man lsof

LSOF(8) LSOF(8)

NAME
lsof - list open files

SYNOPSIS
lsof [ -?abChlnNOPRstUvVX ] [ -A A ] [ -c c ] [ +c c ] [ +|-d d ] [ +|-D D ] [ +|-f [cfgGn] ] [ -F [f] ] [ -g [s] ] [ -i [i] ] [ -k k ] [ +|-L [l] ] [ +|-m m ] [
+|-M ] [ -o [o] ] [ -p s ] [ +|-r [t] ] [ -S [t] ] [ -T [t] ] [ -u s ] [ +|-w ] [ -x [fl] ] [ -z [z] ] [ -Z [Z] ] [ -- ] [names]

DESCRIPTION
Lsof revision 4.78 lists information about files opened by processes for the following UNIX dialects:

            AIX 5.[123]
            Apple Darwin 7.x and 8.x for Power Macintosh systems
            FreeBSD 4.x, 4.1x, 5.x and [67].x for x86-based systems
            FreeBSD 5.x and [67].x for Alpha, AMD64 and Sparc64-based
                systems
            HP-UX 11.00, 11.11 and 11.23
            Linux 2.1.72 and above for x86-based systems
            NetBSD 1.[456], 2.x and 3.x for Alpha, x86, and SPARC-based
                systems
            NEXTSTEP 3.[13] for NEXTSTEP architectures
            OpenBSD 2.[89] and 3.[0-9] for x86-based systems
            OPENSTEP 4.x
            SCO OpenServer Release 5.0.6 for x86-based systems
            SCO|Caldera UnixWare 7.1.4 for x86-based systems
            Solaris 2.6, 8, 9 and 10
            Tru64 UNIX 5.1

(See the DISTRIBUTION section of this manual page for information on how to obtain the latest lsof revision.)

An open file may be a regular file, a directory, a block special file, a character special file, an executing text reference, a library, a stream or a network file
(Internet socket, NFS file or UNIX domain socket.) A specific file or all the files in a file system may be selected by path.

Instead of a formatted display, lsof will produce output that can be parsed by other programs. See the -F, option description, and the OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS
section for more information.

In addition to producing a single output list, lsof will run in repeat mode. In repeat mode it will produce output, delay, then repeat the output operation until
stopped with an interrupt or quit signal. See the +|-r [t] option description for more information.

OPTIONS
In the absence of any options, lsof lists all open files belonging to all active processes.

       If any list request option is specified, other list requests must be specifically requested - e.g., if -U is specified for the listing of UNIX socket files, NFS
       files won’t be listed unless -N is also specified; or if a user list is specified with the -u option, UNIX domain socket files, belonging to users not in the list,
       won’t be listed unless the -U option is also specified.

    Normally list options that are specifically stated are ORed - i.e., specifying the -i option without an address and the -ufoo option produces a listing of all net-
       work files OR files belonging to processes owned by user ‘‘foo’’. Three exceptions are: 1) the ‘^’ (negated) login name or user ID (UID), specified with the -u
       option; 2) the ‘^’ (negated) process ID (PID), specified with the -p option; and 3) the ‘^’ (negated) process group ID (PGID), specified with the -g option. Since
       they represent exclusions, they are applied without ORing or ANDing and take effect before any other selection criteria are applied.

The -a option may be used to AND the selections. For example, specifying -a, -U, and -ufoo produces a listing of only UNIX socket files that belong to processes
owned by user ‘‘foo’’.

Caution: the -a option causes all list selection options to be ANDed; it can’t be used to cause ANDing of selected pairs of selection options by placing it between
them, even though its placement there is acceptable. Wherever -a is placed, it causes the ANDing of all selection options.

       Items of the same selection set - command names, file descriptors, network addresses, process identifiers, user identifiers, zone names, security contexts - are
       joined in a single ORed set and applied before the result participates in ANDing. Thus, for example, specifying -i@aaa.bbb, -i@ccc.ddd, -a, and -ufff,ggg will
       select the listing of files that belong to either login ‘‘fff’’ OR ‘‘ggg’’ AND have network connections to either host aaa.bbb OR ccc.ddd.

       Options may be grouped together following a single prefix -- e.g., the option set ‘‘-a -b -C’’ may be stated as -abC. However, since values are optional following
       +|-f, -F, -g, -i, +|-L, -o, +|-r, -S, -T, -x and -z. when you have no values for them be careful that the following character isn’t ambiguous. For example, -Fn
       might represent the -F and -n options, or it might represent the n field identifier character following the -F option. When ambiguity is possible, start a new
       option with a ‘-’ character - e.g., ‘‘-F -n’’. If the next option is a file name, follow the possibly ambiguous option with ‘‘--’’ - e.g., ‘‘-F -- name’’.

       Either the ‘+’ or the ‘-’ prefix may be applied to a group of options. Options that don’t take on separate meanings for each prefix - e.g., -i - may be grouped
       under either prefix. Thus, for example, ‘‘+M -i’’ may be stated as ‘‘+Mi’’ and the group means the same as the separate options. Be careful of prefix grouping
       when one or more options in the group does take on separate meanings under different prefixes - e.g., +|-M; ‘‘-iM’’ is not the same request as ‘‘-i +M’’. When in
       doubt, use separate options with appropriate prefixes.

-? -h These two equivalent options select a usage (help) output list. Lsof displays a shortened form of this output when it detects an error in the options
supplied to it, after it has displayed messages explaining each error. (Escape the ‘?’ character as your shell requires.)

-a This option causes list selection options to be ANDed, as described above.

       -A A     This option is available on systems configured for AFS whose AFS kernel code is implemented via dynamic modules. It allows the lsof user to specify A as
                an alternate name list file where the kernel addresses of the dynamic modules might be found. See the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.) for
                more information about dynamic modules, their symbols, and how they affect lsof.

-b This option causes lsof to avoid kernel functions that might block - lstat(2), readlink(2), and stat(2).

See the BLOCKS AND TIMEOUTS and AVOIDING KERNEL BLOCKS sections for information on using this option.

-c c This option selects the listing of files for processes executing the command that begins with the characters of c. Multiple commands may be specified,
using multiple -c options. They are joined in a single ORed set before participating in AND option selection.

If c begins and ends with a slash (’/’), the characters between the slashes are interpreted as a regular expression. Shell meta-characters in the regular
expression must be quoted to prevent their interpretation by the shell. The closing slash may be followed by these modifiers:

                     b    the regular expression is a basic one.
                     i    ignore the case of letters.
      x    the regular expression is an extended one
                          (default).

See the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.) for more information on basic and extended regular expressions.

The simple command specification is tested first. If that test fails, the command regular expression is applied. If the simple command test succeeds,
the command regular expression test isn’t made. This may result in ‘‘no command found for regex:’’ messages when lsof’s -V option is specified.

+c w This option defines the maximum number of initial characters of the name, supplied by the UNIX dialect, of the UNIX command associated with a process to
be printed in the COMMAND column. (The lsof default is nine.)

                Note that many UNIX dialects do not supply all command name characters to lsof in the files and structures from which lsof obtains command name. Often
                dialects limit the number of characters supplied in those sources. For example, Linux 2.4.27 and Solaris 9 both limit command name length to 16 charac-
                ters.

