值
log2:返回x的基2对数
modf:返回由x的小数部分和整数部分组成的元组
pi:数字常量，圆周率
pow:返回x的y次方，即x**y
radians:把角度x转换成弧度
sin:求x(x为弧度)的正弦值
sqrt:求x的平方根
tan:返回x(x为弧度)的正切值
trunc:返回x的整数部分
十四urllib模块
urllib.quote(string[,safe]) 对字符串进行编码。参数safe指定了不需要编码的字符
urllib.unquote(string) 对字符串进行解码
urllib.quote_plus(string[,safe]) 与urllib.quote类似，但这个方法用‘+‘来替换‘ ‘，而quote用‘%20‘来代替‘ ‘
urllib.unquote_plus(string ) 对字符串进行解码
urllib.urlencode(query[,doseq]) 将dict或者包含两个元素的元组列表转换成url参数。
例如 字典{‘name‘:‘wklken‘,‘pwd‘:‘123‘}将被转换为”name=wklken&pwd=123″
urllib.pathname2url(path) 将本地路径转换成url路径
urllib.url2pathname(path) 将url路径转换成本地路径
urllib.urlretrieve(url[,filename[,reporthook[,data]]]) 下载远程数据到本地
filename：指定保存到本地的路径（若未指定该，urllib生成一个临时文件保存数据）
reporthook：回调函数，当连接上服务器、以及相应的数据块传输完毕的时候会触发该回调
data：指post到服务器的数据
rulrs = urllib.urlopen(url[,data[,proxies]]) 抓取网页信息，[data]post数据到Url,proxies设置的代理
urlrs.readline() 跟文件对象使用一样
urlrs.readlines() 跟文件对象使用一样
urlrs.fileno() 跟文件对象使用一样
urlrs.close() 跟文件对象使用一样
urlrs.info() 返回一个httplib.HTTPMessage对象，表示远程服务器返回的头信息
urlrs.getcode() 获取请求返回状态HTTP状态码
urlrs.geturl() 返回请求的URL
十五logging模块
函数式简单配置
import logging
logging.debug('debug message')
logging.info('info message')
logging.warning('warning message')
logging.error('error message')
logging.critical('critical message')
输出结果：
C:\Python3.6\python.exe H:/test/loggin模块/test1.py
WARNING:root:warning message
ERROR:root:error message
CRITICAL:root:critical message 进程已结束,退出代码0
默认情况下Python的logging模块将日志打印到了标准输出中，且只显示了大于等于WARNING级别的日志，
这说明默认的日志级别设置为WARNING（日志级别等级CRITICAL > ERROR > WARNING > INFO > DEBUG），
默认的日志格式为日志级别：Logger名称：用户输出消息。
灵活配置日志级别，日志格式，输出位置:
配置参数：
logging.basicConfig()函数中可通过具体参数来更改logging模块默认行为，可用参数有： filename：用指定的文件名创建FiledHandler，这样日志会被存储在指定的文件中。
filemode：文件打开方式，在指定了filename时使用这个参数，默认值为“a”还可指定为“w”。
format：指定handler使用的日志显示格式。
datefmt：指定日期时间格式。
level：设置rootlogger（后边会讲解具体概念）的日志级别
stream：用指定的stream创建StreamHandler。可以指定输出到sys.stderr,sys.stdout或者文件(f=open(‘test.log’,’w’))，默认为sys.stderr。
若同时列出了filename和stream两个参数，则stream参数会被忽略。 format参数中可能用到的格式化串：
%(name)s Logger的名字
%(levelno)s 数字形式的日志级别
%(levelname)s 文本形式的日志级别
%(pathname)s 调用日志输出函数的模块的完整路径名，可能没有
%(filename)s 调用日志输出函数的模块的文件名
%(module)s 调用日志输出函数的模块名
%(funcName)s 调用日志输出函数的函数名
%(lineno)d 调用日志输出函数的语句所在的代码行
%(created)f 当前时间，用UNIX标准的表示时间的浮 点数表示
%(relativeCreated)d 输出日志信息时的，自Logger创建以 来的毫秒数
%(asctime)s 字符串形式的当前时间。默认格式是 “2003-07-08 16:49:45,896”。逗号后面的是毫秒
%(thread)d 线程ID。可能没有
%(threadName)s 线程名。可能没有
%(process)d 进程ID。可能没有
%(message)s用户输出的消息
logger对象配置
import logging logger = logging.getLogger()
# 创建一个handler，用于写入日志文件
fh = logging.FileHandler('test.log',encoding='utf-8') # 再创建一个handler，用于输出到控制台
ch = logging.StreamHandler()
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s') fh.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) fh.setFormatter(formatter)
ch.setFormatter(formatter) logger.addHandler(fh) #logger对象可以添加多个fh和ch对象
logger.addHandler(ch) logger.debug('logger debug message')
logger.info('logger info message')
logger.warning('logger warning message')
logger.error('logger error message')
logger.critical('logger critical message')
logging库提供了多个组件：Logger、Handler、Filter、Formatter。
