python基础之数据类型(一)
Python3 数字(Number)
定义:a=1
特性:
1.只能存放一个值
2.一经定义,不可更改
3.直接访问
分类:整型,长整型,布尔,浮点,复数
python2.*与python3.*关于整型的区别
- python2.* 在32位机器上,整数的位数为32位,取值范围为-2**31~2**31-1,即-2147483648~2147483647
在64位系统上,整数的位数为64位,取值范围为-2**63~2**63-1,即-9223372036854775808~9223372036854775807 python3.*整形长度无限制
Python 数字数据类型用于存储数值。
数据类型是不允许改变的,这就意味着如果改变数字数据类型得值,将重新分配内存空间。
整型工厂函数int()
python2
- class int(object):
- """
- int(x=0) -> int or long
- int(x, base=10) -> int or long
- Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
- are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
- If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
- If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
- Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
- literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
- The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
- interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
- >>> int('0b100', base=0)
- """
- def bit_length(self):
- """ 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """
- """
- int.bit_length() -> int
- Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
- >>> bin(37)
- '0b100101'
- >>> (37).bit_length()
- """
- return 0
- def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ 返回该复数的共轭复数 """
- """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
- pass
- def __abs__(self):
- """ 返回绝对值 """
- """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
- pass
- def __add__(self, y):
- """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
- pass
- def __and__(self, y):
- """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
- pass
- def __cmp__(self, y):
- """ 比较两个数大小 """
- """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
- pass
- def __coerce__(self, y):
- """ 强制生成一个元组 """
- """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
- pass
- def __divmod__(self, y):
- """ 相除,得到商和余数组成的元组 """
- """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
- pass
- def __div__(self, y):
- """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
- pass
- def __float__(self):
- """ 转换为浮点类型 """
- """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
- pass
- def __floordiv__(self, y):
- """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
- pass
- def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- pass
- def __getattribute__(self, name):
- """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
- pass
- def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """
- pass
- def __hash__(self):
- """如果对象object为哈希表类型,返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中,哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等,则哈希值也相等。"""
- """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
- pass
- def __hex__(self):
- """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """
- """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
- pass
- def __index__(self):
- """ 用于切片,数字无意义 """
- """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
- pass
- def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
- """ 构造方法,执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时,自动调用,暂时忽略 """
- """
- int(x=0) -> int or long
- int(x, base=10) -> int or long
- Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
- are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
- If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
- If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
- Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
- literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
- The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
- interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
- >>> int('0b100', base=0)
- # (copied from class doc)
- """
- pass
- def __int__(self):
- """ 转换为整数 """
- """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
- pass
- def __invert__(self):
- """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
- pass
- def __long__(self):
- """ 转换为长整数 """
- """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
- pass
- def __lshift__(self, y):
- """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
- pass
- def __mod__(self, y):
- """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
- pass
- def __mul__(self, y):
- """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
- pass
- def __neg__(self):
- """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """
- pass
- @staticmethod # known case of __new__
- def __new__(S, *more):
- """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
- pass
- def __nonzero__(self):
- """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
- pass
- def __oct__(self):
- """ 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """
- """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
- pass
- def __or__(self, y):
- """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
- pass
- def __pos__(self):
- """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """
- pass
- def __pow__(self, y, z=None):
- """ 幂,次方 """
- """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
- pass
- def __radd__(self, y):
- """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
- pass
- def __rand__(self, y):
- """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
- pass
- def __rdivmod__(self, y):
- """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
- pass
- def __rdiv__(self, y):
- """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
- pass
- def __repr__(self):
- """转化为解释器可读取的形式 """
- """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
- pass
- def __str__(self):
- """转换为人阅读的形式,如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话,则返回解释器课阅读的形式"""
- """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
- pass
- def __rfloordiv__(self, y):
- """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
- pass
- def __rlshift__(self, y):
- """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
- pass
- def __rmod__(self, y):
- """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
- pass
- def __rmul__(self, y):
- """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
- pass
- def __ror__(self, y):
- """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
- pass
- def __rpow__(self, x, z=None):
- """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
- pass
- def __rrshift__(self, y):
- """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
- pass
- def __rshift__(self, y):
- """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
- pass
- def __rsub__(self, y):
- """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
- pass
- def __rtruediv__(self, y):
- """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
- pass
- def __rxor__(self, y):
- """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
- pass
- def __sub__(self, y):
- """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
- pass
- def __truediv__(self, y):
- """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
- pass
- def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs):
- """ 返回数值被截取为整形的值,在整形中无意义 """
- pass
- def __xor__(self, y):
- """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
- pass
- denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
- """ 分母 = 1 """
- """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
- imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
- """ 虚数,无意义 """
- """the imaginary part of a complex number"""
- numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
- """ 分子 = 数字大小 """
- """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
- real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
- """ 实属,无意义 """
- """the real part of a complex number"""
- int
- python2.7
python3
- class int(object):
- """
- int(x=0) -> integer
- int(x, base=10) -> integer
- Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
- are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating point
- numbers, this truncates towards zero.
- If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
- bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
- given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
- by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
- Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
- >>> int('0b100', base=0)
- """
- def bit_length(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """
- """
- int.bit_length() -> int
- Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
- >>> bin(37)
- '0b100101'
- >>> (37).bit_length()
- """
- return 0
- def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ 返回该复数的共轭复数 """
- """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
- pass
- @classmethod # known case
- def from_bytes(cls, bytes, byteorder, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
- """
- int.from_bytes(bytes, byteorder, *, signed=False) -> int
- Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
- The bytes argument must be a bytes-like object (e.g. bytes or bytearray).
- The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the
- integer. If byteorder is 'big', the most significant byte is at the
- beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is 'little', the most
- significant byte is at the end of the byte array. To request the native
- byte order of the host system, use `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.
- The signed keyword-only argument indicates whether two's complement is
- used to represent the integer.
- """
- pass
- def to_bytes(self, length, byteorder, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
- """
- int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, *, signed=False) -> bytes
- Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
- The integer is represented using length bytes. An OverflowError is
- raised if the integer is not representable with the given number of
- bytes.
- The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the
- integer. If byteorder is 'big', the most significant byte is at the
- beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is 'little', the most
- significant byte is at the end of the byte array. To request the native
- byte order of the host system, use `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.
- The signed keyword-only argument determines whether two's complement is
- used to represent the integer. If signed is False and a negative integer
- is given, an OverflowError is raised.