If w is zero (’0’), all command characters supplied to lsof by the UNIX dialect will be printed.

If w is less than the length of the column title, ‘‘COMMAND’’, it will be raised to that length.

-C This option disables the reporting of any path name components from the kernel’s name cache. See the KERNEL NAME CACHE section for more information.

+d s This option causes lsof to search for all open instances of directory s and the files and directories it contains at its top level. This option does NOT
descend the directory tree, rooted at s. The +D D option may be used to request a full-descent directory tree search, rooted at directory D.

Processing of the +d option does not follow symbolic links within s unless the -x or -x l option is also specified. Nor does it search for open files on
file system mount points on subdirectories of s unless the -x or -x f option is also specified.

Note: the authority of the user of this option limits it to searching for files that the user has permission to examine with the system stat(2) function.

-d s This option specifies a list of file descriptors (FDs) to exclude from or include in the output listing. The file descriptors are specified in the
comma-separated set s - e.g., ‘‘cwd,1,3’’, ‘‘^6,^2’’. (There should be no spaces in the set.)

The list is an exclusion list if all entries of the set begin with ’^’. It is an inclusion list if no entry begins with ’^’. Mixed lists are not permit-
ted.

                A file descriptor number range may be in the set as long as neither member is empty, both members are numbers, and the ending member is larger than the
                starting one - e.g., ‘‘0-7’’ or ‘‘3-10’’. Ranges may be specified for exclusion if they have the ’^’ prefix - e.g., ‘‘^0-7’’ excludes all file descrip-
                tors 0 through 7.

Multiple file descriptor numbers are joined in a single ORed set before participating in AND option selection.

When there are exclusion and inclusion members in the set, lsof reports them as errors and exits with a non-zero return code.

                See the description of File Descriptor (FD) output values in the OUTPUT section for more information on file descriptor names.

    +D D     This option causes lsof to search for all open instances of directory D and all the files and directories it contains to its complete depth.

Processing of the +D option does not follow symbolic links within D unless the -x or -x l option is also specified. Nor does it search for open files on
file system mount points on subdirectories of D unless the -x or -x f option is also specified.

Note: the authority of the user of this option limits it to searching for files that the user has permission to examine with the system stat(2) function.

                Further note: lsof may process this option slowly and require a large amount of dynamic memory to do it. This is because it must descend the entire
                directory tree, rooted at D, calling stat(2) for each file and directory, building a list of all the files it finds, and searching that list for a match
                with every open file. When directory D is large, these steps can take a long time, so use this option prudently.

-D D This option directs lsof’s use of the device cache file. The use of this option is sometimes restricted. See the DEVICE CACHE FILE section and the sec-
tions that follow it for more information on this option.

-D must be followed by a function letter; the function letter may optionally be followed by a path name. Lsof recognizes these function letters:

                     ? - report device cache file paths
                     b - build the device cache file
                     i - ignore the device cache file
                     r - read the device cache file
                     u - read and update the device cache file

                The b, r, and u functions, accompanied by a path name, are sometimes restricted. When these functions are restricted, they will not appear in the
                description of the -D option that accompanies -h or -? option output. See the DEVICE CACHE FILE section and the sections that follow it for more infor-
                mation on these functions and when they’re restricted.

                The ?   function reports the read-only and write paths that lsof can use for the device cache file, the names of any environment variables whose values
                lsof will examine when forming the device cache file path, and the format for the personal device cache file path. (Escape the ‘?’ character as your
                shell requires.)

                When available, the b, r, and u functions may be followed by the device cache file’s path. The standard default is .lsof_hostname in the home directory
                of the real user ID that executes lsof, but this could have been changed when lsof was configured and compiled. (The output of the -h and -?   options
                show the current default prefix - e.g., ‘‘.lsof’’.) The suffix, hostname, is the first component of the host’s name returned by gethostname(2).

When available, the b function directs lsof to build a new device cache file at the default or specified path.

The i function directs lsof to ignore the default device cache file and obtain its information about devices via direct calls to the kernel.

                The r function directs lsof to read the device cache at the default or specified path, but prevents it from creating a new device cache file when none
                exists or the existing one is improperly structured. The r function, when specified without a path name, prevents lsof from updating an incorrect or out-
                dated device cache file, or creating a new one in its place. The r function is always available when it is specified without a path name argument; it may
                be restricted by the permissions of the lsof process.

When available, the u function directs lsof to read the device cache file at the default or specified path, if possible, and to rebuild it, if necessary.
This is the default device cache file function when no -D option has been specified.

       +|-f [cfgGn]
                f by itself clarifies how path name arguments are to be interpreted. When followed by c, f, g, G, or n in any combination it specifies that the listing
                of kernel file structure information is to be enabled (‘+’) or inhibited (‘-’).

                Normally a path name argument is taken to be a file system name if it matches a mounted-on directory name reported by mount(8), or if it represents a
                block device, named in the mount output and associated with a mounted directory name. When +f is specified, all path name arguments will be taken to be
                file system names, and lsof will complain if any are not. This can be useful, for example, when the file system name (mounted-on device) isn’t a block
                device. This happens for some CD-ROM file systems.

When -f is specified by itself, all path name arguments will be taken to be simple files. Thus, for example, the ‘‘-f -- /’’ arguments direct lsof to
search for open files with a ‘/’ path name, not all open files in the ‘/’ (root) file system.

Be careful to make sure +f and -f are properly terminated and aren’t followed by a character (e.g., of the file or file system name) that might be taken
as a parameter. For example, use ‘‘--’’ after +f and -f as in these examples.

$ lsof +f -- /file/system/name
$ lsof -f -- /file/name

The listing of information from kernel file structures, requested with the +f [cfgGn] option form, is normally inhibited, and is not available for some
dialects - e.g., /proc-based Linux. When the prefix to f is a plus sign (‘+’), these characters request file structure information:

                     c    file structure use count
                     f    file structure address
                     g    file flag abbreviations
                     G    file flags in hexadecimal
                     n    file structure node address

When the prefix is minus (‘-’) the same characters disable the listing of the indicated values.

                File structure addresses, use counts, flags, and node addresses may be used to detect more readily identical files inherited by child processes and iden-
                tical files in use by different processes. Lsof column output can be sorted by output columns holding the values and listed to identify identical file
                use, or lsof field output can be parsed by an AWK or Perl post-filter script, or by a C program.

       -F f     This option specifies a character list, f, that selects the fields to be output for processing by another program, and the character that terminates each
                output field.   Each field to be output is specified with a single character in f. The field terminator defaults to NL, but may be changed to NUL (000).
                See the OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS section for a description of the field identification characters and the field output process.

When the field selection character list is empty, all standard fields are selected (except the raw device field, security context and zone field for com-
patibility reasons) and the NL field terminator is used.

                When the field selection character list contains only a zero (‘0’), all fields are selected (except the raw device field for compatibility reasons) and
                the NUL terminator character is used.

    Other combinations of fields and their associated field terminator character must be set with explicit entries in f, as described in the OUTPUT FOR OTHER
                PROGRAMS section.

When a field selection character identifies an item lsof does not normally list - e.g., PPID, selected with -R - specification of the field character -
e.g., ‘‘-FR’’ - also selects the listing of the item.