Logger对象提供应用程序可直接使用的接口，Handler发送日志到适当的目的地，Filter提供了过滤日志信息的方法，Formatter指定日志显示格式。
另外，可以通过：logger.setLevel(logging.Debug)设置级别，当然也可以通过fh.setLevel(logging.Debug)单独对某个日志handler设置级别。
collections模块
在内置数据类型（dict、list、set、tuple）的基础上， collections模块 还提供了几个额外的数据类型：Counter、deque、defaultdict、namedtuple和OrderedDict等。
1.namedtuple: 生成可以使用名字来访问元素内容的tuple
2.deque: 双端队列，可以快速的从另外一侧追加和推出对象
3.Counter: 计数器，主要用来计数
4.OrderedDict: 有序字典
5.defaultdict: 带有默认值的字典
namedtuple
我们知道 tuple 可以表示不变集合，例如，一个点的二维坐标就可以表示成：
>>> p = (1, 2)
但是，看到(1, 2)，很难看出这个tuple是用来表示一个坐标的。也就是说元祖在某些场合并不形象。
这时， namedtuple 就派上了用场：
>>> from collections import namedtuple
>>> Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y'])
>>> p = Point(1, 2)
>>> p.x
1
>>> p.y
2
类似的，如果要用坐标和半径表示一个圆，也可以用 namedtuple 定义：
#namedtuple('名称', [属性list]):
Circle = namedtuple('Circle', ['x', 'y', 'r'])
deque
使用list存储数据时，按索引访问元素很快，但是插入和删除元素就很慢了，因为list是线性存储，数据量大的时候，插入和删除效率很低。
deque是为了高效实现插入和删除操作的双向列表，适合用于队列和栈：
>>> from collections import deque
>>> q = deque(['a', 'b', 'c'])
>>> q.append('x')
>>> q.appendleft('y')
>>> q
deque(['y', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'x'])
deque 除了实现list的 append() 和 pop() 外，还支持 appendleft() 和 popleft() ，这样就可以非常高效地往头部添加或删除元素。
OrderedDict
*Python3.6中，Dict已经可以记住key加入的顺序了。
如果我们要显示保持Key的顺序，可以用 OrderedDict ：
>>> from collections import OrderedDict
>>> d = dict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)])
>>> d # dict的Key是无序的
{'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2}
>>> od = OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)])
>>> od # OrderedDict的Key是有序的
OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)])
注意， OrderedDict 的Key会按照插入的顺序排列，不是Key本身排序：
>>> od = OrderedDict()
>>> od['z'] = 1
>>> od['y'] = 2
>>> od['x'] = 3
>>> od.keys() # 按照插入的Key的顺序返回
['z', 'y', 'x']
defaultdict
有如下值集合 [ 11 , 22 , 33 , 44 , 55 , 66 , 77 , 88 , 99 , 90. ..]，将所有大于 66 的值保存至字典的第一个key中，将小于 66 的值保存至第二个key的值中。
即： { 'k1' : 大于 66 , 'k2' : 小于 66 }
原生字典解决方法：
values = [11, 22, 33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90]
my_dict = {}
for value in values:
if value>66:
if my_dict.has_key('k1'):
my_dict['k1'].append(value)
else:
my_dict['k1'] = [value]
else:
if my_dict.has_key('k2'):
my_dict['k2'].append(value)
else:
my_dict['k2'] = [value]
defaultdict字典解决方法：
from collections import defaultdict values = [11, 22, 33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90] my_dict = defaultdict(list) for value in values:
if value>66:
my_dict['k1'].append(value)
else:
my_dict['k2'].append(value)
使 用 dict 时，如果引用的Key不存在，就会抛出 KeyError 。如果希望key不存在时，返回一个默认值，就可以用 defaultdict ：
>>> from collections import defaultdict
>>> dd = defaultdict(lambda: 'N/A')
>>> dd['key1'] = 'abc'
>>> dd['key1'] # key1存在
'abc'
>>> dd['key2'] # key2不存在，返回默认值
'N/A'
Counter
Counter类的目的是用来跟踪值出现的次数。
它是一个无序的容器类型，以字典的键值对形式存储，其中元素作为key，其计数作为value。
应用示例：
>>> from collections import Counter
>>> c = Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba')
>>> c
Counter({'a': 5, 'b': 4, 'c': 3, 'd': 2, 'e': 1})
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