- """
- pass
- def __abs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ abs(self) """
- pass
- def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self+value. """
- pass
- def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self&value. """
- pass
- def __bool__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ self != 0 """
- pass
- def __ceil__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """
- 整数返回自己
- 如果是小数
- math.ceil(3.1)返回4
- """
- """ Ceiling of an Integral returns itself. """
- pass
- def __divmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ 相除,得到商和余数组成的元组 """
- """ Return divmod(self, value). """
- pass
- def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self==value. """
- pass
- def __float__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ float(self) """
- pass
- def __floordiv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self//value. """
- pass
- def __floor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Flooring an Integral returns itself. """
- pass
- def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- pass
- def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return getattr(self, name). """
- pass
- def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- pass
- def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self>=value. """
- pass
- def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self>value. """
- pass
- def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return hash(self). """
- pass
- def __index__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ 用于切片,数字无意义 """
- """ Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list. """
- pass
- def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
- """ 构造方法,执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时,自动调用,暂时忽略 """
- """
- int(x=0) -> integer
- int(x, base=10) -> integer
- Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
- are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating point
- numbers, this truncates towards zero.
- If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
- bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
- given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
- by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
- Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
- >>> int('0b100', base=0)
- # (copied from class doc)
- """
- pass
- def __int__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ int(self) """
- pass
- def __invert__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ ~self """
- pass
- def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self<=value. """
- pass
- def __lshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self<<value. """
- pass
- def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self<value. """
- pass
- def __mod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self%value. """
- pass
- def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self*value. """
- pass
- def __neg__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ -self """
- pass
- @staticmethod # known case of __new__
- def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
- pass
- def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self!=value. """
- pass
- def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self|value. """
- pass
- def __pos__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ +self """
- pass
- def __pow__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return pow(self, value, mod). """
- pass
- def __radd__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return value+self. """
- pass
- def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return value&self. """
- pass
- def __rdivmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return divmod(value, self). """
- pass
- def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return repr(self). """
- pass
- def __rfloordiv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return value//self. """
- pass
- def __rlshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return value<<self. """
- pass
- def __rmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return value%self. """
- pass
- def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return value*self. """
- pass
- def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return value|self. """
- pass
- def __round__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """
- Rounding an Integral returns itself.
- Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
- """
- pass
- def __rpow__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return pow(value, self, mod). """
- pass
- def __rrshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return value>>self. """
- pass
- def __rshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self>>value. """
- pass
- def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return value-self. """
- pass
- def __rtruediv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return value/self. """
- pass
- def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return value^self. """
- pass
- def __sizeof__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Returns size in memory, in bytes """
- pass
- def __str__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return str(self). """
- pass
- def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self-value. """
- pass
- def __truediv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self/value. """
- pass
- def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Truncating an Integral returns itself. """
- pass
- def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ Return self^value. """
- pass
- denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
- """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
- imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
- """the imaginary part of a complex number"""
- numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
- """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
- real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
- """the real part of a complex number"""
- python3.5
长整型long:
- python2.*: 跟C语言不同,Python的长整型没有指定位宽,也就是说Python没有限制长整型数值的大小, 但是实际上由于机器内存有限,所以我们使用的长整型数值不可能无限大。 在使用过程中,我们如何区分长整型和整型数值呢? 通常的做法是在数字尾部加上一个大写字母L或小写字母l以表示该整数是长整型的,例如: a = 9223372036854775808L 注意,自从Python2起,如果发生溢出,Python会自动将整型数据转换为长整型, 所以如今在长整型数据后面不加字母L也不会导致严重后果了。
python3.* 长整型,整型统一归为整型
- python2.7
- >>> a=9223372036854775807
- >>> a
- >>> a+=1
- >>> a
- 9223372036854775808L
- python3.5
- >>> a=9223372036854775807
- >>> a
- >>> a+=1
- >>> a
- 9223372036854775808
以下实例在变量赋值时 Number 对象将被创建:
- var1 = 1
- var2 = 10
int(整型)
- class int(object):
- """
- int(x=0) -> int or long
- int(x, base=10) -> int or long
- Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
- are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
- If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
- If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
- Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
- literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
- The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
- interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
- >>> int('0b100', base=0)
- """
- def bit_length(self):
- """ 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """
- """
- int.bit_length() -> int
- Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
- >>> bin(37)
- '0b100101'
- >>> (37).bit_length()
- """
- return 0
- def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ 返回该复数的共轭复数 """
- """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
- pass
- def __abs__(self):
