mysql 关联关系
一 单表查询的语法
SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
WHERE 条件
GROUP BY field
HAVING 筛选
ORDER BY field
LIMIT 限制条数
二 关键字的执行优先级(重点)
重点中的重点：关键字的执行优先级
from
where
group by
having
select
distinct
order by
limit
1.找到表:from
2.拿着where指定的约束条件，去文件/表中取出一条条记录
3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by，如果没有group by，则整体作为一组
4.将分组的结果进行having过滤
5.执行select
6.去重
7.将结果按条件排序：order by
8.限制结果的显示条数
http://www.cnblogs.com/panfb/p/8043563.html
三 简单查询
company.employee
员工id id int
姓名 emp_name varchar
性别 sex enum
年龄 age int
入职日期 hire_date date
岗位 post varchar
职位描述 post_comment varchar
薪水 salary double
办公室 office int
部门编号 depart_id int #创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
); #查看表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |
| age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 28 | |
| hire_date | date | NO | | NULL | |
| post | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| post_comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
| salary | double(15,2) | YES | | NULL | |
| office | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| depart_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ #插入记录
#三个部门：教学，销售，运营
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1), ('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2), ('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
; #ps：如果在windows系统中，插入中文字符，select的结果为空白，可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk
#简单查询
SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id
FROM employee; SELECT * FROM employee; SELECT name,salary FROM employee; #避免重复DISTINCT
SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee; #通过四则运算查询
SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee;
SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee; #定义显示格式
CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串
SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,' 年薪: ', salary*12) AS Annual_salary
FROM employee; CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符
SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',name,salary*12) AS Annual_salary
FROM employee;
小练习：
1 查出所有员工的名字，薪资,格式为
<名字:egon> <薪资:3000>
2 查出所有的岗位（去掉重复）
3 查出所有员工名字，以及他们的年薪,年薪的字段名为annual_year
select concat('<名字:',name,'> ','<薪资:',salary,'>') from employee;
select distinct depart_id from employee;
select name,salary*12 annual_salary from employee;
四 WHERE约束
where字句中可以使用：
1. 比较运算符：> < >= <= <> !=
2. between 80 and 100 值在10到20之间
3. in(80,90,100) 值是10或20或30
4. like 'egon%'
pattern可以是%或_，
%表示任意多字符
_表示一个字符
5. 逻辑运算符：在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not
#1:单条件查询
SELECT name FROM employee
WHERE post='sale'; #2:多条件查询
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000; #3:关键字BETWEEN AND
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000; SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000; #4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号，需要用IS)
SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
WHERE post_comment IS NULL; SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL; SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串，不是null
ps：
执行
update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
再用上条查看，就会有结果了 #5:关键字IN集合查询
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ; SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; #6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
通配符’%’
SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE name LIKE 'eg%'; 通配符’_’
SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE name LIKE 'al__';
小练习：
1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄
2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄
3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-1000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息
5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪
select name,age from employee where post = 'teacher';
select name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30;
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000;
select * from employee where post_comment is not null;
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000);
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);
select name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and name like 'jin%';
五 分组查询:GROUP BY
一 什么是分组？为什么要分组？
#1、首先明确一点：分组发生在where之后，即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的 #2、分组指的是：将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类，比如针对员工信息表的职位分组，或者按照性别进行分组等 #3、为何要分组呢？
取每个部门的最高工资
取每个部门的员工数
取男人数和女人数 小窍门：‘每’这个字后面的字段，就是我们分组的依据 #4、大前提：
可以按照任意字段分组，但是分组完毕后，比如group by post，只能查看post字段，如果想查看组内信息，需要借助于聚合函数
二 ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY
#查看MySQL 5.7默认的sql_mode如下：
mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION #！！！注意
ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY的语义就是确定select target list中的所有列的值都是明确语义，简单的说来，在ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式下，target list中的值要么是来自于聚集函数的结果，要么是来自于group by list中的表达式的值。 #设置sql_mole如下操作(我们可以去掉ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式)：
mysql> set global sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION';
mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
+-------------------+
| @@global.sql_mode |
+-------------------+
| |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from emp group by post;
+----+------+--------+-----+------------+----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
+----+------+--------+-----+------------+----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL | 10000.13 | 403 | 3 |
