Thinking in Java——笔记(19)
Enumerated Types
Basic enum features
- When you create an enum, an associated class is produced for you by the compiler. This class is automatically inherited from java.lang.Enum.
- The ordinal( ) method produces an int indicating the declaration order of each enum instance, starting from zero.
Using static imports with enums
- Is it better to be explicit and qualify all enum instances? It probably depends on the complexity of your code.
Adding methods to an enum
- Except for the fact that you can’t inherit from it, an enum can be treated much like a regular class.
- You may want to produce different descriptions for an enumeration than the default toString( ).
- If you are going to define methods you must end the sequence of enum instances with a semicolon.
- Java forces you to define the instances as the first thing in the enum.
- The constructor can only be used to create the enum instances that you declare inside the enum definition.
- The compiler won’t let you use it to create any new instances once the enum definition is complete.
Overriding enum methods
- Overriding the toString( ) method for an enum is the same as overriding it for a regular class.
enums in switch statements
- Ordinarily, a switch only works with an integral value, but since enums have an established integral order and the order of an instance can be produced with the ordinal( ) method, enums can be used in switch statements.
- Although normally you must qualify an enum instance with its type, you do not have to do this in a case statement.
- The compiler does not complain that there is no default statement inside the switch.
- On the other hand, if you are calling return from case statements, the compiler will complain if you don’t have a default.
The mystery of values()
- If you look at Enum, you’ll see that there is no values( ) method, even though we’ve been using it.
- values( ) is a static method that is added by the compiler.
- In the output, you can see that Explore has been made final by the compiler, so you cannot inherit from an enum.
- Because values( ) is a static method inserted into the enum definition by the compiler, if you upcast an enum type to Enum, the values( ) method will not be available.
- Even if values( ) is not part of the interface of Enum, you can still get the enum instances via the Class object.
Implements, not inherits
- All enums extend java.lang.Enum. Since Java does not support multiple inheritance, this means that you cannot create an enum via inheritance.
- It is possible to create an enum that implements one or more interfaces.
Using interfaces for organization
- The motivation for inheriting from an enum comes partly from wanting to extend the number of elements in the original enum, and partly from wanting to create subcategories by using subtypes.
- You can achieve categorization by grouping the elements together inside an interface and creating an enumeration based on that interface.
- Another, more compact, approach to the problem of categorization is to nest enums within enums.
Using EnumSet instead of flags
- An enum requires that all its members be unique, so it would seem to have set behavior, but since you can’t add or remove elements it’s not very useful as a set.
- Internally, it is represented by (if possible) a single long that is treated as a bit-vector, so it’s extremely fast and efficient.
- EnumSets are built on top of longs, a long is 64 bits, and each enum instance requires one bit to indicate presence or absence. This means you can have an EnumSet for an enum of up to 64 elements without going beyond the use of a single long.
Using EnumMap
- An EnumMap is a specialized Map that requires that its keys be from a single enum.
- An EnumMap can be implemented internally as an array.
- You can only call put( ) for keys that are in your enum, but other than that it’s like using an ordinary Map.
- The order of elements in the EnumMap is determined by their order of definition in the enum.
- An EnumMap allows you to change the value objects, whereas constant-specific methods are fixed at compile time.
Constant-specific methods
- You define one or more abstract methods as part of the enum, then define the methods for each enum instance.
- You can look up and call methods via their associated enum instance.
- Each instance is a distinct type.
- You cannot treat enum instances as class types.
- Because they are static, enum instances of inner enums do not behave like ordinary inner classes.
- It is possible to override constant-specific methods, instead of implementing an abstract method.
Chain of Responsibility with enums
- In the Chain of Responsibility design pattern, you create a number of different ways to solve a problem and chain them together.
- When a request occurs, it is passed along the chain until one of the solutions can handle the request.
- Each strategy is tried in turn until one succeeds or they all fail.
State machines with enums
- Enumerated types can be ideal for creating state machines.
- Because enums restrict the set of possible cases, they are quite useful for enumerating the different states and inputs.
Multiple dispatching
- Java only performs single dispatching.
- If you are performing an operation on more than one object whose type is unknown, Java can invoke the dynamic binding mechanism on only one of those types.
- If you want double dispatching, there must be two method calls: the first to determine the first unknown type, and the second to determine the second unknown type.
- Generally, you’ll set up a configuration such that a single method call produces more than one virtual method call and thus services more than one type in the process.
Dispatching with enums
- You can’t use enum instances as argument types.
- There are a number of different approaches to implementing multiple dispatching which benefit from enums.
Using constant-specific methods
- Because constant-specific methods allow you to provide different method implementations for each enum instance, they might seem like a perfect solution for setting up multiple dispatching.
Dispatching with EnumMaps
- It’s possible to perform a "true" double dispatch using the EnumMap class, which is specifically designed to work very efficiently with enums.
