ServletContext与Web应用以及Spring容器启动

一、ServletContext对象获取Demo

Servlet容器在启动时会加载Web应用，并为每个Web应用创建唯一的ServletContext对象。

可以把ServletContext看作一个Web应用的服务器端组件的共享内存。在ServletContext中可以存放共享数据，有4个读取或者设置共享数据的方法：

方法名	描述
setAttribute(String name, Object object)	把一个对象和属性名绑定，并将这个对象存放在ServletContext中
getAttribute(String name)	根据给定的属性名返回所绑定的对象
removeAttribute(String name)	根据给定的属性名从ServletContext中删除相应的属性
getAttributeNames()	返回一个Enumeration对象，包含了存储在ServletContext对象中所有的属性名

CounterServlet.java

 package com.servletContext.demo;

 import java.io.IOException;

 import javax.servlet.ServletConfig;
 import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
 import javax.servlet.ServletException;
 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

 public class CounterServlet extends HttpServlet {

     @Override
     public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {
         super.init(config);
     }

     @Override
     protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
         doPost(req, resp);
     }

     @Override
     protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

         // 获得ServletContext的引用
         ServletContext context = getServletContext();

         // 从ServletContext读取count属性
         Integer count = (Integer) context.getAttribute("count");

         // 如果没有读到count属性，那么创建count属性，并设置初始值为0
         if(count == null) {
             System.out.println("context中还没有count属性呢");
             count = new Integer(0);
             context.setAttribute("count", count);
         }
         count = count + 1;
         // count增加之后还要写回去，引用为什么还要重新存回去
         context.setAttribute("count", count);
         System.out.println("您是第" + count + "个访问的！");

     }

     @Override
     public void destroy() {
         super.destroy();
     }

 }

从上述代码中可见通过getServletContext()方法可以直接获得ServletContext的引用。

二、Spring和ServletContext的关系

缘何这两货会扯上关系呢？

在使用Spring的时候想必对如下代码肯定熟悉：

 // 获取Spring容器
 ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("bean.xml");

 // 从Spring容器中根据id获得对象的引用
 User user = (User) ctx.getBean("user");

 // 调用对象的方法
 user.add();

这样做是最低级的，也就是通过加载配置文件来获得Spring容器，再来获取对象的应用，在Web项目中，每次都通过加载配置文件显得效率低下，而且繁琐，这里介绍一种另外的方法。想在Web项目启动的时候就把Spring容器也给启动了，不用每次都手动去启动。

这里就用到了上面介绍的ServletContext了，每次Web项目启动的时候都会创建ServletContext对象，而该对象又有一个ServletContextListener的接口，监视ServletContext的创建，这样就可以调用这个接口的回调方法来启动Spring容器了。（但是这里我有个疑问，随着项目启动的不止有ServletContext啊，过滤器好像也随着项目启动，为啥不在过滤器的init()方法里面启动Spring容器呢？）

先来看看这个接口是啥定义：

 package javax.servlet;

 import java.util.EventListener;

 /**
  * Implementations of this interface receive notifications about changes to the
  * servlet context of the web application they are part of. To receive
  * notification events, the implementation class must be configured in the
  * deployment descriptor for the web application.
  */

 public interface ServletContextListener extends EventListener {

     /**
      ** Notification that the web application initialization process is starting.
      * All ServletContextListeners are notified of context initialization before
      * any filter or servlet in the web application is initialized.
      */
     public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent sce);

     /**
      ** Notification that the servlet context is about to be shut down. All
      * servlets and filters have been destroy()ed before any
      * ServletContextListeners are notified of context destruction.
      */
     public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent sce);
 }
 

第一段注释描述的是：这个接口的实现接受和Web应用关联的servlet context的变更的通知。为了接受通知事件，这个类的实现必须在web应用的部署描述符配置。

第二段注释的描述是：通知是在Web应用初始化的时候开始的。所有的ServletContextListeners都会在web应用中任何的filter和servlet初始话之前接收到context初始化的时候通知。

第三段注释的描述是：servlet context将要被关闭的时候的通知。所有的filter和servlet会在任何ServletContextListeners收到context销毁的通知之前就被销毁了。

另外再来看看ServeletContextEvent.java

 package javax.servlet;

 /**
  * This is the event class for notifications about changes to the servlet
  * context of a web application.
  *
  * @see ServletContextListener
  * @since v 2.3
  */
 public class ServletContextEvent extends java.util.EventObject {

     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

     /**
      * Construct a ServletContextEvent from the given context.
      *
      * @param source
      *            - the ServletContext that is sending the event.
      */
     public ServletContextEvent(ServletContext source) {
         super(source);
     }