| 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 402 | 2 |
| 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | NULL | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 |
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | NULL | 7300.33 | 401 | 1 |
+----+------+--------+-----+------------+----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec) #由于没有设置ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,于是也可以有结果，默认都是组内的第一条记录，但其实这是没有意义的 mysql> set global sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> quit #设置成功后，一定要退出，然后重新登录方可生效
Bye mysql> use db1;
Database changed
mysql> select * from emp group by post; #报错
ERROR 1055 (42000): 'db1.emp.id' isn't in GROUP BY
mysql> select post,count(id) from emp group by post; #只能查看分组依据和使用聚合函数
+----------------------------+-----------+
| post | count(id) |
+----------------------------+-----------+
| operation | 5 |
| sale | 5 |
| teacher | 7 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 1 |
+----------------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
三 GROUP BY
单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
注意：我们按照post字段分组，那么select查询的字段只能是post，想要获取组内的其他相关信息，需要借助函数 GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组，并查看组内成员名
SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post; GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组，并查看每个组有多少人
强调：
如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据，则每一条记录自成一组，这种分组没有意义
多条记录之间的某个字段值相同，该字段通常用来作为分组的依据
四 聚合函数
#强调：聚合函数聚合的是组的内容，若是没有分组，则默认一组 示例：
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;
SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;
SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;
SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;
SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;
SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;
五 小练习：
1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字
2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数
3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数
4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资
5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资
6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资
7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资，女员工与女员工的平均薪资
#题1：分组
mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| post | group_concat(name) |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| operation | 张野,程咬金,程咬银,程咬铜,程咬铁 |
| sale | 歪歪,丫丫,丁丁,星星,格格 |
| teacher | alex,wupeiqi,yuanhao,liwenzhou,jingliyang,jinxin,成龙 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | egon |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ #题目2：
mysql> select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| post | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| operation | 5 |
| sale | 5 |
| teacher | 7 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+ #题目3：
mysql> select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex;
+--------+-----------+
| sex | count(id) |
+--------+-----------+
| male | 10 |
| female | 8 |
+--------+-----------+ #题目4：
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
| sale | 2600.294000 |
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 7300.330000 |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+ #题目5
mysql> select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post | max(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation | 20000.00 |
| sale | 4000.33 |
| teacher | 1000000.31 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 7300.33 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+ #题目6
mysql> select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post | min(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation | 10000.13 |
| sale | 1000.37 |
| teacher | 2100.00 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 7300.33 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+ #题目七
mysql> select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;
+--------+---------------+
| sex | avg(salary) |
+--------+---------------+
| male | 110920.077000 |
| female | 7250.183750 |
+--------+---------------+
六 HAVING过滤
HAVING与WHERE不一样的地方在于!!!!!!
#！！！执行优先级从高到低：where > group by > having
#1. Where 发生在分组group by之前，因而Where中可以有任意字段，但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。 #2. Having发生在分组group by之后，因而Having中可以使用分组的字段，无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数
mysql> select @@sql_mode;
+--------------------+
| @@sql_mode |
+--------------------+
| ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from emp where salary > 100000;
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | NULL | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from emp having salary > 100000;
ERROR 1463 (42000): Non-grouping field 'salary' is used in HAVING clause mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post having salary > 10000;#错误，分组后无法直接取到salary字段
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'salary' in 'having clause'
mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| post | group_concat(name) |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| operation | 程咬铁,程咬铜,程咬银,程咬金,张野 |
| teacher | 成龙,jinxin,jingliyang,liwenzhou,yuanhao,wupeiqi,alex |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
小练习：
1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
4. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
#题1：
mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id) < 2;