- """ 返回绝对值 """
- """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
- pass
- def __add__(self, y):
- """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
- pass
- def __and__(self, y):
- """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
- pass
- def __cmp__(self, y):
- """ 比较两个数大小 """
- """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
- pass
- def __coerce__(self, y):
- """ 强制生成一个元组 """
- """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
- pass
- def __divmod__(self, y):
- """ 相除,得到商和余数组成的元组 """
- """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
- pass
- def __div__(self, y):
- """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
- pass
- def __float__(self):
- """ 转换为浮点类型 """
- """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
- pass
- def __floordiv__(self, y):
- """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
- pass
- def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- pass
- def __getattribute__(self, name):
- """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
- pass
- def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- """ 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """
- pass
- def __hash__(self):
- """如果对象object为哈希表类型,返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中,哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等,则哈希值也相等。"""
- """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
- pass
- def __hex__(self):
- """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """
- """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
- pass
- def __index__(self):
- """ 用于切片,数字无意义 """
- """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
- pass
- def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
- """ 构造方法,执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时,自动调用,暂时忽略 """
- """
- int(x=0) -> int or long
- int(x, base=10) -> int or long
- Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
- are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
- If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
- If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
- Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
- literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
- The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
- interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
- >>> int('0b100', base=0)
- # (copied from class doc)
- """
- pass
- def __int__(self):
- """ 转换为整数 """
- """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
- pass
- def __invert__(self):
- """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
- pass
- def __long__(self):
- """ 转换为长整数 """
- """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
- pass
- def __lshift__(self, y):
- """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
- pass
- def __mod__(self, y):
- """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
- pass
- def __mul__(self, y):
- """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
- pass
- def __neg__(self):
- """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """
- pass
- @staticmethod # known case of __new__
- def __new__(S, *more):
- """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
- pass
- def __nonzero__(self):
- """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
- pass
- def __oct__(self):
- """ 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """
- """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
- pass
- def __or__(self, y):
- """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
- pass
- def __pos__(self):
- """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """
- pass
- def __pow__(self, y, z=None):
- """ 幂,次方 """
- """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
- pass
- def __radd__(self, y):
- """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
- pass
- def __rand__(self, y):
- """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
- pass
- def __rdivmod__(self, y):
- """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
- pass
- def __rdiv__(self, y):
- """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
- pass
- def __repr__(self):
- """转化为解释器可读取的形式 """
- """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
- pass
- def __str__(self):
- """转换为人阅读的形式,如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话,则返回解释器课阅读的形式"""
- """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
- pass
- def __rfloordiv__(self, y):
- """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
- pass
- def __rlshift__(self, y):
- """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
- pass
- def __rmod__(self, y):
- """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
- pass
- def __rmul__(self, y):
- """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
- pass
- def __ror__(self, y):
- """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
- pass
- def __rpow__(self, x, z=None):
- """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
- pass
- def __rrshift__(self, y):
- """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
- pass
- def __rshift__(self, y):
- """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
- pass
- def __rsub__(self, y):
- """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
- pass
- def __rtruediv__(self, y):
- """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
- pass
- def __rxor__(self, y):
- """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
- pass
- def __sub__(self, y):
- """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
- pass
- def __truediv__(self, y):
- """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
- pass
- def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs):
- """ 返回数值被截取为整形的值,在整形中无意义 """
- pass
- def __xor__(self, y):
- """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
- pass
- denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
- """ 分母 = 1 """
- """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
- imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
- """ 虚数,无意义 """
- """the imaginary part of a complex number"""
- numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
- """ 分子 = 数字大小 """
- """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
- real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
- """ 实属,无意义 """
- """the real part of a complex number"""
- int
您也可以使用del语句删除一些数字对象的引用。
del语句的语法是:
- del var1[,var2[,var3[....,varN]]]]
您可以通过使用del语句删除单个或多个对象的引用,例如:
- del var
- del var_a, var_b
Python 支持三种不同的数值类型:
- 整型(Int) - 通常被称为是整型或整数,是正或负整数,不带小数点。Python3 整型是没有限制大小的,可以当作 Long 类型使用,所以 Python3 没有 Python2 的 Long 类型。
- 浮点型(float) - 浮点型由整数部分与小数部分组成,浮点型也可以使用科学计数法表示(2.5e2 = 2.5 x 102 = 250)
- 复数( (complex)) - 复数由实数部分和虚数部分构成,可以用a + bj,或者complex(a,b)表示, 复数的实部a和虚部b都是浮点型。
我们可以使用十六进制和八进制来代表整数:
- >>> number = 0xA0F # 十六进制
- >>> number
- 2575
- >>> number=0o37 # 八进制
- >>> number
- 31
int | float | complex |
---|---|---|
10 | 0.0 | 3.14j |
100 | 15.20 | 45.j |
-786 | -21.9 | 9.322e-36j |
080 | 32.3+e18 | .876j |
-0490 | -90. | -.6545+0J |
-0x260 | -32.54e100 | 3e+26J |
0x69 | 70.2-E12 | 4.53e-7j |
- Python支持复数,复数由实数部分和虚数部分构成,可以用a + bj,或者complex(a,b)表示, 复数的实部a和虚部b都是浮点型。
Python 数字类型转换
有时候,我们需要对数据内置的类型进行转换,数据类型的转换,你只需要将数据类型作为函数名即可。
int(x) 将x转换为一个整数。
float(x) 将x转换到一个浮点数。
complex(x) 将x转换到一个复数,实数部分为 x,虚数部分为 0。
complex(x, y) 将 x 和 y 转换到一个复数,实数部分为 x,虚数部分为 y。x 和 y 是数字表达式。
以下实例将浮点数变量 a 转换为整数:
- >>> a = 1.0
- >>> int(a)
- 1
Python 数字运算
Python 解释器可以作为一个简单的计算器,您可以在解释器里输入一个表达式,它将输出表达式的值。
表达式的语法很直白: +, -, * 和 / 和其它语言(如Pascal或C)里一样。例如:
- >>> 2 + 2
- 4
- >>> 50 - 5*6
- 20
- >>> (50 - 5*6) / 4
- 5.0
- >>> 8 / 5 # 总是返回一个浮点数
- 1.6
注意:在不同的机器上浮点运算的结果可能会不一样。
在整数除法中,除法(/)总是返回一个浮点数,如果只想得到整数的结果,丢弃可能的分数部分,可以使用运算符 // :
- >>> 17 / 3 # 整数除法返回浮点型