     /**
      * Return the ServletContext that changed.
      *
      * @return the ServletContext that sent the event.
      */
     public ServletContext getServletContext() {
         return (ServletContext) super.getSource();
     }
 }

public ServletContextEvent(ServletContext source);这个方法是从一个给定的ServletContext构建一个ServletContextEvent。而public ServletContext getServletContext();则是返回已经改变的ServletContext，暂时不知道有啥用，是不是给监听器塞ServletContext用的啊？

想自己也写一个ServletContextListener呢！

 package com.servletContext.demo;

 import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
 import javax.servlet.ServletContextEvent;
 import javax.servlet.ServletContextListener;

 public class MyServletContextListener implements ServletContextListener {

     @Override
     public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent sce) {

         // 从web.xml中拿出添加的参数
         ServletContext ctx = sce.getServletContext();
         String initParam = ctx.getInitParameter("myContextListener");
         System.out.println("我配置的初始化参数为：" + initParam);

         // 利用初始化参数找到配置文件机型初始化
         System.out.println("context初始化了咯");
         System.out.println("这里假装初始化Spring容器.....");

     }

     @Override
     public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent sce) {

         // 在销毁之前获得ServletContext
         ServletContext ctx = sce.getServletContext();

         // 正好刚刚存了一个值进去了，销毁之前拿出来瞅瞅
         Integer count = (Integer) ctx.getAttribute("count");

         System.out.println("在销毁之前，count的值为：" + count);

     }

 }
 

这他喵的居然真的可以！

web.xml为：

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd" id="WebApp_ID" version="2.5">
   <display-name>ServletContext</display-name>
   <welcome-file-list>
     <welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
     <welcome-file>index.htm</welcome-file>
     <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
     <welcome-file>default.html</welcome-file>
     <welcome-file>default.htm</welcome-file>
     <welcome-file>default.jsp</welcome-file>
   </welcome-file-list>

     <!-- 假装为Spring监听器提供启动参数，其实是给ServletContext提供的 -->
     <context-param>
         <param-name>myContextListener</param-name>
         <!-- 这里如果bean.xml在包cn.ssh下，那么就应该写为：cn/ssh/bean.xml -->
         <param-value>这是我设置的值</param-value>
     </context-param>

     <!-- 配置Spring的监听器 -->
     <listener>
         <listener-class>com.servletContext.demo.MyServletContextListener</listener-class>
     </listener>

   <servlet>
     <servlet-name>count</servlet-name>
     <servlet-class>com.servletContext.demo.CounterServlet</servlet-class>
   </servlet>
   <servlet-mapping>
     <servlet-name>count</servlet-name>
     <url-pattern>/counter</url-pattern>
   </servlet-mapping>

 </web-app>

测试结果为：

看来真的是可以了，这里关闭服务器的时候Console中的内容也被清除了，暂时没有看到ServletContext销毁时的消息。

Spring提供的是ContextLoaderListener，这个监听器实现了ServletContextListener接口，可以作为Listener使用，它会在创建的时候自动查找WEB-INF/下的applicationContext.xml文件，因此，如果只有一个配置文件，并且文件名为applicationContext.xml,则只需要在web.xml中加入对Listener的配置就可以。

如果有多个配置文件需要加载，则要考虑使用<context-param.../>元素来确定配置文件的文件名。ContextLoaderListener加载的时候，会查找名为contextConfigLocation的初始化参数。因此<context-param.../>时应该指定参数名为contextConfigLocation。

 <!-- 为Spring监听器提供启动参数 -->
 <context-param>
     <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
     <!-- 这里如果bean.xml在包cn.ssh下，那么就应该写为：cn/ssh/bean.xml -->
     <param-value>classpath:bean.xml</param-value>
 </context-param>

 <!-- 配置Spring的监听器 -->
 <listener>
     <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
 </listener>

如果没有使用contextConfigLocation指定配置文件，则Spring自动查找applicationContext.xml配置文件；如果有contextConfigLocation，则利用该参数确定配置文件。如果无法找到适合的配置文件，Spring将无法初始化。

Spring根据指定的文件创建WebApplicationContext对象，并将其保存在Web应用的ServletContext中。大部分情况下，应用中的Bean无需感受到ApplicationContext的存在，只要用ApplicationContext中的IoC即可。

这个监听器所在的jar包为：

如果需要利用ApplicationContext的实例，可以通过如下代码获取：

 package com.ssh.domain;

 import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

 import org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext;
 import org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext;
 import org.springframework.web.context.support.WebApplicationContextUtils;

 import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
 import com.ssh.test.TestAdd;

 public class TestAction extends ActionSupport {

     @Override
     public String execute() throws Exception {

         HttpServletRequest request = ServletActionContext.getRequest();
         ServletContext servletContext = request.getServletContext();
         // 这里不是通过依赖注入，而是直接从容器中拿
         WebApplicationContext ctx = WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(servletContext);