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| post | group_concat(name) | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | egon | 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+ #题目2：
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
+-----------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+ #题目3：
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;
+-----------+--------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------+--------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
+-----------+--------------+
七 查询排序:ORDER BY
按单列排序
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC; 按多列排序:先按照age排序，如果年纪相同，则按照薪资排序
SELECT * from employee
ORDER BY age,
salary DESC;
小练习：
1. 查询所有员工信息，先按照age升序排序，如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序
2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列
3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列
#题目1
mysql> select * from employee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc; #题目2
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc;
+-----------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+ #题目3
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) desc;
+-----------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------+---------------+
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
| operation | 16800.026000 |
+-----------+---------------+
八 限制查询的记录数:LIMIT
示例：
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 3; #默认初始位置为0 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始，即先查询出第一条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始，即先查询出第6条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
小练习：
1. 分页显示，每页5条
mysql> select * from employee limit 0,5;
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | NULL | 7300.33 | 401 | 1 |
| 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher | NULL | 8300.00 | 401 | 1 |
| 4 | yuanhao | male | 73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher | NULL | 3500.00 | 401 | 1 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher | NULL | 2100.00 | 401 | 1 |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from employee limit 5,5;
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 401 | 1 |
| 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL | 30000.00 | 401 | 1 |
| 8 | 成龙 | male | 48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL | 10000.00 | 401 | 1 |
| 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 402 | 2 |
| 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | NULL | 2000.35 | 402 | 2 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from employee limit 10,5;
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| 11 | 丁丁 | female | 18 | 2011-03-12 | sale | NULL | 1000.37 | 402 | 2 |
| 12 | 星星 | female | 18 | 2016-05-13 | sale | NULL | 3000.29 | 402 | 2 |
| 13 | 格格 | female | 28 | 2017-01-27 | sale | NULL | 4000.33 | 402 | 2 |
| 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL | 10000.13 | 403 | 3 |
| 15 | 程咬金 | male | 18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | NULL | 20000.00 | 403 | 3 |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
九 使用正则表达式查询
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^ale';
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'm{2}';
小结：对字符串匹配的方式
WHERE name = 'egon';
WHERE name LIKE 'yua%';
WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
小练习：
查看所有员工中名字是jin开头，n或者g结果的员工信息
select * from employee where name regexp '^jin.*[gn]$';
一 介绍
本节主题
- 多表连接查询
- 复合条件连接查询
- 子查询
准备表
#建表
create table department(
id int,
name varchar(20)
); create table employee(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
age int,
dep_id int
); #插入数据
insert into department values
(200,'技术'),
(201,'人力资源'),
(202,'销售'),
(203,'运营'); insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
('egon','male',18,200),
('alex','female',48,201),
('wupeiqi','male',38,201),
('yuanhao','female',28,202),
('liwenzhou','male',18,200),
('jingliyang','female',18,204)
; #查看表结构和数据
mysql> desc department;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> desc employee;
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |
| age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| dep_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ mysql> select * from department;
+------+--------------+
| id | name |
+------+--------------+
| 200 | 技术 |
| 201 | 人力资源 |
| 202 | 销售 |
| 203 | 运营 |
+------+--------------+ mysql> select * from employee;
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
二 多表连接查询
#重点：外链接语法 SELECT 字段列表
FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
1 交叉连接：不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积
mysql> select * from employee,department;
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 |
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 200 | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 202 | 销售 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 203 | 运营 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 200 | 技术 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 202 | 销售 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 203 | 运营 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 200 | 技术 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 203 | 运营 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 200 | 技术 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 202 | 销售 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 203 | 运营 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