When the field selection character list contains the single character ‘?’, lsof will display a help list of the field identification characters. (Escape
the ‘?’ character as your shell requires.)

-g [s] This option excludes or selects the listing of files for the processes whose optional process group IDentification (PGID) numbers are in the comma-sepa-
rated set s - e.g., ‘‘123’’ or ‘‘123,^456’’. (There should be no spaces in the set.)

PGID numbers that begin with ‘^’ (negation) represent exclusions.

Multiple PGID numbers are joined in a single ORed set before participating in AND option selection. However, PGID exclusions are applied without ORing or
ANDing and take effect before other selection criteria are applied.

The -g option also enables the output display of PGID numbers. When specified without a PGID set that’s all it does.

-i [i] This option selects the listing of files any of whose Internet address matches the address specified in i. If no address is specified, this option
selects the listing of all Internet and x.25 (HP-UX) network files.

                If -i4 or -i6 is specified with no following address, only files of the indicated IP version, IPv4 or IPv6, are displayed. (An IPv6 specification may be
                used only if the dialects supports IPv6, as indicated by ‘‘[46]’’ and ‘‘IPv[46]’’ in lsof’s -h or -? output.) Sequentially specifying -i4, followed by
                -i6 is the same as specifying -i, and vice-versa. Specifying -i4, or -i6 after -i is the same as specifying -i4 or -i6 by itself.

Multiple addresses (up to a limit of 100) may be specified with multiple -i options. (A port number or service name range is counted as one address.)
They are joined in a single ORed set before participating in AND option selection.

An Internet address is specified in the form (Items in square brackets are optional.):

[46][protocol][@hostname|hostaddr][:service|port]

                where:
                     46 specifies the IP version, IPv4 or IPv6
                          that applies to the following address.
                          ’6’ may be be specified only if the UNIX
                          dialect supports IPv6. If neither ’4’ nor
                          ’6’ is specified, the following address
                          applies to all IP versions.
                     protocol is a protocol name - TCP or UDP.
                     hostname is an Internet host name. Unless a
                          specific IP version is specified, open
                          network files associated with host names
                          of all versions will be selected.
                     hostaddr is a numeric Internet IPv4 address in
                          dot form; or an IPv6 numeric address in
                          colon form, enclosed in brackets, if the
                          UNIX dialect supports IPv6. When an IP
                          version is selected, only its numeric
                          addresses may be specified.
        service is an /etc/services name - e.g., smtp -
                          or a list of them.
                     port is a port number, or a list of them.

IPv6 options may be used only if the UNIX dialect supports IPv6. To see if the dialect supports IPv6, run lsof and specify the -h or -? (help) option.
If the displayed description of the -i option contains ‘‘[46]’’ and ‘‘IPv[46]’’, IPv6 is supported.

                IPv4 host names and addresses may not be specified if network file selection is limited to IPv6 with -i 6. IPv6 host names and addresses may not be spec-
                ified if network file selection is limited to IPv4 with -i 4. When an open IPv4 network file’s address is mapped in an IPv6 address, the open file’s type
                will be IPv6, not IPv4, and its display will be selected by ’6’, not ’4’.

                At least one address component - 4, 6, protocol, ,IR hostname , hostaddr, or service - must be supplied. The ‘@’ character, leading the host specifica-
                tion, is always required; as is the ‘:’, leading the port specification. Specify either hostname or hostaddr. Specify either service name list or port
                number list. If a service name list is specified, the protocol may also need to be specified if the TCP and UDP port numbers for the service name are
                different. Use any case - lower or upper - for protocol.

                Service names and port numbers may be combined in a list whose entries are separated by commas and whose numeric range entries are separated by minus
                signs. There may be no embedded spaces, and all service names must belong to the specified protocol. Since service names may contain embedded minus
                signs, the starting entry of a range can’t be a service name; it can be a port number, however.

Here are some sample addresses:

                     -i6 - IPv6 only
                     TCP:25 - TCP and port 25
                     @1.2.3.4 - Internet IPv4 host address 1.2.3.4
                     @[3ffe:1ebc::1]:1234 - Internet IPv6 host address
                          3ffe:1ebc::1, port 1234
                     UDP:who - UDP who service port
                     TCP@lsof.itap:513 - TCP, port 513 and host name lsof.itap
                     tcp@foo:1-10,smtp,99 - TCP, ports 1 through 10,
                          service name smtp, port 99, host name foo
                     tcp@bar:1-smtp - TCP, ports 1 through smtp, host bar
                     :time - either TCP or UDP time service port

-k k This option specifies a kernel name list file, k, in place of /vmunix, /mach, etc. This option is not available under AIX on the IBM RISC/System 6000.

-l This option inhibits the conversion of user ID numbers to login names. It is also useful when login name lookup is working improperly or slowly.

+|-L [l] This option enables (‘+’) or disables (‘-’) the listing of file link counts, where they are available - e.g., they aren’t available for sockets, or most
FIFOs and pipes.

When +L is specified without a following number, all link counts will be listed. When -L is specified (the default), no link counts will be listed.

                When +L is followed by a number, only files having a link count less than that number will be listed. (No number may follow -L.) A specification of the
                form ‘‘+L1’’ will select open files that have been unlinked. A specification of the form ‘‘+aL1 <file_system>’’ will select unlinked open files on the
                specified file system.

    For other link count comparisons, use field output (-F) and a post-processing script or program.

+|-m m This option specifies an alternate kernel memory file or activates mount table supplement processing.

The option form -m m specifies a kernel memory file, m, in place of /dev/kmem or /dev/mem - e.g., a crash dump file.

The option form +m requests that a mount supplement file be written to the standard output file. All other options are silently ignored.

There will be a line in the mount supplement file for each mounted file system, containing the mounted file system directory, followed by a single space,
followed by the device number in hexadecimal "0x" format - e.g.,

/ 0x801

Lsof can use the mount supplement file to get device numbers for file systems when it can’t get them via stat(2) or lstat(2).

The option form +m m identifies m as a mount supplement file.

Note: the +m and +m m options are not available for all supported dialects. Check the output of lsof’s -h or -? options to see if the +m and +m m
options are available.

       +|-M     Enables (+) or disables (-) the reporting of portmapper registrations for local TCP and UDP ports. The default reporting mode is set by the lsof builder
                with the HASPMAPENABLED #define in the dialect’s machine.h header file; lsof is distributed with the HASPMAPENABLED #define deactivated, so portmapper
                reporting is disabled by default and must be requested with +M. Specifying lsof’s -h or -? option will report the default mode.   Disabling portmapper
                registration when it is already disabled or enabling it when already enabled is acceptable.

                When portmapper registration reporting is enabled, lsof displays the portmapper registration (if any) for local TCP or UDP ports in square brackets imme-
                diately following the port numbers or service names - e.g., ‘‘:1234[name]’’ or ‘‘:name[100083]’’. The registration information may be a name or number,
                depending on what the registering program supplied to the portmapper when it registered the port.

When portmapper registration reporting is enabled, lsof may run a little more slowly or even become blocked when access to the portmapper becomes con-
gested or stopped. Reverse the reporting mode to determine if portmapper registration reporting is slowing or blocking lsof.