- 5.666666666666667
- >>>
- >>> 17 // 3 # 整数除法返回向下取整后的结果
- 5
- >>> 17 % 3 # %操作符返回除法的余数
- 2
- >>> 5 * 3 + 2
- 17
等号(=)用于给变量赋值。赋值之后,除了下一个提示符,解释器不会显示任何结果。
- >>> width = 20
- >>> height = 5*9
- >>> width * height
- 900
Python 可以使用 ** 操作来进行幂运算:
- >>> 5 ** 2 # 5 的平方
- 25
- >>> 2 ** 7 # 2的7次方
- 128
变量在使用前必须先"定义"(即赋予变量一个值),否则会出现错误:
- >>> n # 尝试访问一个未定义的变量
- Traceback (most recent call last):
- File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
- NameError: name 'n' is not defined
不同类型的数混合运算时会将整数转换为浮点数:
- >>> 3 * 3.75 / 1.5
- 7.5
- >>> 7.0 / 2
- 3.5
在交互模式中,最后被输出的表达式结果被赋值给变量 _ 。例如:
- >>> tax = 12.5 / 100
- >>> price = 100.50
- >>> price * tax
- 12.5625
- >>> price + _
- 113.0625
- >>> round(_, 2)
- 113.06
此处, _ 变量应被用户视为只读变量。
数学函数
函数 | 返回值 ( 描述 ) |
---|---|
abs(x) | 返回数字的绝对值,如abs(-10) 返回 10 |
ceil(x) | 返回数字的上入整数,如math.ceil(4.1) 返回 5 |
cmp(x, y) |
如果 x < y 返回 -1, 如果 x == y 返回 0, 如果 x > y 返回 1。 Python 3 已废弃 。使用 使用 (x>y)-(x<y) 替换。 |
exp(x) | 返回e的x次幂(ex),如math.exp(1) 返回2.718281828459045 |
fabs(x) | 返回数字的绝对值,如math.fabs(-10) 返回10.0 |
floor(x) | 返回数字的下舍整数,如math.floor(4.9)返回 4 |
log(x) | 如math.log(math.e)返回1.0,math.log(100,10)返回2.0 |
log10(x) | 返回以10为基数的x的对数,如math.log10(100)返回 2.0 |
max(x1, x2,...) | 返回给定参数的最大值,参数可以为序列。 |
min(x1, x2,...) | 返回给定参数的最小值,参数可以为序列。 |
modf(x) | 返回x的整数部分与小数部分,两部分的数值符号与x相同,整数部分以浮点型表示。 |
pow(x, y) | x**y 运算后的值。 |
round(x [,n]) | 返回浮点数x的四舍五入值,如给出n值,则代表舍入到小数点后的位数。 |
sqrt(x) | 返回数字x的平方根,数字可以为负数,返回类型为实数,如math.sqrt(4)返回 2+0j |
随机数函数
随机数可以用于数学,游戏,安全等领域中,还经常被嵌入到算法中,用以提高算法效率,并提高程序的安全性。
Python包含以下常用随机数函数:
函数 | 描述 |
---|---|
choice(seq) | 从序列的元素中随机挑选一个元素,比如random.choice(range(10)),从0到9中随机挑选一个整数。 |
randrange ([start,] stop [,step]) | 从指定范围内,按指定基数递增的集合中获取一个随机数,基数缺省值为1 |
random() | 随机生成下一个实数,它在[0,1)范围内。 |
seed([x]) | 改变随机数生成器的种子seed。如果你不了解其原理,你不必特别去设定seed,Python会帮你选择seed。 |
shuffle(lst) | 将序列的所有元素随机排序 |
uniform(x, y) | 随机生成下一个实数,它在[x,y]范围内。 |
三角函数
Python包括以下三角函数:
函数 | 描述 | |
---|---|---|
acos(x) | 返回x的反余弦弧度值。 | |
asin(x) | 返回x的反正弦弧度值。 | |
atan(x) | 返回x的反正切弧度值。 | |
atan2(y, x) | 返回给定的 X 及 Y 坐标值的反正切值。 | |
cos(x) | 返回x的弧度的余弦值。 | |
hypot(x, y) | 返回欧几里德范数 sqrt(x*x + y*y)。 | |
sin(x) | 返回的x弧度的正弦值。 | |
tan(x) | 返回x弧度的正切值。 | |
degrees(x) | 将弧度转换为角度,如degrees(math.pi/2) , 返回90.0 | |
radians(x) | 将角度转换为弧度 |
数学常量
常量 | 描述 |
---|---|
pi | 数学常量 pi(圆周率,一般以π来表示) |
e | 数学常量 e,e即自然常数(自然常数)。 |
浮点数float:
- Python的浮点数就是数学中的小数,类似C语言中的double。 在运算中,整数与浮点数运算的结果是浮点数 浮点数也就是小数,之所以称为浮点数,是因为按照科学记数法表示时, 一个浮点数的小数点位置是可变的,比如,1.23*109和12.3*108是相等的。
浮点数可以用数学写法,如1.23,3.14,-9.01,等等。但是对于很大或很小的浮点数, 就必须用科学计数法表示,把10用e替代,1.23*109就是1.23e9,或者12.3e8,0.000012 可以写成1.2e-5,等等。 整数和浮点数在计算机内部存储的方式是不同的,
整数运算永远是精确的而浮点数运算则可能会有 四舍五入的误差。
数字相关内建函数
Python3 字符串
字符串是 Python 中最常用的数据类型。我们可以使用引号('或")来创建字符串。
- 定义:它是一个有序的字符的集合,用于存储和表示基本的文本信息,‘’或“”或‘’‘ ’‘’中间包含的内容称之为字符串 特性:
1.只能存放一个值 2.不可变 3.按照从左到右的顺序定义字符集合,下标从0开始顺序访问,有序
补充:
1.字符串的单引号和双引号都无法取消特殊字符的含义,如果想让引号内所有字符均取消特殊意义,在引号前面加r,如name=r'l\thf'
2.unicode字符串与r连用必需在r前面,如name=ur'l\thf'
- 移除空白
- 分割
- 长度
- 索引
- 切片
- class str(basestring):
- """
- str(object='') -> string
- Return a nice string representation of the object.
- If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
- """
- def capitalize(self):
- """ 首字母变大写 """
- """
- S.capitalize() -> string
- Return a copy of the string S with only its first character
- capitalized.
- """
- return ""
- def center(self, width, fillchar=None):
- """ 内容居中,width:总长度;fillchar:空白处填充内容,默认无 """
- """
- S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string
- Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
- done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
- """
- return ""
- def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
- """ 子序列个数 """
- """
- S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
- Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
- string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
- as in slice notation.
- """
- return 0
- def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
- """ 解码 """
- """
- S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
- Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
- to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
- handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
- a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
- as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
- able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
- """
- return object()
- def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
- """ 编码,针对unicode """
- """
- S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
- Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
- to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
- handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
- a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
- 'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
- codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
- """
- return object()
- def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None):
- """ 是否以 xxx 结束 """
- """
- S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
- Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
- With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
- With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
- suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
- """
- return False
- def expandtabs(self, tabsize=None):
- """ 将tab转换成空格,默认一个tab转换成8个空格 """
- """
- S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string
- Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
- If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
- """
- return ""
- def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
- """ 寻找子序列位置,如果没找到,返回 -1 """
- """
- S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
- Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
- such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
- arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
- Return -1 on failure.
- """
- return 0
- def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
- """ 字符串格式化,动态参数,将函数式编程时细说 """
- """
- S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string
- Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
- The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
- """
- pass
- def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
- """ 子序列位置,如果没找到,报错 """
- S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
- Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
- """
- return 0
- def isalnum(self):
- """ 是否是字母和数字 """
- """
- S.isalnum() -> bool
- Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
- and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
- """
- return False
- def isalpha(self):
- """ 是否是字母 """
- """
- S.isalpha() -> bool
- Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
- and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
- """
- return False
- def isdigit(self):
- """ 是否是数字 """
- """
- S.isdigit() -> bool
- Return True if all characters in S are digits
- and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
- """
- return False
- def islower(self):
- """ 是否小写 """
- """
- S.islower() -> bool
- Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
- at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
- """
- return False
- def isspace(self):
- """
- S.isspace() -> bool
- Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
- and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
- """
- return False
- def istitle(self):
- """
- S.istitle() -> bool
- Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
- character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
- characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
- otherwise.