         // 也可以是下面这样的
         WebApplicationContext ctx1 = (WebApplicationContext)
                 servletContext.getAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE);

         if(ctx == ctx1) {
             System.out.println("两次获得对象是一样的");
         }

         TestAdd testAdd = (TestAdd) ctx.getBean("testAdd");
         testAdd.add();

         return NONE;
     }
 }

TestAdd.java

 package com.ssh.test;

 public class TestAdd {

     public void add( ) {
         System.out.println("通过WebContext获得的而打印....");
     }

 }

测试结果为：http://localhost:8080/spring_struts2/testAction

三、瞧瞧Spring提供的ContextLoaderListener代码是咋写的

打开源码，就蛋疼了，有封装了一下：

 package org.springframework.web.context;

 import javax.servlet.ServletContextEvent;
 import javax.servlet.ServletContextListener;

 /**
  * Bootstrap listener to start up and shut down Spring's root {@link WebApplicationContext}.
  * Simply delegates to {@link ContextLoader} as well as to {@link ContextCleanupListener}.
  *
  * <p>This listener should be registered after {@link org.springframework.web.util.Log4jConfigListener}
  * in {@code web.xml}, if the latter is used.
  *
  * <p>As of Spring 3.1, {@code ContextLoaderListener} supports injecting the root web
  * application context via the {@link #ContextLoaderListener(WebApplicationContext)}
  * constructor, allowing for programmatic configuration in Servlet 3.0+ environments.
  * See {@link org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer} for usage examples.
  *
  * @author Juergen Hoeller
  * @author Chris Beams
  * @since 17.02.2003
  * @see #setContextInitializers
  * @see org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer
  * @see org.springframework.web.util.Log4jConfigListener
  */
 public class ContextLoaderListener extends ContextLoader implements ServletContextListener {

     /**
      * Create a new {@code ContextLoaderListener} that will create a web application
      * context based on the "contextClass" and "contextConfigLocation" servlet
      * context-params. See {@link ContextLoader} superclass documentation for details on
      * default values for each.
      * <p>This constructor is typically used when declaring {@code ContextLoaderListener}
      * as a {@code <listener>} within {@code web.xml}, where a no-arg constructor is
      * required.
      * <p>The created application context will be registered into the ServletContext under
      * the attribute name {@link WebApplicationContext#ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE}
      * and the Spring application context will be closed when the {@link #contextDestroyed}
      * lifecycle method is invoked on this listener.
      * @see ContextLoader
      * @see #ContextLoaderListener(WebApplicationContext)
      * @see #contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent)
      * @see #contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent)
      */
     public ContextLoaderListener() {
     }

     /**
      * Create a new {@code ContextLoaderListener} with the given application context. This
      * constructor is useful in Servlet 3.0+ environments where instance-based
      * registration of listeners is possible through the {@link javax.servlet.ServletContext#addListener}
      * API.
      * <p>The context may or may not yet be {@linkplain
      * org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext#refresh() refreshed}. If it
      * (a) is an implementation of {@link ConfigurableWebApplicationContext} and
      * (b) has <strong>not</strong> already been refreshed (the recommended approach),
      * then the following will occur:
      * <ul>
      * <li>If the given context has not already been assigned an {@linkplain
      * org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext#setId id}, one will be assigned to it</li>
      * <li>{@code ServletContext} and {@code ServletConfig} objects will be delegated to
      * the application context</li>
      * <li>{@link #customizeContext} will be called</li>
      * <li>Any {@link org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextInitializer ApplicationContextInitializer}s
      * specified through the "contextInitializerClasses" init-param will be applied.</li>
      * <li>{@link org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext#refresh refresh()} will be called</li>
      * </ul>
      * If the context has already been refreshed or does not implement
      * {@code ConfigurableWebApplicationContext}, none of the above will occur under the
      * assumption that the user has performed these actions (or not) per his or her
      * specific needs.
      * <p>See {@link org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer} for usage examples.
      * <p>In any case, the given application context will be registered into the
      * ServletContext under the attribute name {@link
      * WebApplicationContext#ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE} and the Spring
      * application context will be closed when the {@link #contextDestroyed} lifecycle
      * method is invoked on this listener.
      * @param context the application context to manage
      * @see #contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent)
      * @see #contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent)
      */
     public ContextLoaderListener(WebApplicationContext context) {
         super(context);
     }

     /**
      * Initialize the root web application context.
      */
     @Override
     public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent event) {
         initWebApplicationContext(event.getServletContext());
     }