                For purposes of portmapper registration reporting lsof considers a TCP or UDP port local if: it is found in the local part of its containing kernel struc-
                ture; or if it is located in the foreign part of its containing kernel structure and the local and foreign Internet addresses are the same; or if it is
                located in the foreign part of its containing kernel structure and the foreign Internet address is INADDR_LOOPBACK (127.0.0.1). This rule may make lsof
                ignore some foreign ports on machines with multiple interfaces when the foreign Internet address is on a different interface from the local one.

See the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.) for further discussion of portmapper registration reporting issues.

-n This option inhibits the conversion of network numbers to host names for network files. Inhibiting conversion may make lsof run faster. It is also use-
ful when host name lookup is not working properly.

-N This option selects the listing of NFS files.

       -o       This option directs lsof to display file offset at all times. It causes the SIZE/OFF output column title to be changed to OFFSET.   Note: on some UNIX
    dialects lsof can’t obtain accurate or consistent file offset information from its kernel data sources, sometimes just for particular kinds of files
                (e.g., socket files.) Consult the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.) for more information.

The -o and -s options are mutually exclusive; they can’t both be specified. When neither is specified, lsof displays whatever value - size or offset - is
appropriate and available for the type of the file.

-o o This option defines the number of decimal digits (o) to be printed after the ‘‘0t’’ for a file offset before the form is switched to ‘‘0x...’’. An o
value of zero (unlimited) directs lsof to use the ‘‘0t’’ form for all offset output.

                This option does NOT direct lsof to display offset at all times; specify -o (without a trailing number) to do that. This option only specifies the number
                of digits after ‘‘0t’’ in either mixed size and offset or offset-only output. Thus, for example, to direct lsof to display offset at all times with a
                decimal digit count of 10, use:

                     -o -o 10
                or
                     -oo10

The default number of digits allowed after ‘‘0t’’ is normally 8, but may have been changed by the lsof builder. Consult the description of the -o o
option in the output of the -h or -? option to determine the default that is in effect.

-O This option directs lsof to bypass the strategy it uses to avoid being blocked by some kernel operations - i.e., doing them in forked child processes.
See the BLOCKS AND TIMEOUTS and AVOIDING KERNEL BLOCKS sections for more information on kernel operations that may block lsof.

While use of this option will reduce lsof startup overhead, it may also cause lsof to hang when the kernel doesn’t respond to a function. Use this option
cautiously.

-p s This option excludes or selects the listing of files for the processes whose optional process IDentification (PID) numbers are in the comma-separated set
s - e.g., ‘‘123’’ or ‘‘123,^456’’. (There should be no spaces in the set.)

PID numbers that begin with ‘^’ (negation) represent exclusions.

Multiple process ID numbers are joined in a single ORed set before participating in AND option selection. However, PID exclusions are applied without
ORing or ANDing and take effect before other selection criteria are applied.

-P This option inhibits the conversion of port numbers to port names for network files. Inhibiting the conversion may make lsof run a little faster. It is
also useful when port name lookup is not working properly.

+|-r [t] This option puts lsof in repeat mode. There lsof lists open files as selected by other options, delays t seconds (default fifteen), then repeats the
listing, delaying and listing repetitively until stopped by a condition defined by the prefix to the option.

If the prefix is a ‘-’, repeat mode is endless. Lsof must be terminated with an interrupt or quit signal.

                If the prefix is ‘+’, repeat mode will end the first cycle no open files are listed - and of course when lsof is stopped with an interrupt or quit signal.
                When repeat mode ends because no files are listed, the process exit code will be zero if any open files were ever listed; one, if none were ever listed.
     Lsof marks the end of each listing: if field output is in progress (the -F, option has been specified), the marker is ‘m’; otherwise the marker is
                ‘‘========’’. The marker is followed by a NL character.

Repeat mode reduces lsof startup overhead, so it is more efficient to use this mode than to call lsof repetitively from a shell script, for example.

To use repeat mode most efficiently, accompany +|-r with specification of other lsof selection options, so the amount of kernel memory access lsof does
will be kept to a minimum. Options that filter at the process level - e.g., -c, -g, -p, -u - are the most efficient selectors.

Repeat mode is useful when coupled with field output (see the -F, option description) and a supervising awk or Perl script, or a C program.

-R This option directs lsof to list the Parent Process IDentification number in the PPID column.

-s This option directs lsof to display file size at all times. It causes the SIZE/OFF output column title to be changed to SIZE. If the file does not have
a size, nothing is displayed.

The -o (without a following decimal digit count) and -s options are mutually exclusive; they can’t both be specified. When neither is specified, lsof
displays whatever value - size or offset - is appropriate and available for the type of file.

Since some types of files don’t have true sizes - sockets, FIFOs, pipes, etc. - lsof displays for their sizes the content amounts in their associated ker-
nel buffers, if possible.

-S [t] This option specifies an optional time-out seconds value for kernel functions - lstat(2), readlink(2), and stat(2) - that might otherwise deadlock. The
minimum for t is two; the default, fifteen; when no value is specified, the default is used.

See the BLOCKS AND TIMEOUTS section for more information.

-T [t] This option controls the reporting of some TCP/TPI information, also reported by netstat(1), following the network addresses. In normal output the infor-
mation appears in parentheses, each item except state identified by a keyword, followed by ‘=’, separated from others by a single space:

Not all values are reported for all UNIX dialects. Items values (when available) are reported after the item name and ’=’.

When the field output mode is in effect (See OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS.) each item appears as a field with a ‘T’ leading character.

                -T with no following key characters disables TCP/TPI information reporting.

    -T with following characters selects the reporting of specific TCP/TPI information:

                     f    selects reporting of socket options,
                          states and values, and TCP flags and
                          values.
                     q    selects queue length reporting.
                     s    selects connection state reporting.
                     w    selects window size reporting.

Not all selections are enabled for some UNIX dialects. State may be selected for all dialects and is reported by default. The -h or -? help output for
the -T option will show what selections may be used with the UNIX dialect.

                When -T is used to select information - i.e., it is followed by one or more selection characters - the displaying of state is disabled by default, and it
                must be explicitly selected again in the characters following -T. (In effect, then, the default is equivalent to -Ts.) For example, if queue lengths and
                state are desired, use -Tqs.

                Socket options, socket states, some socket values, TCP flags and one TCP value may be reported (when available in the UNIX dialect) in the form of the
                names that commonly appear after SO_, so_, SS_, TCP_   and TF_ in the dialect’s header files - most often <sys/socket.h>, <sys/socketvar.h> and
                <netinet/tcp_var.h>. Consult those header files for the meaning of the flags, options, states and values.

‘‘SO=’’ precedes socket options and values; ‘‘SS=’’, socket states; and ‘‘TF=’’, TCP flags and values.