- """
- return False
- def isupper(self):
- """
- S.isupper() -> bool
- Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
- at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
- """
- return False
- def join(self, iterable):
- """ 连接 """
- """
- S.join(iterable) -> string
- Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
- iterable. The separator between elements is S.
- """
- return ""
- def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None):
- """ 内容左对齐,右侧填充 """
- """
- S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
- Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
- done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
- """
- return ""
- def lower(self):
- """ 变小写 """
- """
- S.lower() -> string
- Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
- """
- return ""
- def lstrip(self, chars=None):
- """ 移除左侧空白 """
- """
- S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
- Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
- If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
- If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
- """
- return ""
- def partition(self, sep):
- """ 分割,前,中,后三部分 """
- """
- S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
- Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
- the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not
- found, return S and two empty strings.
- """
- pass
- def replace(self, old, new, count=None):
- """ 替换 """
- """
- S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string
- Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring
- old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is
- given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
- """
- return ""
- def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
- """
- S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
- Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
- such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
- arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
- Return -1 on failure.
- """
- return 0
- def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
- """
- S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
- Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
- """
- return 0
- def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None):
- """
- S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
- Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
- done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
- """
- return ""
- def rpartition(self, sep):
- """
- S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
- Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
- the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the
- separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
- """
- pass
- def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
- """
- S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
- Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
- delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
- to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
- done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
- is a separator.
- """
- return []
- def rstrip(self, chars=None):
- """
- S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
- Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
- If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
- If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
- """
- return ""
- def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
- """ 分割, maxsplit最多分割几次 """
- """
- S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
- Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
- delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
- splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
- whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed
- from the result.
- """
- return []
- def splitlines(self, keepends=False):
- """ 根据换行分割 """
- """
- S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings
- Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
- Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
- is given and true.
- """
- return []
- def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None):
- """ 是否起始 """
- """
- S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
- Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
- With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
- With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
- prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
- """
- return False
- def strip(self, chars=None):
- """ 移除两段空白 """
- """
- S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode
- Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
- whitespace removed.
- If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
- If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
- """
- return ""
- def swapcase(self):
- """ 大写变小写,小写变大写 """
- """
- S.swapcase() -> string
- Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters
- converted to lowercase and vice versa.
- """
- return ""
- def title(self):
- """
- S.title() -> string
- Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase
- characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
- """
- return ""
- def translate(self, table, deletechars=None):
- """
- 转换,需要先做一个对应表,最后一个表示删除字符集合
- intab = "aeiou"
- outtab = "12345"
- trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab)
- str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
- print str.translate(trantab, 'xm')
- """
- """
- S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string
- Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring
- in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the
- remaining characters have been mapped through the given
- translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None.
- If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and
- the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars.
- """
- return ""
- def upper(self):
- """
- S.upper() -> string
- Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.
- """
- return ""
- def zfill(self, width):
- """方法返回指定长度的字符串,原字符串右对齐,前面填充0。"""
- """
- S.zfill(width) -> string
- Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
- of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.
- """
- return ""
- def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- pass
- def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- pass
- def __add__(self, y):
- """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
- pass
- def __contains__(self, y):
- """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
- pass
- def __eq__(self, y):
- """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
- pass
- def __format__(self, format_spec):
- """
- S.__format__(format_spec) -> string
- Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
- """
- return ""
- def __getattribute__(self, name):
- """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
- pass
- def __getitem__(self, y):
- """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
- pass
- def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
- pass
- def __getslice__(self, i, j):
- """
- x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
- Use of negative indices is not supported.
- """
- pass
- def __ge__(self, y):
- """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
- pass
- def __gt__(self, y):
- """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
- pass
- def __hash__(self):
- """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
- pass
- def __init__(self, string=''): # known special case of str.__init__
- """
- str(object='') -> string
- Return a nice string representation of the object.
- If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
- # (copied from class doc)
- """
- pass
- def __len__(self):
- """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
- pass
- def __le__(self, y):
- """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
- pass
- def __lt__(self, y):
- """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
- pass
- def __mod__(self, y):
- """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
- pass
- def __mul__(self, n):
- """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
- pass
- @staticmethod # known case of __new__
- def __new__(S, *more):
- """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
- pass
- def __ne__(self, y):
- """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
- pass
- def __repr__(self):
- """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
- pass
- def __rmod__(self, y):
- """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
- pass
- def __rmul__(self, n):
- """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
- pass
- def __sizeof__(self):
- """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
- pass
- def __str__(self):
- """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
- pass
- str
- num = "1" #unicode
- num.isdigit() # True
- num.isdecimal() # True
- num.isnumeric() # True
- num = "1" # 全角
- num.isdigit() # True
- num.isdecimal() # True
- num.isnumeric() # True
- num = b"1" # byte
- num.isdigit() # True
- num.isdecimal() # AttributeError 'bytes' object has no attribute 'isdecimal'
- num.isnumeric() # AttributeError 'bytes' object has no attribute 'isnumeric'
- num = "IV" # 罗马数字
- num.isdigit() # True
- num.isdecimal() # False
- num.isnumeric() # True
- num = "四" # 汉字
- num.isdigit() # False
- num.isdecimal() # False
- num.isnumeric() # True
- ===================
- isdigit()
- True: Unicode数字,byte数字(单字节),全角数字(双字节),罗马数字
- False: 汉字数字
- Error: 无
- isdecimal()
- True: Unicode数字,,全角数字(双字节)
- False: 罗马数字,汉字数字
- Error: byte数字(单字节)
- isnumeric()
- True: Unicode数字,全角数字(双字节),罗马数字,汉字数字
- False: 无
- Error: byte数字(单字节)
- ================
- import unicodedata
- unicodedata.digit("2") # 2
- unicodedata.decimal("2") # 2
- unicodedata.numeric("2") # 2.0
- unicodedata.digit("2") # 2
- unicodedata.decimal("2") # 2
- unicodedata.numeric("2") # 2.0
- unicodedata.digit(b"3") # TypeError: must be str, not bytes
- unicodedata.decimal(b"3") # TypeError: must be str, not bytes
- unicodedata.numeric(b"3") # TypeError: must be str, not bytes
- unicodedata.digit("Ⅷ") # ValueError: not a digit
- unicodedata.decimal("Ⅷ") # ValueError: not a decimal
- unicodedata.numeric("Ⅷ") # 8.0
- unicodedata.digit("四") # ValueError: not a digit
- unicodedata.decimal("四") # ValueError: not a decimal
- unicodedata.numeric("四") # 4.0
- #"〇","零","一","壱","二","弐","三","参","四","五","六","七","八","九","十","廿","卅","卌","百","千","万","万","亿"
- python中str函数isdigit、isdecimal、isnumeric的区别
创建字符串很简单,只要为变量分配一个值即可。例如:
- var1 = 'Hello World!'