Using a 2-D array
- A two-dimensional array mapping the competitors onto the outcomes produces the smallest and most straightforward solution.
- It’s not quite as "safe" as the previous examples because it uses an array.
Thinking in Java——笔记(19)的更多相关文章
- Java笔记19:Java匿名内部类
匿名内部类也就是没有名字的内部类.正因为没有名字,所以匿名内部类只能使用一次,它通常用来简化代码编写.但使用匿名内部类还有个前提条件:必须继承一个父类或实现一个接口 例1:不使用匿名内部类来实现抽象方 ...
- JAVA自学笔记19
JAVA自学笔记19 1.集合总结 Collection(单列集合) List(有序可重复) ArrayList:底层数据结构是数组 ,查询快,增删慢.线程不安全,效率高 Vector:底层数据结构是 ...
- java笔记整理
Java 笔记整理 包含内容 Unix Java 基础, 数据库(Oracle jdbc Hibernate pl/sql), web, JSP, Struts, Ajax Spring, E ...
- springmvc学习笔记(19)-RESTful支持
springmvc学习笔记(19)-RESTful支持 标签: springmvc springmvc学习笔记19-RESTful支持 概念 REST的样例 controller REST方法的前端控 ...
- Effective Java笔记一 创建和销毁对象
Effective Java笔记一 创建和销毁对象 第1条 考虑用静态工厂方法代替构造器 第2条 遇到多个构造器参数时要考虑用构建器 第3条 用私有构造器或者枚举类型强化Singleton属性 第4条 ...
- java笔记00-目录
--2013年7月26日17:49:59 学习java已久,趁最近有空,写一个总结: java笔记01-反射:
- Ext.Net学习笔记19:Ext.Net FormPanel 简单用法
Ext.Net学习笔记19:Ext.Net FormPanel 简单用法 FormPanel是一个常用的控件,Ext.Net中的FormPanel控件同样具有非常丰富的功能,在接下来的笔记中我们将一起 ...
- Java笔记(二十五)……其他常用API
System类 工具类全部都是静态方法 常用方法 获取系统属性信息 static PropertiesgetProperties() static StringgetProperty(String k ...
- SQL反模式学习笔记19 使用*号,隐式的列
目标:减少输入 反模式:捷径会让你迷失方向 使用通配符和未命名的列能够达到减少输入的目的,但是这个习惯会带来一些危害. 1.破坏代码重构:增加一列后,使用隐式的Insert插入语句报错: 2.查询中使 ...
随机推荐
- redis总结
redis总结 redis与memcached redis支持更多的数据结构 redis支持数据持久化 redis支持两种存储方式:snapshot(快照)和aof(append only mode) ...
- logistic回归
logistic回归 回归就是对已知公式的未知参数进行估计.比如已知公式是$y = a*x + b$,未知参数是a和b,利用多真实的(x,y)训练数据对a和b的取值去自动估计.估计的方法是在给定训练样 ...
- ASP.NET MVC 控制器激活(一)
ASP.NET MVC 控制器激活(一) 前言 在路由的篇章中讲解了路由的作用,讲着讲着就到了控制器部分了,从本篇开始来讲解MVC中的控制器,控制器是怎么来的?MVC框架对它做了什么?以及前面有的篇幅 ...
- Hadoop HDFS 用户指南
This document is a starting point for users working with Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) eithe ...
- hibernate学习笔记之四 Hibernate的增删改查
采用JUnit测试,继承TestCase import java.util.Date; import junit.framework.TestCase; import org.hibernate.Se ...
- SSIS Design3:并发执行
1,利用优先约束来并发处理数据,Data Flow Task 和 Data Flow Task 1 是并发执行的,而 Data Flow Task2 必须等到 Data Flow Task 和 Dat ...
- IOS 消息机制(NSNotificationCenter)
消息机制 NSNotificationCenter 一直都在频繁使用,但是却对其原理不是十分了解.今天就花些时间,把消息机制原理重头到尾好好过一遍. iOS 提供了一种 "同步的" ...
- LINQ系列:C#中与LINQ相关特性
1. 匿名类型 通过关键字var定义匿名类型,编译器将根据运算符右侧表达式的值来发出一个强类型. 使用匿名类型时要遵守的一些基本规则: ◊ 匿名类型必须有一个初始化值,而且这个值不能是空值(null) ...
- 【Win10应用开发】自定义磁贴通知的排版
前面老周用了两篇烂文,向大家介绍了Adaptive磁贴的模板使用.那些XML模板已经很强大了,不过,如果你觉得那些排版还不足以满足需求,不妨试试自己来定义磁贴的内容. 其实,Runtime App支持 ...
- 【原创】开源Math.NET基础数学类库使用(09)相关数论函数使用
本博客所有文章分类的总目录:[总目录]本博客博文总目录-实时更新 开源Math.NET基础数学类库使用总目录:[目录]开源Math.NET基础数学类库使用总目录 前言 ...