If a flag or option has a value, the value will follow an ’=’ and the name -- e.g., ‘‘SO=LINGER=5’’, ‘‘SO=QLIM=5’’, ‘‘TF=MSS=512’’. The following seven
values may be reported:

Name
Reported Description (Common Symbol)

                     KEEPALIVE keep alive time (SO_KEEPALIVE)
                     LINGER    linger time (SO_LINGER)
                     MSS       maximum segment size (TCP_MAXSEG)
                     PQLEN     partial listen queue connections
                     QLEN      established listen queue connections
                     QLIM      established listen queue limit
                     RCVBUF    receive buffer length (SO_RCVBUF)
                     SNDBUF    send buffer length (SO_SNDBUF)

                Details on what socket options and values, socket states, and TCP flags and values may be displayed for particular UNIX dialects may be found in the
                answer to the ‘‘Why doesn’t lsof report socket options, socket states, and TCP flags and values for my dialect?’’ and ‘‘Why doesn’t lsof report the par-
                tial listen queue connection count for my dialect?’’ questions in the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.)

       -t       This option specifies that lsof should produce terse output with process identifiers only and no header - e.g., so that the output may be piped to
                kill(1). This option selects the -w option.

    -u s     This option selects the listing of files for the user whose login names or user ID numbers are in the comma-separated set s - e.g., ‘‘abe’’, or
                ‘‘548,root’’. (There should be no spaces in the set.)

Multiple login names or user ID numbers are joined in a single ORed set before participating in AND option selection.

                If a login name or user ID is preceded by a ‘^’, it becomes a negation - i.e., files of processes owned by the login name or user ID will never be listed.
                A negated login name or user ID selection is neither ANDed nor ORed with other selections; it is applied before all other selections and absolutely
                excludes the listing of the files of the process. For example, to direct lsof to exclude the listing of files belonging to root processes, specify
                ‘‘-u^root’’ or ‘‘-u^0’’.

-U This option selects the listing of UNIX domain socket files.

       -v       This option selects the listing of lsof version information, including: revision number; when the lsof binary was constructed; who constructed the binary
                and where; the name of the compiler used to construct the lsof binary; the version number of the compiler when readily available; the compiler and loader
                flags used to construct the lsof binary; and system information, typically the output of uname’s -a option.

-V This option directs lsof to indicate the items it was asked to list and failed to find - command names, file names, Internet addresses or files, login
names, NFS files, PIDs, PGIDs, and UIDs.

When other options are ANDed to search options, or compile-time options restrict the listing of some files, lsof may not report that it failed to find a
search item when an ANDed option or compile-time option prevents the listing of the open file containing the located search item.

                For example, ‘‘lsof -V -iTCP@foobar -a -d 999’’ may not report a failure to locate open files at ‘‘TCP@foobar’’ and may not list any, if none have a file
                descriptor number of 999. A similar situation arises when HASSECURITY and HASNOSOCKSECURITY are defined at compile time and they prevent the listing of
                open files.

+|-w Enables (+) or disables (-) the suppression of warning messages.

The lsof builder may choose to have warning messages disabled or enabled by default. The default warning message state is indicated in the output of the
-h or -? option. Disabling warning messages when they are already disabled or enabling them when already enabled is acceptable.

The -t option selects the -w option.

-x [fl] This option may accompany the +d and +D options to direct their processing to cross over symbolic links and|or file system mount points encountered when
scanning the directory (+d) or directory tree (+D).

If -x is specified by itself without a following parameter, cross-over processing of both symbolic links and file system mount points is enabled. Note
that when -x is specified without a parameter, the next argument must begin with ’-’ or ’+’.

The optional ’f’ parameter enables file system mount point cross-over processing; ’l’, symbolic link cross-over processing.

The -x option may not be supplied without also supplying a +d or +D option.

       -X       This is a dialect-specific option.


    AIX:
                This IBM AIX RISC/System 6000 option requests the reporting of executed text file and shared library references.

                WARNING: because this option uses the kernel readx() function, its use on a busy AIX system might cause an application process to hang so completely that
                it can neither be killed nor stopped. I have never seen this happen or had a report of its happening, but I think there is a remote possibility it could
                happen.

By default use of readx() is disabled. On AIX 5L and above lsof may need setuid-root permission to perform the actions this option requests.

                The lsof builder may specify that the -X option be restricted to processes whose real UID is root. If that has been done, the -X option will not appear
                in the -h or -? help output unless the real UID of the lsof process is root. The default lsof distribution allows any UID to specify -X, so by default
                it will appear in the help output.

When AIX readx() use is disabled, lsof may not be able to report information for all text and loader file references, but it may also avoid exacerbating
an AIX kernel directory search kernel error, known as the Stale Segment ID bug.

                The readx() function, used by lsof or any other program to access some sections of kernel virtual memory, can trigger the Stale Segment ID bug.   It can
                cause the kernel’s dir_search() function to believe erroneously that part of an in-memory copy of a file system directory has been zeroed. Another appli-
                cation process, distinct from lsof, asking the kernel to search the directory - e.g., by using open(2) - can cause dir_search() to loop forever, thus
                hanging the application process.

Consult the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.) and the 00README file of the lsof distribution for a more complete description of the Stale
Segment ID bug, its APAR, and methods for defining readx() use when compiling lsof.

Linux:
This Linux option requests that lsof skip the reporting of information on all open TCP and UDP IPv4 and IPv6 files.

This Linux option is most useful when the system has an extremely large number of open TCP and UDP files, the processing of whose information in the
/proc/net/tcp* and /proc/net/udp* files would take lsof a long time, and whose reporting is not of interest.

Use this option with care and only when you are sure that the information you want lsof to display isn’t associated with open TCP or UDP socket files.

Solaris 10 and above:
This Solaris 10 and above option requests the reporting of cached paths for files that have been deleted - i.e., removed with rm(1) or unlink(2).

The cached path is followed by the string ‘‘ (deleted)’’ to indicate that the path by which the file was opened has been deleted.

Because intervening changes made to the path - i.e., renames with mv(1) or rename(2) - are not recorded in the cached path, what lsof reports is only the
path by which the file was opened, not its possibly different final path.

-z [z] specifies how Solaris 10 and higher zone information is to be handled.

Without a following argument - e.g., NO z - the option specifies that zone names are to be listed in the ZONE output column.

                The -z option may be followed by a zone name, z. That causes lsof to list only open files for processes in that zone. Multiple -z z option and argument
                pairs may be specified to form a list of named zones. Any open file of any process in any of the zones will be listed, subject to other conditions speci-
    fied by other options and arguments.

-Z [Z] specifies how SELinux security contexts are to be handled.

Without a following argument - e.g., NO Z - the option specifies that security contexts are to be listed in the SECURITY-CONTEXT output column.

                The -Z option may be followed by a wildcard security context name, Z. That causes lsof to list only open files for processes in that security context.
                Multiple -Z Z option and argument pairs may be specified to form a list of security contexts. Any open file of any process in any of the security con-
                texts will be listed, subject to other conditions specified by other options and arguments. Note that Z can be A:B:C or *:B:C or A:B:* or *:*:C to match
                against the A:B:C context.

       --       The double minus sign option is a marker that signals the end of the keyed options. It may be used, for example, when the first file name begins with a
                minus sign. It may also be used when the absence of a value for the last keyed option must be signified by the presence of a minus sign in the following
                option and before the start of the file names.

names These are path names of specific files to list. Symbolic links are resolved before use. The first name may be separated from the preceding options with
the ‘‘--’’ option.