2 内连接：只连接匹配的行
#找两张表共有的部分，相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果
#department没有204这个部门，因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
| id | name | age | sex | name |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | 18 | male | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | 48 | female | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | 38 | male | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | 28 | female | 销售 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | 18 | male | 技术 |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ #上述sql等同于
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;
3 外链接之左连接：优先显示左表全部记录
#以左表为准，即找出所有员工信息，当然包括没有部门的员工
#本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的结果
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+----+------------+--------------+
| id | name | depart_name |
+----+------------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | 技术 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | 销售 |
| 6 | jingliyang | NULL |
+----+------------+--------------+
4 外链接之右连接：优先显示右表全部记录
#以右表为准，即找出所有部门信息，包括没有员工的部门
#本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加右边有左边没有的结果
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+------+-----------+--------------+
| id | name | depart_name |
+------+-----------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | 销售 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | 技术 |
| NULL | NULL | 运营 |
+------+-----------+--------------+
5 全外连接：显示左右两个表全部记录
全外连接：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果
#注意：mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN
#强调：mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接
select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
union
select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
;
#查看结果
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | NULL | NULL |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 203 | 运营 |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ #注意 union与union all的区别：union会去掉相同的纪录
三 符合条件连接查询
#示例1：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门
select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department
on employee.dep_id = department.id
where age > 25; #示例2：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且以age字段的升序方式显示
select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department
where employee.dep_id = department.id
and age > 25
order by age asc;
四 子查询
#1：子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。
#2：内层查询语句的查询结果，可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
#3：子查询中可以包含：IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
#4：还可以包含比较运算符：= 、 !=、> 、<等
1 带IN关键字的子查询
#查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名
select id,name from department
where id in
(select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25); #查看技术部员工姓名
select name from employee
where dep_id in
(select id from department where name='技术'); #查看不足1人的部门名
select name from department
where id in
(select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having count(id) <=1);
2 带比较运算符的子查询
#比较运算符：=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
#查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄
mysql> select name,age from emp where age > (select avg(age) from emp);
+---------+------+
| name | age |
+---------+------+
| alex | 48 |
| wupeiqi | 38 |
+---------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec) #查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄
select t1.name,t1.age from emp t1
inner join
(select dep_id,avg(age) avg_age from emp group by dep_id) t2
on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id
where t1.age > t2.avg_age;
3 带EXISTS关键字的子查询
EXISTS关字键字表示存在。在使用EXISTS关键字时，内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。
而是返回一个真假值。True或False
当返回True时，外层查询语句将进行查询；当返回值为False时，外层查询语句不进行查询
#department表中存在dept_id=203，Ture
mysql> select * from employee
-> where exists
-> (select id from department where id=200);
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+ #department表中存在dept_id=205，False
mysql> select * from employee
-> where exists
-> (select id from department where id=204);
Empty set (0.00 sec)
练习：查询每个部门最新入职的那位员工
company.employee
员工id id int
姓名 emp_name varchar
性别 sex enum
年龄 age int
入职日期 hire_date date
岗位 post varchar
职位描述 post_comment varchar
薪水 salary double
办公室 office int
部门编号 depart_id int #创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
); #查看表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |
| age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 28 | |
| hire_date | date | NO | | NULL | |
| post | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| post_comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
| salary | double(15,2) | YES | | NULL | |
| office | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| depart_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ #插入记录
#三个部门：教学，销售，运营
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1), ('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2), ('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
; #ps：如果在windows系统中，插入中文字符，select的结果为空白，可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk
SELECT
*
FROM
emp AS t1
INNER JOIN (
SELECT
post,
max(hire_date) max_date
FROM
emp
GROUP BY
post
) AS t2 ON t1.post = t2.post
WHERE
t1.hire_date = t2.max_date;
mysql> select (select t2.name from emp as t2 where t2.post=t1.post order by hire_date desc limit 1) from emp as t1 group by post;
