Restful Framework （四）
目录
一、分页
试问如果当数据量特别大的时候，你是怎么解决分页的？
- 方式a、记录当前访问页数的数据id
- 方式b、最多显示120页等
- 方式c、只显示上一页，下一页，不让选择页码，对页码进行加密
1、基于limit offset 做分页
from rest_framework.pagination import LimitOffsetPagination
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^app01/(?P<version>[v1|v2]+)/', include('app01.urls')) ]
urls.py
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^index1/', views.IndexView1.as_view()),
url(r'^index2/', views.IndexView2.as_view()),
url(r'^index3/', views.IndexView3.as_view()),
url(r'^index4/', views.IndexView4.as_view()),
url(r'^index5/', views.IndexView5.as_view()), ]
app01.url
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from app01.serializes.myserializes import MySerializes
from rest_framework.pagination import LimitOffsetPagination
from app01 import models # =========== 可以自己进行自定制分页，基于limitoffset===================
class P1(LimitOffsetPagination):
max_limit = 3 # 最大限制默认是None
default_limit =2 # 设置每一页显示多少条
limit_query_param = 'limit' # 往后取几条
offset_query_param = 'offset' # 当前所在的位置 class IndexView2(APIView):
#使用http://127.0.0.1:8080/app01/v1/index2/?offset=2&limit=4可进行判断
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
p1 = P1()#注册分页
page_user_list = p1.paginate_queryset(queryset=user_list,request=request,view=self)
print('打印的是分页的数据',page_user_list)
ser = MySerializes(instance=page_user_list,many=True) #可允许多个
# return Response(ser.data) #不含上一页下一页
return p1.get_paginated_response(ser.data) =======================也可以用下面这种形式===========
class BaseResponse(object):
def __init__(self,code=1000,data=None,error=None):
self.code = code
self.data = data
self.error = error
class IndexView(views.APIView):
'''第二种类表示的方式'''
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
ret = BaseResponse()
try:
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
p1 = P1()
page_user_list = p1.paginate_queryset(queryset=user_list,request=request,view=self)
ser = IndexSerializer(instance=page_user_list,many=True)
ret.data = ser.data
ret.next = p1.get_next_link()
except Exception as e:
ret.code= 1001
ret.error = 'xxxx错误'
return Response(ret.__dict__)
views.py
2、基于页码的分页
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination
# ======================基于页码实现的分页==============
class P2(PageNumberPagination):
#默认每页显示的数据条数
page_size = 2
#获取url参数中设置的每页显示数据条数
page_size_query_param = 'size'
#获取url中传入的页码key
page_query_param = 'page'
#最大支持的每页显示的数据条数
max_page_size = 5 class IndexView3(APIView):
#使用http://127.0.0.1:8080/app01/v1/index3/?page=1&page_size=1可进行判断
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
#实例化分页对象，获取数据库中的分页数据
p2 = P2()
print(p2.page_size_query_description)
page_user_list = p2.paginate_queryset(queryset=user_list,request=request,view=self)
print('打印的是分页的数据',page_user_list) #序列化对象
ser = MySerializes(instance=page_user_list,many=True) #可允许多个 #生成分页和数据
# return Response(ser.data) #不含上一页下一页
return p2.get_paginated_response(ser.data)
views.py
3、基于Cursor的分页
2可能存在性能问题，如果用户吧page给改的很大，查询速度就会很慢。还有一种页码加密的方式，
# =====================基于Cursor的分页============
class P3(CursorPagination):
# URL传入的游标参数
cursor_query_param = 'cursor'
# 默认每页显示的数据条数
page_size = 2
# URL传入的每页显示条数的参数
page_size_query_param = 'size'
# 每页显示数据最大条数
max_page_size = 3 # 根据ID从大到小排列
ordering = "id" class IndexView4(APIView):
#使用http://127.0.0.1:8080/app01/v1/index4/?cursor=cj0xJnA9NA%3D%3D&size=3可进行判断
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id')
p3 = P3()#注册分页
page_user_list = p3.paginate_queryset(queryset=user_list,request=request,view=self)
print('打印的是分页的数据',page_user_list)
ser = MySerializes(instance=page_user_list,many=True) #可允许多个
# return Response(ser.data) #不含上一页下一页
return p3.get_paginated_response(ser.data)
views.py
二、视图
写视图函数可继承的几个类，我们以前经常用到的是APIView，现在我们来了解一下其他的类，其中1、3、4用到的最多
需要导入的类
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
1、APIView
class IndexView2(APIView):
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
ser = MySerializes(instance=user_list,many=True)
return Response(ser.data)
APIView
2、GenericAPIView(APIView)
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
from app01 import models
from app01.serializes.myserializes import MySerializes
from rest_framework.pagination import LimitOffsetPagination
class P1(LimitOffsetPagination):
max_limit = 3 # 最大限制默认是None
default_limit =2 # 设置每一页显示多少条
limit_query_param = 'limit' # 往后取几条
offset_query_param = 'offset' # 当前所在的位置 class IndexView1(GenericAPIView):
queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = MySerializes
pagination_class = P1
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
user_list = self.get_queryset()
p1 = P1() #注册分页
data = p1.paginate_queryset(queryset=user_list,request=request,view=self) #获取分页的数据
ser = self.get_serializer(instance=data,many=True) #序列化
return Response(ser.data)
GenericAPIView
3、 GenericViewSet(ViewSetMixin, generics.GenericAPIView)
增
POST
/users/
删
DELETE
/users/1/
改 #全部修改
PUT
/users/1/
#局部修改
patch
/users/1/
查
GET
/users/
GET
/users/1/
在GET请求的时候如果带ID说明查一条，如果不带则查所有
原始的
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^index/$', views.IndexView.as_view()),
url(r'^index/(?P<pk>\d+)$', views.IndexView.as_view()),
]
urls.py
class IndexView(views.APIView):
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
pk = kwargs.get('pk')
if pk:
pass # 获取单条信息
else:
pass # 获取列表信息
def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
pass
def put(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
pass
def patch(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
pass
def delete(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
pass
views.py
用了GenericViewSet这种方式的时候注意url变了
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^index3/$', views.IndexView3.as_view({'get': 'list','post':'create'})),
url(r'^index3/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.IndexView3.as_view({'get': 'retrieve'})), ]
urls.py
class IndexView3(GenericViewSet):
queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = MySerializes
pagination_class = P1 def list(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
#获取列表信息
return Response('...') def retrieve(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
#获取单条数据
return Response('xxx')
GenericViewSet
4、 ModelViewSet(mixins.CreateModelMixin,mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,mixins.UpdateModelMixin,mixins.DestroyModelMixin,mixins.ListModelMixin,GenericViewSet)
利用ModelViewSet增删改查不用自己写了，内部把增删改查都干了，当满足不了需求的时候我们也可以自定制
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^index4/', views.IndexView4.as_view({'get': 'list','post':'create'})), #获取数据和添加数据