                If a name is the mounted-on directory of a file system or the device of the file system, lsof will list all the files open on the file system. To be con-
                sidered a file system, the name must match a mounted-on directory name in mount(8) output, or match the name of a block device associated with a
                mounted-on directory name. The +|-f option may be used to force lsof to consider a name a file system identifier (+f) or a simple file (-f).

                If name is a path to a directory that is not the mounted-on directory name of a file system, it is treated just as a regular file is treated - i.e., its
                listing is restricted to processes that have it open as a file or as a process-specific directory, such as the root or current working directory. To
                request that lsof look for open files inside a directory name, use the +d s and +D D options.

If a name is the base name of a family of multiplexed files - e. g, AIX’s /dev/pt[cs] - lsof will list all the associated multiplexed files on the device
that are open - e.g., /dev/pt[cs]/1, /dev/pt[cs]/2, etc.

                If a name is a UNIX domain socket name, lsof will usually search for it by the characters of the name alone - exactly as it is specified and is recorded
                in the kernel socket structure. (See the next paragraph for an exception to that rule for Linux.) Specifying a relative path - e.g., ./file - in place
                of the file’s absolute path - e.g., /tmp/file - won’t work because lsof must match the characters you specify with what it finds in the kernel UNIX domain
                socket structures.

                If a name is a Linux UNIX domain socket name, in one case lsof is able to search for it by its device and inode number, allowing name to be a relative
                path.   The case requires that the absolute path -- i.e., one beginning with a slash (’/’) be used by the process that created the socket, and hence be
                stored in the /proc/net/unix file; and it requires that lsof be able to obtain the device and node numbers of both the absolute path in /proc/net/unix and
                name via successful stat(2) system calls. When those conditions are met, lsof will be able to search for the UNIX domain socket when some path to it is
                is specified in name. Thus, for example, if the path is /dev/log, and an lsof search is initiated when the working directory is /dev, then name could be
                ./log.

If a name is none of the above, lsof will list any open files whose device and inode match that of the specified path name.

                If you have also specified the -b option, the only names you may safely specify are file systems for which your mount table supplies alternate device num-
                bers. See the AVOIDING KERNEL BLOCKS and ALTERNATE DEVICE NUMBERS sections for more information.

    Multiple file names are joined in a single ORed set before participating in AND option selection.

AFS
Lsof supports the recognition of AFS files for these dialects (and AFS versions):

            AIX 4.1.4 (AFS 3.4a)
            HP-UX 9.0.5 (AFS 3.4a)
            Linux 1.2.13 (AFS 3.3)
            Solaris 2.[56] (AFS 3.4a)

It may recognize AFS files on other versions of these dialects, but has not been tested there. Depending on how AFS is implemented, lsof may recognize AFS files
in other dialects, or may have difficulties recognizing AFS files in the supported dialects.

       Lsof may have trouble identifying all aspects of AFS files in supported dialects when AFS kernel support is implemented via dynamic modules whose addresses do not
       appear in the kernel’s variable name list. In that case, lsof may have to guess at the identity of AFS files, and might not be able to obtain volume information
       from the kernel that is needed for calculating AFS volume node numbers. When lsof can’t compute volume node numbers, it reports blank in the NODE column.

The -A A option is available in some dialect implementations of lsof for specifying the name list file where dynamic module kernel addresses may be found. When
this option is available, it will be listed in the lsof help output, presented in response to the -h or -?

See the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.) for more information about dynamic modules, their symbols, and how they affect lsof options.

Because AFS path lookups don’t seem to participate in the kernel’s name cache operations, lsof can’t identify path name components for AFS files.

SECURITY
       Lsof has three features that may cause security concerns. First, its default compilation mode allows anyone to list all open files with it. Second, by default it
       creates a user-readable and user-writable device cache file in the home directory of the real user ID that executes lsof. (The list-all-open-files and device
       cache features may be disabled when lsof is compiled.) Third, its -k and -m options name alternate kernel name list or memory files.

       Restricting the listing of all open files is controlled by the compile-time HASSECURITY and HASNOSOCKSECURITY options. When HASSECURITY is defined, lsof will
       allow only the root user to list all open files. The non-root user may list only open files of processes with the same user IDentification number as the real user
       ID number of the lsof process (the one that its user logged on with).

However, if HASSECURITY and HASNOSOCKSECURITY are both defined, anyone may list open socket files, provided they are selected with the -i option.

When HASSECURITY is not defined, anyone may list all open files.

Help output, presented in response to the -h or -? option, gives the status of the HASSECURITY and HASNOSOCKSECURITY definitions.

See the Security section of the 00README file of the lsof distribution for information on building lsof with the HASSECURITY and HASNOSOCKSECURITY options enabled.

       Creation and use of a user-readable and user-writable device cache file is controlled by the compile-time HASDCACHE option. See the DEVICE CACHE FILE section and
       the sections that follow it for details on how its path is formed. For security considerations it is important to note that in the default lsof distribution, if
       the real user ID under which lsof is executed is root, the device cache file will be written in root’s home directory - e.g., / or /root. When HASDCACHE is not
       defined, lsof does not write or attempt to read a device cache file.


    When HASDCACHE is defined, the lsof help output, presented in response to the -h, -D?, or -? options, will provide device cache file handling information.   When
       HASDCACHE is not defined, the -h or -? output will have no -D option description.

Before you decide to disable the device cache file feature - enabling it improves the performance of lsof by reducing the startup overhead of examining all the
nodes in /dev (or /devices) - read the discussion of it in the 00DCACHE file of the lsof distribution and the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.)

WHEN IN DOUBT, YOU CAN TEMPORARILY DISABLE THE USE OF THE DEVICE CACHE FILE WITH THE -Di OPTION.

       When lsof user declares alternate kernel name list or memory files with the -k and -m options, lsof checks the user’s authority to read them with access(2).   This
       is intended to prevent whatever special power lsof’s modes might confer on it from letting it read files not normally accessible via the authority of the real user
       ID.

OUTPUT
This section describes the information lsof lists for each open file. See the OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS section for additional information on output that can be
processed by another program.

       Lsof only outputs printable (declared so by isprint(3)) 8 bit characters. Non-printable characters are printed in one of three forms: the C ‘‘\[bfrnt]’’ form; the
       control character ‘^’ form (e.g., ‘‘^@’’); or hexadecimal leading ‘‘\x’’ form (e.g., ‘‘\xab’’). Space is non-printable in the COMMAND column (‘‘\x20’’) and print-
       able elsewhere.

       For some dialects - if HASSETLOCALE is defined in the dialect’s machine.h header file - lsof will print the extended 8 bit characters of a language locale. The
       lsof process must be supplied a language locale environment variable (e.g., LANG) whose value represents a known language locale in which the extended characters
       are considered printable by isprint(3). Otherwise lsof considers the extended characters non-printable and prints them according to its rules for non-printable
       characters, stated above. Consult your dialect’s setlocale(3) man page for the names of other environment variables that may be used in place of LANG - e.g.,
       LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, etc.