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| (select t2.name from emp as t2 where t2.post=t1.post order by hire_date desc limit 1) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 张野 |
| 格格 |
| alex |
| egon |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select (select t2.id from emp as t2 where t2.post=t1.post order by hire_date desc limit 1) from emp as t1 group by post;
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| (select t2.id from emp as t2 where t2.post=t1.post order by hire_date desc limit 1) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 14 |
| 13 |
| 2 |
| 1 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec) #正确答案
mysql> select t3.name,t3.post,t3.hire_date from emp as t3 where id in (select (select id from emp as t2 where t2.post=t1.post order by hire_date desc limit 1) from emp as t1 group by post);
+--------+-----------------------------------------+------------+
| name | post | hire_date |
+--------+-----------------------------------------+------------+
| egon | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 2017-03-01 |
| alex | teacher | 2015-03-02 |
| 格格 | sale | 2017-01-27 |
| 张野 | operation | 2016-03-11 |
+--------+-----------------------------------------+------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
答案一为正确答案，答案二中的limit 1有问题（每个部门可能有>1个为同一时间入职的新员工），我只是想用该例子来说明可以在select后使用子查询
可以基于上述方法解决：比如某网站在全国各个市都有站点，每个站点一条数据，想取每个省下最新的那一条市的网站质量信息
五 综合练习
init.sql文件内容
/*
数据导入：
Navicat Premium Data Transfer Source Server : localhost
Source Server Type : MySQL
Source Server Version : 50624
Source Host : localhost
Source Database : sqlexam Target Server Type : MySQL
Target Server Version : 50624
File Encoding : utf-8 Date: 10/21/2016 06:46:46 AM
*/ SET NAMES utf8;
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0; -- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for `class`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `class`;
CREATE TABLE `class` (
`cid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`caption` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`cid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; -- ----------------------------
-- Records of `class`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `class` VALUES ('1', '三年二班'), ('2', '三年三班'), ('3', '一年二班'), ('4', '二年九班');
COMMIT; -- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for `course`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `course`;
CREATE TABLE `course` (
`cid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`cname` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
`teacher_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`cid`),
KEY `fk_course_teacher` (`teacher_id`),
CONSTRAINT `fk_course_teacher` FOREIGN KEY (`teacher_id`) REFERENCES `teacher` (`tid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; -- ----------------------------
-- Records of `course`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `course` VALUES ('1', '生物', '1'), ('2', '物理', '2'), ('3', '体育', '3'), ('4', '美术', '2');
COMMIT; -- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for `score`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `score`;
CREATE TABLE `score` (
`sid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`student_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`course_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`num` int(11) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`sid`),
KEY `fk_score_student` (`student_id`),
KEY `fk_score_course` (`course_id`),
CONSTRAINT `fk_score_course` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `course` (`cid`),
CONSTRAINT `fk_score_student` FOREIGN KEY (`student_id`) REFERENCES `student` (`sid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=53 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; -- ----------------------------
-- Records of `score`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `score` VALUES ('1', '1', '1', '10'), ('2', '1', '2', '9'), ('5', '1', '4', '66'), ('6', '2', '1', '8'), ('8', '2', '3', '68'), ('9', '2', '4', '99'), ('10', '3', '1', '77'), ('11', '3', '2', '66'), ('12', '3', '3', '87'), ('13', '3', '4', '99'), ('14', '4', '1', '79'), ('15', '4', '2', '11'), ('16', '4', '3', '67'), ('17', '4', '4', '100'), ('18', '5', '1', '79'), ('19', '5', '2', '11'), ('20', '5', '3', '67'), ('21', '5', '4', '100'), ('22', '6', '1', '9'), ('23', '6', '2', '100'), ('24', '6', '3', '67'), ('25', '6', '4', '100'), ('26', '7', '1', '9'), ('27', '7', '2', '100'), ('28', '7', '3', '67'), ('29', '7', '4', '88'), ('30', '8', '1', '9'), ('31', '8', '2', '100'), ('32', '8', '3', '67'), ('33', '8', '4', '88'), ('34', '9', '1', '91'), ('35', '9', '2', '88'), ('36', '9', '3', '67'), ('37', '9', '4', '22'), ('38', '10', '1', '90'), ('39', '10', '2', '77'), ('40', '10', '3', '43'), ('41', '10', '4', '87'), ('42', '11', '1', '90'), ('43', '11', '2', '77'), ('44', '11', '3', '43'), ('45', '11', '4', '87'), ('46', '12', '1', '90'), ('47', '12', '2', '77'), ('48', '12', '3', '43'), ('49', '12', '4', '87'), ('52', '13', '3', '87');
COMMIT; -- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for `student`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `student`;
CREATE TABLE `student` (
`sid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`gender` char(1) NOT NULL,
`class_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`sname` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`sid`),