- var2 = "Runoob"
Python 访问字符串中的值
Python 不支持单字符类型,单字符也在Python也是作为一个字符串使用。
Python 访问子字符串,可以使用方括号来截取字符串,如下实例:
- #!/usr/bin/python3
- var1 = 'Hello World!'
- var2 = "Runoob"
- print ("var1[0]: ", var1[0])
- print ("var2[1:5]: ", var2[1:5])
以上实例执行结果:
- var1[0]: H
- var2[1:5]: unoo
Python字符串更新
你可以对已存在的字符串进行修改,并赋值给另一个变量,如下实例:
- #!/usr/bin/python3
- var1 = 'Hello World!'
- print ("已更新字符串 : ", var1[:6] + 'Runoob!')
以上实例执行结果
- 已更新字符串 : Hello Runoob!
Python转义字符
在需要在字符中使用特殊字符时,python用反斜杠(\)转义字符。如下表:
转义字符 | 描述 |
---|---|
\(在行尾时) | 续行符 |
\\ | 反斜杠符号 |
\' | 单引号 |
\" | 双引号 |
\a | 响铃 |
\b | 退格(Backspace) |
\e | 转义 |
\000 | 空 |
\n | 换行 |
\v | 纵向制表符 |
\t | 横向制表符 |
\r | 回车 |
\f | 换页 |
\oyy | 八进制数,yy代表的字符,例如:\o12代表换行 |
\xyy | 十六进制数,yy代表的字符,例如:\x0a代表换行 |
\other | 其它的字符以普通格式输出 |
Python字符串运算符
下表实例变量a值为字符串 "Hello",b变量值为 "Python":
操作符 | 描述 | 实例 |
---|---|---|
+ | 字符串连接 | a + b 输出结果: HelloPython |
* | 重复输出字符串 | a*2 输出结果:HelloHello |
[] | 通过索引获取字符串中字符 | a[1] 输出结果 e |
[ : ] | 截取字符串中的一部分 | a[1:4] 输出结果 ell |
in | 成员运算符 - 如果字符串中包含给定的字符返回 True | H in a 输出结果 1 |
not in | 成员运算符 - 如果字符串中不包含给定的字符返回 True | M not in a 输出结果 1 |
r/R | 原始字符串 - 原始字符串:所有的字符串都是直接按照字面的意思来使用,没有转义特殊或不能打印的字符。 原始字符串除在字符串的第一个引号前加上字母"r"(可以大小写)以外,与普通字符串有着几乎完全相同的语法。 |
print r'\n' prints \n 和 print R'\n' prints \n |
% | 格式字符串 | 请看下一节内容。 |
实例
- #!/usr/bin/python3
- a = "Hello"
- b = "Python"
- print("a + b 输出结果:", a + b)
- print("a * 2 输出结果:", a * 2)
- print("a[1] 输出结果:", a[1])
- print("a[1:4] 输出结果:", a[1:4])
- if( "H" in a) :
- print("H 在变量 a 中")
- else :
- print("H 不在变量 a 中")
- if( "M" not in a) :
- print("M 不在变量 a 中")
- else :
- print("M 在变量 a 中")
- print (r'\n')
- print (R'\n')
以上实例输出结果为:
- a + b 输出结果: HelloPython
- a * 2 输出结果: HelloHello
- a[1] 输出结果: e
- a[1:4] 输出结果: ell
- H 在变量 a 中
- M 不在变量 a 中
- \n
- \n
Python字符串格式化
Python 支持格式化字符串的输出 。尽管这样可能会用到非常复杂的表达式,但最基本的用法是将一个值插入到一个有字符串格式符 %s 的字符串中。
在 Python 中,字符串格式化使用与 C 中 sprintf 函数一样的语法。
如下实例:
- #!/usr/bin/python3
- print ("我叫 %s 今年 %d 岁!" % ('小明', 10))
以上实例输出结果:
- 我叫 小明 今年 10 岁!
python字符串格式化符号:
<tbody
符 号 | 描述 |
---|---|
%c | 格式化字符及其ASCII码 |
%s | 格式化字符串 |
%d | 格式化整数 |
%u | 格式化无符号整型 |
%o | 格式化无符号八进制数 |
%x | 格式化无符号十六进制数 |
%X | 格式化无符号十六进制数(大写) |
%f | 格式化浮点数字,可指定小数点后的精度 |
%e | 用科学计数法格式化浮点数 |
%E | 作用同%e,用科学计数法格式化浮点数 |
%g | %f和%e的简写 |
%G | %f 和 %E 的简写 |
%p | 用十六进制数格式化变量的地址 |
格式化操作符辅助指令:
符号 | 功能 |
---|---|
* | 定义宽度或者小数点精度 |
- | 用做左对齐 |
+ | 在正数前面显示加号( + ) |
<sp> | 在正数前面显示空格 |
# | 在八进制数前面显示零('0'),在十六进制前面显示'0x'或者'0X'(取决于用的是'x'还是'X') |
0 | 显示的数字前面填充'0'而不是默认的空格 |
% | '%%'输出一个单一的'%' |
(var) | 映射变量(字典参数) |
m.n. | m 是显示的最小总宽度,n 是小数点后的位数(如果可用的话) |
Python三引号
python三引号允许一个字符串跨多行,字符串中可以包含换行符、制表符以及其他特殊字符。实例如下
- #!/usr/bin/python3
- para_str = """这是一个多行字符串的实例
- 多行字符串可以使用制表符
- TAB ( \t )。
- 也可以使用换行符 [ \n ]。
- """
- print (para_str)
以上实例执行结果为:
- 这是一个多行字符串的实例
- 多行字符串可以使用制表符
- TAB ( )。
- 也可以使用换行符 [
- ]。
三引号让程序员从引号和特殊字符串的泥潭里面解脱出来,自始至终保持一小块字符串的格式是所谓的WYSIWYG(所见即所得)格式的。
一个典型的用例是,当你需要一块HTML或者SQL时,这时用字符串组合,特殊字符串转义将会非常的繁琐。
- errHTML = '''
- <HTML><HEAD><TITLE>
- Friends CGI Demo</TITLE></HEAD>
- <BODY><H3>ERROR</H3>
- <B>%s</B><P>
- <FORM><INPUT TYPE=button VALUE=Back
- ONCLICK="window.history.back()"></FORM>
- </BODY></HTML>
- '''
- cursor.execute('''
- CREATE TABLE users (
- login VARCHAR(8),
- uid INTEGER,
- prid INTEGER)
- ''')
Unicode 字符串
在Python2中,普通字符串是以8位ASCII码进行存储的,而Unicode字符串则存储为16位unicode字符串,这样能够表示更多的字符集。使用的语法是在字符串前面加上前缀 u。
在Python3中,所有的字符串都是Unicode字符串。
小结
Python 3的字符串使用Unicode,直接支持多语言。
str和bytes互相转换时,需要指定编码。最常用的编码是UTF-8。Python当然也支持其他编码方式,比如把Unicode编码成GB2312:
- >>> '中文'.encode('gb2312')
- b'\xd6\xd0\xce\xc4'
但这种方式纯属自找麻烦,如果没有特殊业务要求,请牢记仅使用UTF-8编码。
格式化字符串的时候,可以用Python的交互式命令行测试,方便快捷。
Python 的字符串内建函数
Python 的字符串常用内建函数如下:
序号 | 方法及描述 |
---|---|
1 |
capitalize() 将字符串的第一个字符转换为大写 |
2 |
返回一个指定的宽度 width 居中的字符串,fillchar 为填充的字符,默认为空格。 |
3 |
count(str, beg= 0,end=len(string)) 返回 str 在 string 里面出现的次数,如果 beg 或者 end 指定则返回指定范围内 str 出现的次数 |
4 |
decode(encoding='UTF-8',errors='strict') 使用指定编码来解码字符串。默认编码为字符串编码。 |
5 |
encode(encoding='UTF-8',errors='strict') 以 encoding 指定的编码格式编码字符串,如果出错默认报一个ValueError 的异常,除非 errors 指定的是'ignore'或者'replace' |