       Lsof’s language locale support for a dialect also covers wide characters - e.g., UTF-8 - when HASSETLOCALE and HASWIDECHAR are defined in the dialect’s machine.h
       header file, and when a suitable language locale has been defined in the appropriate environment variable for the lsof process.   Wide characters are printable
       under those conditions if iswprint(3) reports them to be. If HASSETLOCALE, HASWIDECHAR and a suitable language locale aren’t defined, or if iswprint(3) reports
       wide characters that aren’t printable, lsof considers the wide characters non-printable and prints each of their 8 bits according to its rules for non-printable
       characters, stated above.

Consult the answers to the "Language locale support" questions in the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.) for more information.

Lsof dynamically sizes the output columns each time it runs, guaranteeing that each column is a minimum size. It also guarantees that each column is separated
from its predecessor by at least one space.

       COMMAND    contains the first nine characters of the name of the UNIX command associated with the process. If a non-zero w value is specified to the +c w option,
                  the column contains the first w characters of the name of the UNIX command associated with the process up to the limit of characters supplied to lsof by
                  the UNIX dialect. (See the description of the +c w command or the lsof FAQ for more information. The FAQ section gives its location.)

If w is less than the length of the column title, ‘‘COMMAND’’, it will be raised to that length.

                  If a zero w value is specified to the +c w option, the column contains all the characters of the name of the UNIX command associated with the process.

      All command name characters maintained by the kernel in its structures are displayed in field output when the command name descriptor (‘c’) is speci-
                  fied. See the OUTPUT FOR OTHER COMMANDS section for information on selecting field output and the associated command name descriptor.

PID is the Process IDentification number of the process.

ZONE is the Solaris 10 and higher zone name. This column must be selected with the -z option.

SECURITY-CONTEXT
is the SELinux security context. This column must be selected with the -Z option.

PPID is the Parent Process IDentification number of the process. It is only displayed when the -R option has been specified.

PGID is the process group IDentification number associated with the process. It is only displayed when the -g option has been specified.

       USER       is the user ID number or login name of the user to whom the process belongs, usually the same as reported by ps(1). However, on Linux USER is the user
                  ID number or login that owns the directory in /proc where lsof finds information about the process. Usually that is the same value reported by ps(1),
                  but may differ when the process has changed its effective user ID. (See the -l option description for information on when a user ID number or login
                  name is displayed.)

FD is the File Descriptor number of the file or:

                       cwd current working directory;
                       Lnn library references (AIX);
                       err FD information error (see NAME column);
                       jld jail directory (FreeBSD);
                       ltx shared library text (code and data);
                       Mxx hex memory-mapped type number xx.
                       m86 DOS Merge mapped file;
                       mem memory-mapped file;
                       mmap memory-mapped device;
                       pd   parent directory;
                       rtd root directory;
                       tr   kernel trace file (OpenBSD);
                       txt program text (code and data);
                       v86 VP/ix mapped file;

FD is followed by one of these characters, describing the mode under which the file is open:

                       r for read access;
                       w for write access;
                       u for read and write access;
                       space if mode unknown and no lock
                            character follows;
                       ‘-’ if mode unknown and lock
                            character follows.

       The mode character is followed by one of these lock characters, describing the type of lock applied to the file:

                       N for a Solaris NFS lock of unknown type;
                       r for read lock on part of the file;
                       R for a read lock on the entire file;
                       w for a write lock on part of the file;
                       W for a write lock on the entire file;
                       u for a read and write lock of any length;
                       U for a lock of unknown type;
                       x for an SCO OpenServer Xenix lock on part      of the file;
                       X for an SCO OpenServer Xenix lock on the      entire file;
                       space if there is no lock.

See the LOCKS section for more information on the lock information character.

The FD column contents constitutes a single field for parsing in post-processing scripts.

TYPE is the type of the node associated with the file - e.g., GDIR, GREG, VDIR, VREG, etc.

or ‘‘IPv4’’ for an IPv4 socket;

or ‘‘IPv6’’ for an open IPv6 network file - even if its address is IPv4, mapped in an IPv6 address;

or ‘‘ax25’’ for a Linux AX.25 socket;

or ‘‘inet’’ for an Internet domain socket;

or ‘‘lla’’ for a HP-UX link level access file;

or ‘‘rte’’ for an AF_ROUTE socket;

or ‘‘sock’’ for a socket of unknown domain;

or ‘‘unix’’ for a UNIX domain socket;

or ‘‘x.25’’ for an HP-UX x.25 socket;

or ‘‘BLK’’ for a block special file;

or ‘‘CHR’’ for a character special file;

or ‘‘DEL’’ for a Linux map file that has been deleted;

or ‘‘DIR’’ for a directory;

                  or ‘‘DOOR’’ for a VDOOR file;

      or ‘‘FIFO’’ for a FIFO special file;

or ‘‘KQUEUE’’ for a BSD style kernel event queue file;

or ‘‘LINK’’ for a symbolic link file;

or ‘‘MPB’’ for a multiplexed block file;

or ‘‘MPC’’ for a multiplexed character file;

or ‘‘NOFD’’ for a Linux /proc/<PID>/fd directory that can’t be opened -- the directory path appears in the NAME column, followed by an error message;

or ‘‘PAS’’ for a /proc/as file;

or ‘‘PAXV’’ for a /proc/auxv file;

or ‘‘PCRE’’ for a /proc/cred file;

or ‘‘PCTL’’ for a /proc control file;

or ‘‘PCUR’’ for the current /proc process;

or ‘‘PCWD’’ for a /proc current working directory;

or ‘‘PDIR’’ for a /proc directory;

or ‘‘PETY’’ for a /proc executable type (etype);

or ‘‘PFD’’ for a /proc file descriptor;

or ‘‘PFDR’’ for a /proc file descriptor directory;

or ‘‘PFIL’’ for an executable /proc file;

or ‘‘PFPR’’ for a /proc FP register set;

or ‘‘PGD’’ for a /proc/pagedata file;

or ‘‘PGID’’ for a /proc group notifier file;

or ‘‘PIPE’’ for pipes;

                  or ‘‘PLC’’ for a /proc/lwpctl file;

      or ‘‘PLDR’’ for a /proc/lpw directory;

or ‘‘PLDT’’ for a /proc/ldt file;

or ‘‘PLPI’’ for a /proc/lpsinfo file;

or ‘‘PLST’’ for a /proc/lstatus file;

or ‘‘PLU’’ for a /proc/lusage file;

or ‘‘PLWG’’ for a /proc/gwindows file;

or ‘‘PLWI’’ for a /proc/lwpsinfo file;

or ‘‘PLWS’’ for a /proc/lwpstatus file;

or ‘‘PLWU’’ for a /proc/lwpusage file;

or ‘‘PLWX’’ for a /proc/xregs file’

or ‘‘PMAP’’ for a /proc map file (map);

or ‘‘PMEM’’ for a /proc memory image file;

or ‘‘PNTF’’ for a /proc process notifier file;

or ‘‘POBJ’’ for a /proc/object file;

or ‘‘PODR’’ for a /proc/object directory;

or ‘‘POLP’’ for an old format /proc light weight process file;

or ‘‘POPF’’ for an old format /proc PID file;

or ‘‘POPG’’ for an old format /proc page data file;

or ‘‘PORT’’ for a SYSV named pipe;

or ‘‘PREG’’ for a /proc register file;

or ‘‘PRMP’’ for a /proc/rmap file;

or ‘‘PRTD’’ for a /proc root directory;

                  or ‘‘PSGA’’ for a /proc/sigact file;

      or ‘‘PSIN’’ for a /proc/psinfo file;

or ‘‘PSTA’’ for a /proc status file;

or ‘‘PSXSEM’’ for a POSIX semaphore file;

or ‘‘PSXSHM’’ for a POSIX shared memory file;

or ‘‘PUSG’’ for a /proc/usage file;

or ‘‘PW’’ for a /proc/watch file;

or ‘‘PXMP’’ for a /proc/xmap file;

or ‘‘REG’’ for a regular file;

or ‘‘SMT’’ for a shared memory transport file;

or ‘‘STSO’’ for a stream socket;

or ‘‘UNNM’’ for an unnamed type file;

or ‘‘XNAM’’ for an OpenServer Xenix special file of unknown type;

or ‘‘XSEM’’ for an OpenServer Xenix semaphore file;

or ‘‘XSD’’ for an OpenServer Xenix shared data file;

or the four type number octets if the corresponding name isn’t known.