KEY `fk_class` (`class_id`),
CONSTRAINT `fk_class` FOREIGN KEY (`class_id`) REFERENCES `class` (`cid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=17 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; -- ----------------------------
-- Records of `student`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `student` VALUES ('1', '男', '1', '理解'), ('2', '女', '1', '钢蛋'), ('3', '男', '1', '张三'), ('4', '男', '1', '张一'), ('5', '女', '1', '张二'), ('6', '男', '1', '张四'), ('7', '女', '2', '铁锤'), ('8', '男', '2', '李三'), ('9', '男', '2', '李一'), ('10', '女', '2', '李二'), ('11', '男', '2', '李四'), ('12', '女', '3', '如花'), ('13', '男', '3', '刘三'), ('14', '男', '3', '刘一'), ('15', '女', '3', '刘二'), ('16', '男', '3', '刘四');
COMMIT; -- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for `teacher`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `teacher`;
CREATE TABLE `teacher` (
`tid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`tname` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`tid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; -- ----------------------------
-- Records of `teacher`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `teacher` VALUES ('1', '张磊老师'), ('2', '李平老师'), ('3', '刘海燕老师'), ('4', '朱云海老师'), ('5', '李杰老师');
COMMIT; SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;
从init.sql文件中导入数据
#准备表、记录
mysql> create database db1;
mysql> use db1;
mysql> source /root/init.sql
！！！重中之重：练习之前务必搞清楚sql逻辑查询语句的执行顺序
链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/panfb/p/8043563.html
1、查询所有的课程的名称以及对应的任课老师姓名 2、查询学生表中男女生各有多少人 3、查询物理成绩等于100的学生的姓名 4、查询平均成绩大于八十分的同学的姓名和平均成绩 5、查询所有学生的学号，姓名，选课数，总成绩 6、 查询姓李老师的个数 7、 查询没有报李平老师课的学生姓名 8、 查询物理课程比生物课程高的学生的学号 9、 查询没有同时选修物理课程和体育课程的学生姓名 10、查询挂科超过两门(包括两门)的学生姓名和班级 11 、查询选修了所有课程的学生姓名 12、查询李平老师教的课程的所有成绩记录 13、查询全部学生都选修了的课程号和课程名 14、查询每门课程被选修的次数 15、查询之选修了一门课程的学生姓名和学号 16、查询所有学生考出的成绩并按从高到低排序（成绩去重） 17、查询平均成绩大于85的学生姓名和平均成绩 18、查询生物成绩不及格的学生姓名和对应生物分数 19、查询在所有选修了李平老师课程的学生中，这些课程(李平老师的课程，不是所有课程)平均成绩最高的学生姓名 20、查询每门课程成绩最好的前两名学生姓名 21、查询不同课程但成绩相同的学号，课程号，成绩 22、查询没学过“叶平”老师课程的学生姓名以及选修的课程名称； 23、查询所有选修了学号为1的同学选修过的一门或者多门课程的同学学号和姓名； 24、任课最多的老师中学生单科成绩最高的学生姓名
参考答案:http://www.cnblogs.com/panfb/p/8043651.html
一 介绍
本节主题
- 多表连接查询
- 复合条件连接查询
- 子查询
准备表
#建表
create table department(
id int,
name varchar(20)
); create table employee(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
age int,
dep_id int
); #插入数据
insert into department values
(200,'技术'),
(201,'人力资源'),
(202,'销售'),
(203,'运营'); insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
('egon','male',18,200),
('alex','female',48,201),
('wupeiqi','male',38,201),
('yuanhao','female',28,202),
('liwenzhou','male',18,200),
('jingliyang','female',18,204)
; #查看表结构和数据
mysql> desc department;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> desc employee;
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |
| age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| dep_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ mysql> select * from department;
+------+--------------+
| id | name |
+------+--------------+
| 200 | 技术 |
| 201 | 人力资源 |
| 202 | 销售 |
| 203 | 运营 |
+------+--------------+ mysql> select * from employee;
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
二 多表连接查询
#重点：外链接语法 SELECT 字段列表
FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
1 交叉连接：不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积
mysql> select * from employee,department;
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 |
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 200 | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 202 | 销售 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 203 | 运营 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 200 | 技术 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 202 | 销售 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 203 | 运营 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 200 | 技术 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 203 | 运营 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 200 | 技术 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 202 | 销售 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 203 | 运营 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
2 内连接：只连接匹配的行
#找两张表共有的部分，相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果
#department没有204这个部门，因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
| id | name | age | sex | name |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | 18 | male | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | 48 | female | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | 38 | male | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | 28 | female | 销售 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | 18 | male | 技术 |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ #上述sql等同于
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;
3 外链接之左连接：优先显示左表全部记录
#以左表为准，即找出所有员工信息，当然包括没有部门的员工
#本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的结果
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+----+------------+--------------+
| id | name | depart_name |
+----+------------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | 技术 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | 销售 |
| 6 | jingliyang | NULL |
+----+------------+--------------+
4 外链接之右连接：优先显示右表全部记录
#以右表为准，即找出所有部门信息，包括没有员工的部门
#本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加右边有左边没有的结果
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+------+-----------+--------------+
| id | name | depart_name |