     /**
      * Close the root web application context.
      */
     @Override
     public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent event) {
         closeWebApplicationContext(event.getServletContext());
         ContextCleanupListener.cleanupAttributes(event.getServletContext());
     }

 }

源码果然是个好东西，平时敲代码那会注意到这么多细节

这个类不复杂，两个构造方法，外加一个初始化的时候创建Spring容器和服务关闭的时候对容器的清理，封装了之后还要看其他的类，哎。

首先第一段注释是对这个类的描述：

这个启动监听器是用开启和关闭Spring的root的，这里他用了root而不是容器。简单的代理给了ContextLoader和ContextCleanupListener这两个类来处理。

如果这个org.springframework.web.util.Log4jConfigListener被用到了，那么ContextLoaderListener应该在它之后注册。

在Spring3.1中，ContextLoaderListener支持通过ContextLoaderListener(WebApplicationContext)这个构造方法向应用上下文中注入root（也就是Spring的容器），这样可以以编程的方式来配置Servlet 3.0+的环境。

第二段注释是，新建一个ContextLoaderListener的类将会基于Servlet的"contextClass"和"contextCofigLocation"这两个参数来创建web应用的上下文。

翻译的好累啊，反正意思差不多就是这样5555....

来看这段代码：

 /**
 * Initialize the root web application context.
 */
 @Override
 public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent event) {
     initWebApplicationContext(event.getServletContext());
 }

这个initWebApplicationContext方法是ContextLoad.java这个类里面的方法。

 /**
  * Initialize Spring's web application context for the given servlet context,
  * using the application context provided at construction time, or creating a new one
  * according to the "{@link #CONTEXT_CLASS_PARAM contextClass}" and
  * "{@link #CONFIG_LOCATION_PARAM contextConfigLocation}" context-params.
  * @param servletContext current servlet context
  * @return the new WebApplicationContext
  * @see #ContextLoader(WebApplicationContext)
  * @see #CONTEXT_CLASS_PARAM
  * @see #CONFIG_LOCATION_PARAM
  */
 public WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext(ServletContext servletContext) {
     if (servletContext.getAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE) != null) {
             throw new IllegalStateException(
                     "Cannot initialize context because there is already a root application context present - " +
                     "check whether you have multiple ContextLoader* definitions in your web.xml!");
         }

     Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(ContextLoader.class);
     servletContext.log("Initializing Spring root WebApplicationContext");
     if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
         logger.info("Root WebApplicationContext: initialization started");
     }
     long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

     try {
         // Store context in local instance variable, to guarantee that
         // it is available on ServletContext shutdown.
         if (this.context == null) {
             this.context = createWebApplicationContext(servletContext);
         }
         if (this.context instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) {
             ConfigurableWebApplicationContext cwac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) this.context;
             if (!cwac.isActive()) {
                 // The context has not yet been refreshed -> provide services such as
                 // setting the parent context, setting the application context id, etc
                 if (cwac.getParent() == null) {
                     // The context instance was injected without an explicit parent ->
                     // determine parent for root web application context, if any.
                     ApplicationContext parent = loadParentContext(servletContext);
                     cwac.setParent(parent);
                 }
                 configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac, servletContext);
             }
         }
         servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, this.context);

         ClassLoader ccl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
         if (ccl == ContextLoader.class.getClassLoader()) {
             currentContext = this.context;
         }
         else if (ccl != null) {
             currentContextPerThread.put(ccl, this.context);
         }

         if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
             logger.debug("Published root WebApplicationContext as ServletContext attribute with name [" +
                         WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE + "]");
         }
         if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
             long elapsedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;
             logger.info("Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in " + elapsedTime + " ms");
         }

         return this.context;
     }
     catch (RuntimeException ex) {
         logger.error("Context initialization failed", ex);
         servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, ex);
         throw ex;
     }
     catch (Error err) {
         logger.error("Context initialization failed", err);
         servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, err);
         throw err;
     }
 }

ContextLoad.initWebApplicationContext是为给定的servlet context来初始化web应用的上下文的。

业务逻辑解读：

首先从ServletContext中看看有没有Spring创建的这个容器；

然后为ContextLoader存一份实例变量，使得在ServletContext关闭之后仍可以访问；

 this.context = createWebApplicationContext(servletContext);

这句就是创建一个WebApplicationContext相当于我们自己加载配置文件的那个类。

 configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac, servletContext);

这句话也很明显，就是配置并且刷新WebAppCtx的。

 servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, this.context);

这句将创建的Spring的context作为属性放到servletContext中。

 return this.context;

然后就返回了Spring的容器了.....是不是简洁（装逼装不下去了），调用链好长。

暂时只能分析到这里！