6 |
endswith(suffix, beg=0, end=len(string)) 检查字符串是否以 obj 结束,如果beg 或者 end 指定则检查指定的范围内是否以 obj 结束,如果是,返回 True,否则返回 False. |
7 |
把字符串 string 中的 tab 符号转为空格,tab 符号默认的空格数是 8 。 |
8 |
find(str, beg=0 end=len(string)) 检测 str 是否包含在字符串中 中,如果 beg 和 end 指定范围,则检查是否包含在指定范围内,如果是返回开始的索引值,否则返回-1 |
9 |
index(str, beg=0, end=len(string)) 跟find()方法一样,只不过如果str不在字符串中会报一个异常. |
10 |
如果字符串至少有一个字符并且所有字符都是字母或数字则返 回 True,否则返回 False |
11 |
如果字符串至少有一个字符并且所有字符都是字母则返回 True, 否则返回 False |
12 |
如果字符串只包含数字则返回 True 否则返回 False.. |
13 |
如果字符串中包含至少一个区分大小写的字符,并且所有这些(区分大小写的)字符都是小写,则返回 True,否则返回 False |
14 |
如果字符串中只包含数字字符,则返回 True,否则返回 False |
15 |
如果字符串中只包含空格,则返回 True,否则返回 False. |
16 |
如果字符串是标题化的(见 title())则返回 True,否则返回 False |
17 |
如果字符串中包含至少一个区分大小写的字符,并且所有这些(区分大小写的)字符都是大写,则返回 True,否则返回 False |
18 |
以指定字符串作为分隔符,将 seq 中所有的元素(的字符串表示)合并为一个新的字符串 |
19 |
返回字符串长度 |
20 |
返回一个原字符串左对齐,并使用 fillchar 填充至长度 width 的新字符串,fillchar 默认为空格。 |
21 |
转换字符串中所有大写字符为小写. |
22 |
截掉字符串左边的空格 |
23 |
创建字符映射的转换表,对于接受两个参数的最简单的调用方式,第一个参数是字符串,表示需要转换的字符,第二个参数也是字符串表示转换的目标。 |
24 |
返回字符串 str 中最大的字母。 |
25 |
返回字符串 str 中最小的字母。 |
26 |
把 将字符串中的 str1 替换成 str2,如果 max 指定,则替换不超过 max 次。 |
27 |
rfind(str, beg=0,end=len(string)) 类似于 find()函数,不过是从右边开始查找. |
28 |
rindex( str, beg=0, end=len(string)) 类似于 index(),不过是从右边开始. |
29 |
返回一个原字符串右对齐,并使用fillchar(默认空格)填充至长度 width 的新字符串 |
30 |
删除字符串字符串末尾的空格. |
31 |
split(str="", num=string.count(str)) num=string.count(str)) 以 str 为分隔符截取字符串,如果 num 有指定值,则仅截取 num 个子字符串 |
32 |
splitlines( num=string.count('\n')) 按照行分隔,返回一个包含各行作为元素的列表,如果 num 指定则仅切片 num 个行. |
33 |
startswith(str, beg=0,end=len(string)) 检查字符串是否是以 obj 开头,是则返回 True,否则返回 False。如果beg 和 end 指定值,则在指定范围内检查。 |
34 |
在字符串上执行 lstrip()和 rstrip() |
35 |
将字符串中大写转换为小写,小写转换为大写 |
36 |
返回"标题化"的字符串,就是说所有单词都是以大写开始,其余字母均为小写(见 istitle()) |
37 |
translate(table, deletechars="") 根据 str 给出的表(包含 256 个字符)转换 string 的字符, 要过滤掉的字符放到 deletechars 参数中 |
38 |
转换字符串中的小写字母为大写 |
39 |
返回长度为 width 的字符串,原字符串右对齐,前面填充0 |
40 |
检查字符串是否只包含十进制字符,如果是返回 true,否则返回 false。 |
Python3 列表
序列是Python中最基本的数据结构。序列中的每个元素都分配一个数字 - 它的位置,或索引,第一个索引是0,第二个索引是1,依此类推。
Python有6个序列的内置类型,但最常见的是列表和元组。
序列都可以进行的操作包括索引,切片,加,乘,检查成员。
此外,Python已经内置确定序列的长度以及确定最大和最小的元素的方法。
列表是最常用的Python数据类型,它可以作为一个方括号内的逗号分隔值出现。
Python内置的一种数据类型是列表:list。list是一种有序的集合,可以随时添加和删除其中的元素。
列表的数据项不需要具有相同的类型
- 定义:[]内以逗号分隔,按照索引,存放各种数据类型,每个位置代表一个元素
特性:
1.可存放多个值
2.可修改指定索引位置对应的值,可变
3.按照从左到右的顺序定义列表元素,下标从0开始顺序访问,有序
基本操作:
- 索引
- 切片
- 追加
- 删除
- 长度
- 切片
- 循环
- 包含
- class list(object):
- """
- list() -> new empty list
- list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
- """
- def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ L.append(object) -- append object to end """
- pass
- def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
- return 0
- def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
- pass
- def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """
- L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
- Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
- """
- return 0
- def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
- pass
- def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """
- L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
- Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
- """
- pass
- def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """
- L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
- Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
- """
- pass
- def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
- pass
- def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """
- L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;
- cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1
- """
- pass
- def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
- pass
- def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
- pass
- def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
- pass
- def __delslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """
- x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j]
- Use of negative indices is not supported.