+------+-----------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | 销售 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | 技术 |
| NULL | NULL | 运营 |
+------+-----------+--------------+
5 全外连接：显示左右两个表全部记录
全外连接：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果
#注意：mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN
#强调：mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接
select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
union
select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
;
#查看结果
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | NULL | NULL |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 203 | 运营 |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ #注意 union与union all的区别：union会去掉相同的纪录
三 符合条件连接查询
#示例1：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门
select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department
on employee.dep_id = department.id
where age > 25; #示例2：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且以age字段的升序方式显示
select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department
where employee.dep_id = department.id
and age > 25
order by age asc;
四 子查询
#1：子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。
#2：内层查询语句的查询结果，可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
#3：子查询中可以包含：IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
#4：还可以包含比较运算符：= 、 !=、> 、<等
1 带IN关键字的子查询
#查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名
select id,name from department
where id in
(select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25); #查看技术部员工姓名
select name from employee
where dep_id in
(select id from department where name='技术'); #查看不足1人的部门名
select name from department
where id in
(select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having count(id) <=1);
2 带比较运算符的子查询
#比较运算符：=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
#查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄
mysql> select name,age from emp where age > (select avg(age) from emp);
+---------+------+
| name | age |
+---------+------+
| alex | 48 |
| wupeiqi | 38 |
+---------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec) #查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄
select t1.name,t1.age from emp t1
inner join
(select dep_id,avg(age) avg_age from emp group by dep_id) t2
on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id
where t1.age > t2.avg_age;
3 带EXISTS关键字的子查询
EXISTS关字键字表示存在。在使用EXISTS关键字时，内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。
而是返回一个真假值。True或False
当返回True时，外层查询语句将进行查询；当返回值为False时，外层查询语句不进行查询
#department表中存在dept_id=203，Ture
mysql> select * from employee
-> where exists
-> (select id from department where id=200);
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+ #department表中存在dept_id=205，False
mysql> select * from employee
-> where exists
-> (select id from department where id=204);
Empty set (0.00 sec)
练习：查询每个部门最新入职的那位员工
company.employee
员工id id int
姓名 emp_name varchar
性别 sex enum
年龄 age int
入职日期 hire_date date
岗位 post varchar
职位描述 post_comment varchar
薪水 salary double
办公室 office int
部门编号 depart_id int #创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
); #查看表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |
| age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 28 | |
| hire_date | date | NO | | NULL | |
| post | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| post_comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
| salary | double(15,2) | YES | | NULL | |
| office | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| depart_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ #插入记录
#三个部门：教学，销售，运营
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('alex','male',78,'','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龙','male',48,'','teacher',10000,401,1), ('歪歪','female',48,'','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'','sale',4000.33,402,2), ('张野','male',28,'','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'','operation',17000,403,3)
; #ps：如果在windows系统中，插入中文字符，select的结果为空白，可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk
SELECT
*
FROM
emp AS t1
INNER JOIN (
SELECT
post,
max(hire_date) max_date
FROM
emp
GROUP BY
post
) AS t2 ON t1.post = t2.post
WHERE
t1.hire_date = t2.max_date;
mysql> select (select t2.name from emp as t2 where t2.post=t1.post order by hire_date desc limit 1) from emp as t1 group by post;
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| (select t2.name from emp as t2 where t2.post=t1.post order by hire_date desc limit 1) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 张野 |
| 格格 |
| alex |
| egon |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select (select t2.id from emp as t2 where t2.post=t1.post order by hire_date desc limit 1) from emp as t1 group by post;
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| (select t2.id from emp as t2 where t2.post=t1.post order by hire_date desc limit 1) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 14 |
| 13 |
| 2 |
| 1 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec) #正确答案
mysql> select t3.name,t3.post,t3.hire_date from emp as t3 where id in (select (select id from emp as t2 where t2.post=t1.post order by hire_date desc limit 1) from emp as t1 group by post);
+--------+-----------------------------------------+------------+
| name | post | hire_date |
+--------+-----------------------------------------+------------+
| egon | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 2017-03-01 |