url(r'^index4\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)/', views.IndexView4.as_view({'get': 'list','post':'create'})), #.json想让页面上显示成json格式
url(r'^index4/(?P<pk>\d+)/', views.IndexView4.as_view({'get': 'retrieve', 'delete': 'destroy','put':'partial_update'})), #查看单条，删除，修改数据
url(r'^index4(?P<pk>\d+)\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)/', views.IndexView4.as_view({'get': 'retrieve', 'delete': 'destroy','put':'partial_update'})),
]
urls.py
注意啦：用ModelSerializer这种方法必须要用IndexSerializer(ModelSerializer)这种方式序列化
class P2(PageNumberPagination):
page_size = 3 #每一页显示的条数
page_query_param = 'page' #获取参数中传入的页码
page_size_query_param = 'size' #获取url参数中每页显示的数据条数 max_page_size = 5 class IndexSerializer(ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class IndexView4(ModelViewSet):
queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = IndexSerializer
pagination_class = P2
views.py
自定制
class P2(PageNumberPagination):
page_size = 3 #每一页显示的条数
page_query_param = 'page' #获取参数中传入的页码
page_size_query_param = 'size' #获取url参数中每页显示的数据条数 max_page_size = 5 class IndexSerializer(ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class IndexView4(ModelViewSet):
queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = IndexSerializer
pagination_class = P2 def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
'''获取get请求的所有'''
pass def retrieve(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
'''查看单条数据'''
pass
def destroy(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
'''删除DELETE'''
pass
def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
'''添加数据POST'''
pass
def update(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
'''全部修改PUT'''
pass
def partial_update(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
'''局部修改PATCH'''
pass
基于ModelViewSet自定制
继承关系
三、路由
第一类：自定义路由
# http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/auth/
url(r'^auth/$', views.AuthView.as_view()),
# http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/auth.json # 想要让页面显示json格式
url(r'^auth\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', views.AuthView.as_view()),
# http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/auth/1/
url(r'^auth/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.AuthView.as_view()),
# http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/auth/1.json
url(r'^auth/(?P<pk>\d+)\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', views.AuthView.as_view()),
class AuthView(views.APIView): def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
return Response('...')
第二类：半自动路由
url(r'^index/$', views.IndexView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})),
url(r'^index\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', views.IndexView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})),
url(r'^index/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.IndexView.as_view({'get':'retrieve','delete':'destroy','put':'update','patch':'partial_update'})),
url(r'^index(?P<pk>\d+)\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', views.IndexView.as_view({'get':'retrieve','delete':'destroy','put':'update','patch':'partial_update'})),
class IndexView(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = IndexSerializer
pagination_class = P2
第三类：全自动路由，会自动生成四个url
router = DefaultRouter()
router.register('index',views.IndexViewSet)
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
] class IndexViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = IndexSerializer
pagination_class = P2 class IndexSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__"
四、渲染器
根据 用户请求URL 或 用户可接受的类型，筛选出合适的 渲染组件。
用户请求URL：
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json
用户请求头：
- Accept:text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8
1、. json
访问URL：
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s11_render urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
url(r'^test\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer from .. import models class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class TestView(APIView):
renderer_classes = [JSONRenderer, ] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=True)
return Response(ser.data)
views.py
2、.表格
访问URL：
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=admin
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.admin
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers from rest_framework.renderers import AdminRenderer from .. import models class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class TestView(APIView):
renderer_classes = [AdminRenderer, ] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=True)
return Response(ser.data)
views.py
3、 Form表单
访问URL：
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=form
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.form
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.renderers import AdminRenderer
from rest_framework.renderers import HTMLFormRenderer from .. import models class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class TestView(APIView):
renderer_classes = [HTMLFormRenderer, ] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
return Response(ser.data)
views.py
4、 自定义显示模板
访问URL：
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=html
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.html
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s11_render urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
url(r'^test\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer from .. import models class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class TestView(APIView):
renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer, ] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
return Response(ser.data, template_name='user_detail.html')
views.py
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
{{ user }}
{{ pwd }}
{{ ut }}
</body>
</html>
userdetail.html
5、浏览器格式API+JSON
访问URL：
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=api
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.api
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.renderers import BrowsableAPIRenderer from .. import models class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer(BrowsableAPIRenderer):
def get_default_renderer(self, view):
return JSONRenderer() class TestView(APIView):
renderer_classes = [CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer, ] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
return Response(ser.data, template_name='user_detail.html')
views.py
注意：如果同时多个存在时，自动根据URL后缀来选择渲染器。
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