- """
- pass
- def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
- pass
- def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
- pass
- def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
- pass
- def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """
- x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
- Use of negative indices is not supported.
- """
- pass
- def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
- pass
- def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
- pass
- def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """
- pass
- def __imul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y """
- pass
- def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
- """
- list() -> new empty list
- list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
- # (copied from class doc)
- """
- pass
- def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
- pass
- def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
- pass
- def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
- pass
- def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
- pass
- def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
- pass
- @staticmethod # known case of __new__
- def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
- pass
- def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
- pass
- def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
- pass
- def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
- pass
- def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
- pass
- def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
- pass
- def __setslice__(self, i, j, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """
- x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y
- Use of negative indices is not supported.
- """
- pass
- def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
- """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
- pass
- __hash__ = None
- list
创建一个列表,只要把逗号分隔的不同的数据项使用方括号括起来即可。如下所示:
- list1 = ['Google', 'Runoob', 1997, 2000];
- list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
- list3 = ["a", "b", "c", "d"];
与字符串的索引一样,列表索引从0开始。列表可以进行截取、组合等。
访问列表中的值
使用下标索引来访问列表中的值,同样你也可以使用方括号的形式截取字符,如下所示:
- #!/usr/bin/python3
- list1 = ['Google', 'Runoob', 1997, 2000];
- list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ];
- print ("list1[0]: ", list1[0])
- print ("list2[1:5]: ", list2[1:5])
以上实例输出结果:
- list1[0]: Google
- list2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4, 5]
更新列表
你可以对列表的数据项进行修改或更新,你也可以使用append()方法来添加列表项,如下所示:
- #!/usr/bin/python3
- list = ['Google', 'Runoob', 1997, 2000]
- print ("第三个元素为 : ", list[2])
- list[2] = 2001
- print ("更新后的第三个元素为 : ", list[2])
注意:我们会在接下来的章节讨论append()方法的使用
以上实例输出结果:
- 第三个元素为 : 1997
- 更新后的第三个元素为 : 2001
删除列表元素
可以使用 del 语句来删除列表的的元素,如下实例:
- #!/usr/bin/python3
- list = ['Google', 'Runoob', 1997, 2000]
- print (list)
- del list[2]
- print ("删除第三个元素 : ", list)
以上实例输出结果:
- 删除第三个元素 : ['Google', 'Runoob', 2000]
注意:我们会在接下来的章节讨论remove()方法的使用
Python列表脚本操作符
列表对 + 和 * 的操作符与字符串相似。+ 号用于组合列表,* 号用于重复列表。
如下所示:
Python 表达式 | 结果 | 描述 |
---|---|---|
len([1, 2, 3]) | 3 | 长度 |
[1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6] | [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] | 组合 |
['Hi!'] * 4 | ['Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!'] | 重复 |
3 in [1, 2, 3] | True | 元素是否存在于列表中 |
for x in [1, 2, 3]: print x, | 1 2 3 | 迭代 |
Python列表截取与拼接
Python的列表截取与字符串操作类型,如下所示:
- L=['Google', 'Runoob', 'Taobao']
操作:
Python 表达式 | 结果 | 描述 |
---|---|---|
L[2] | 'Taobao' | 读取第三个元素 |
L[-2] | 'Runoob' | 从右侧开始读取倒数第二个元素: count from the right |
L[1:] | ['Runoob', 'Taobao'] | 输出从第二个元素开始后的所有元素 |
- >>> L=['Google', 'Runoob', 'Taobao']
- >>> L[2]
- 'Taobao'
- >>> L[-2]
- 'Runoob'
- >>> L[1:]
- ['Runoob', 'Taobao']
- >>>
列表还支持拼接操作:
- >>> squares = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
- >>> squares + [36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
- [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
嵌套列表
使用嵌套列表即在列表里创建其它列表,例如:
- >>> a = ['a', 'b', 'c']
- >>> n = [1, 2, 3]
- >>> x = [a, n]
- >>> x
- [['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]]
- >>> x[0]
- ['a', 'b', 'c']
- >>> x[0][1]
- 'b'
Python列表函数&方法
Python包含以下函数:
序号 | 函数 |
---|---|
1 | len(list) 列表元素个数 |
2 | max(list) 返回列表元素最大值 |
3 | min(list) 返回列表元素最小值 |
4 | list(seq) 将元组转换为列表 |
Python包含以下方法:
序号 | 方法 |
---|---|
1 | list.append(obj) 在列表末尾添加新的对象 |
2 | list.count(obj) 统计某个元素在列表中出现的次数 |
3 | list.extend(seq) 在列表末尾一次性追加另一个序列中的多个值(用新列表扩展原来的列表) |
4 | list.index(obj) 从列表中找出某个值第一个匹配项的索引位置 |
5 | list.insert(index, obj) 将对象插入列表 |
6 | list.pop(obj=list[-1]) 移除列表中的一个元素(默认最后一个元素),并且返回该元素的值 |
7 | list.remove(obj) 移除列表中某个值的第一个匹配项 |
8 | list.reverse() 反向列表中元素 |
9 | list.sort([func]) 对原列表进行排序 |
10 | list.clear() 清空列表 |
11 | list.copy() 复制列表 |
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