| alex | teacher | 2015-03-02 |
| 格格 | sale | 2017-01-27 |
| 张野 | operation | 2016-03-11 |
+--------+-----------------------------------------+------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
答案一为正确答案，答案二中的limit 1有问题（每个部门可能有>1个为同一时间入职的新员工），我只是想用该例子来说明可以在select后使用子查询
可以基于上述方法解决：比如某网站在全国各个市都有站点，每个站点一条数据，想取每个省下最新的那一条市的网站质量信息
五 综合练习
init.sql文件内容
/*
数据导入：
Navicat Premium Data Transfer Source Server : localhost
Source Server Type : MySQL
Source Server Version : 50624
Source Host : localhost
Source Database : sqlexam Target Server Type : MySQL
Target Server Version : 50624
File Encoding : utf-8 Date: 10/21/2016 06:46:46 AM
*/ SET NAMES utf8;
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0; -- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for `class`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `class`;
CREATE TABLE `class` (
`cid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`caption` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`cid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; -- ----------------------------
-- Records of `class`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `class` VALUES ('', '三年二班'), ('', '三年三班'), ('', '一年二班'), ('', '二年九班');
COMMIT; -- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for `course`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `course`;
CREATE TABLE `course` (
`cid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`cname` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
`teacher_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`cid`),
KEY `fk_course_teacher` (`teacher_id`),
CONSTRAINT `fk_course_teacher` FOREIGN KEY (`teacher_id`) REFERENCES `teacher` (`tid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; -- ----------------------------
-- Records of `course`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `course` VALUES ('', '生物', ''), ('', '物理', ''), ('', '体育', ''), ('', '美术', '');
COMMIT; -- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for `score`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `score`;
CREATE TABLE `score` (
`sid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`student_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`course_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`num` int(11) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`sid`),
KEY `fk_score_student` (`student_id`),
KEY `fk_score_course` (`course_id`),
CONSTRAINT `fk_score_course` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `course` (`cid`),
CONSTRAINT `fk_score_student` FOREIGN KEY (`student_id`) REFERENCES `student` (`sid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=53 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; -- ----------------------------
-- Records of `score`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `score` VALUES ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', ''), ('', '', '', '');
COMMIT; -- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for `student`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `student`;
CREATE TABLE `student` (
`sid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`gender` char(1) NOT NULL,
`class_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`sname` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`sid`),
KEY `fk_class` (`class_id`),
CONSTRAINT `fk_class` FOREIGN KEY (`class_id`) REFERENCES `class` (`cid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=17 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; -- ----------------------------
-- Records of `student`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `student` VALUES ('', '男', '', '理解'), ('', '女', '', '钢蛋'), ('', '男', '', '张三'), ('', '男', '', '张一'), ('', '女', '', '张二'), ('', '男', '', '张四'), ('', '女', '', '铁锤'), ('', '男', '', '李三'), ('', '男', '', '李一'), ('', '女', '', '李二'), ('', '男', '', '李四'), ('', '女', '', '如花'), ('', '男', '', '刘三'), ('', '男', '', '刘一'), ('', '女', '', '刘二'), ('', '男', '', '刘四');
COMMIT; -- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for `teacher`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `teacher`;
CREATE TABLE `teacher` (
`tid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`tname` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`tid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; -- ----------------------------
-- Records of `teacher`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `teacher` VALUES ('', '张磊老师'), ('', '李平老师'), ('', '刘海燕老师'), ('', '朱云海老师'), ('', '李杰老师');
COMMIT; SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;
从init.sql文件中导入数据
#准备表、记录
mysql> create database db1;
mysql> use db1;
mysql> source /root/init.sql
！！！重中之重：练习之前务必搞清楚sql逻辑查询语句的执行顺序
链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/articles/7372774.html
1、查询所有的课程的名称以及对应的任课老师姓名 2、查询学生表中男女生各有多少人 3、查询物理成绩等于100的学生的姓名 4、查询平均成绩大于八十分的同学的姓名和平均成绩 5、查询所有学生的学号，姓名，选课数，总成绩 6、 查询姓李老师的个数 7、 查询没有报李平老师课的学生姓名 8、 查询物理课程比生物课程高的学生的学号 9、 查询没有同时选修物理课程和体育课程的学生姓名 10、查询挂科超过两门(包括两门)的学生姓名和班级 11 、查询选修了所有课程的学生姓名 12、查询李平老师教的课程的所有成绩记录 13、查询全部学生都选修了的课程号和课程名 14、查询每门课程被选修的次数 15、查询之选修了一门课程的学生姓名和学号 16、查询所有学生考出的成绩并按从高到低排序（成绩去重） 17、查询平均成绩大于85的学生姓名和平均成绩 18、查询生物成绩不及格的学生姓名和对应生物分数 19、查询在所有选修了李平老师课程的学生中，这些课程(李平老师的课程，不是所有课程)平均成绩最高的学生姓名 20、查询每门课程成绩最好的前两名学生姓名 21、查询不同课程但成绩相同的学号，课程号，成绩 22、查询没学过“叶平”老师课程的学生姓名以及选修的课程名称； 23、查询所有选修了学号为1的同学选修过的一门或者多门课程的同学学号和姓名； 24、任课最多的老师中学生单科成绩最高的学生姓名
参考答案:http://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/articles/7895711.html
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