FILE-ADDR contains the kernel file structure address when f has been specified to +f;

FCT contains the file reference count from the kernel file structure when c has been specified to +f;

       FILE-FLAG when g or G has been specified to +f, this field contains the contents of the f_flag[s] member of the kernel file structure and the kernel’s per-process
                  open file flags (if available); ‘G’ causes them to be displayed in hexadecimal; ‘g’, as short-hand names; two lists may be displayed with entries sepa-
                  rated by commas, the lists separated by a semicolon (‘;’); the first list may contain short-hand names for f_flag[s] values from the following table:

                       AIO       asynchronous I/O (e.g., FAIO)
                       AP        append
                       ASYN      asynchronous I/O (e.g., FASYNC)
                       BAS       block, test, and set in use
                       BKIU      block if in use
                       BL        use block offsets
        BSK       block seek
                       CA        copy avoid
                       CIO       concurrent I/O
                       CLON      clone
                       CLRD      CL read
                       CR        create
                       DF        defer
                       DFI       defer IND
                       DFLU      data flush
                       DIR       direct
                       DLY       delay
                       DOCL      do clone
                       DSYN      data-only integrity
                       EVO       event only
                       EX        open for exec
                       EXCL      exclusive open
                       FSYN      synchronous writes
                       GCDF      defer during unp_gc() (AIX)
                       GCMK      mark during unp_gc() (AIX)
                       GTTY      accessed via /dev/tty
                       HUP       HUP in progress
                       KERN      kernel
                       KIOC      kernel-issued ioctl
                       LCK       has lock
                       LG        large file
                       MBLK      stream message block
                       MK        mark
                       MNT       mount
                       MSYN      multiplex synchronization
                       NB        non-blocking I/O
                       NBDR      no BDRM check
                       NBIO      SYSV non-blocking I/O
                       NBF       n-buffering in effect
                       NC        no cache
                       ND        no delay
                       NDSY      no data synchronization
                       NET       network
                       NMFS      NM file system
                       NOTO      disable background stop
                       NSH       no share
                       NTTY      no controlling TTY
                       OLRM      OLR mirror
                       PAIO      POSIX asynchronous I/O
                       PP        POSIX pipe
        R         read
                       RC        file and record locking cache
                       REV       revoked
                       RSH       shared read
                       RSYN      read synchronization
                       SL        shared lock
                       SNAP      cooked snapshot
                       SOCK      socket
                       SQSH      Sequent shared set on open
                       SQSV      Sequent SVM set on open
                       SQR       Sequent set repair on open
                       SQS1      Sequent full shared open
                       SQS2      Sequent partial shared open
                       STPI      stop I/O
                       SWR       synchronous read
                       SYN       file integrity while writing
                       TCPM      avoid TCP collision
                       TR        truncate
                       W         write
                       WKUP      parallel I/O synchronization
                       WTG       parallel I/O synchronization
                       VH        vhangup pending
                       VTXT      virtual text
                       XL        exclusive lock

this list of names was derived from F* #define’s in dialect header files <fcntl.h>, <linux</fs.h>, <sys/fcntl.c>, <sys/fcntlcom.h>, and <sys/file.h>;
see the lsof.h header file for a list showing the correspondence between the above short-hand names and the header file definitions;

the second list (after the semicolon) may contain short-hand names for kernel per-process open file flags from this table:

                       ALLC      allocated
                       BR        the file has been read
                       BHUP      activity stopped by SIGHUP
                       BW        the file has been written
                       CLSG      closing
                       CX        close-on-exec (see fcntl(F_SETFD))
                       LCK       lock was applied
                       MP        memory-mapped
                       OPIP      open pending - in progress
                       RSVW      reserved wait
                       SHMT      UF_FSHMAT set (AIX)
                       USE       in use (multi-threaded)

NODE-ID (or INODE-ADDR for some dialects) contains a unique identifier for the file node (usually the kernel vnode or inode address, but also occasionally a
concatenation of device and node number) when n has been specified to +f;

DEVICE contains the device numbers, separated by commas, for a character special, block special, regular, directory or NFS file;

or ‘‘memory’’ for a memory file system node under Tru64 UNIX;

or the address of the private data area of a Solaris socket stream;

or a kernel reference address that identifies the file (The kernel reference address may be used for FIFO’s, for example.);

or the base address or device name of a Linux AX.25 socket device.

Usually only the lower thirty two bits of Tru64 UNIX kernel addresses are displayed.

       SIZE, SIZE/OFF, or OFFSET
                  is the size of the file or the file offset in bytes. A value is displayed in this column only if it is available. Lsof displays whatever value - size
                  or offset - is appropriate for the type of the file and the version of lsof.

                  On some UNIX dialects lsof can’t obtain accurate or consistent file offset information from its kernel data sources, sometimes just for particular kinds
                  of files (e.g., socket files.) In other cases, files don’t have true sizes - e.g., sockets, FIFOs, pipes - so lsof displays for their sizes the content
                  amounts it finds in their kernel buffer descriptors (e.g., socket buffer size counts or TCP/IP window sizes.) Consult the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section
                  gives its location.) for more information.

The file size is displayed in decimal; the offset is normally displayed in decimal with a leading ‘‘0t’’ if it contains 8 digits or less; in hexadecimal
with a leading ‘‘0x’’ if it is longer than 8 digits. (Consult the -o o option description for information on when 8 might default to some other value.)

Thus the leading ‘‘0t’’ and ‘‘0x’’ identify an offset when the column may contain both a size and an offset (i.e., its title is SIZE/OFF).

If the -o option is specified, lsof always displays the file offset (or nothing if no offset is available) and labels the column OFFSET. The offset
always begins with ‘‘0t’’ or ‘‘0x’’ as described above.

The lsof user can control the switch from ‘‘0t’’ to ‘‘0x’’ with the -o o option. Consult its description for more information.

If the -s option is specified, lsof always displays the file size (or nothing if no size is available) and labels the column SIZE. The -o and -s
options are mutually exclusive; they can’t both be specified.

For files that don’t have a fixed size - e.g., don’t reside on a disk device - lsof will display appropriate information about the current size or posi-
tion of the file if it is available in the kernel structures that define the file.

NLINK contains the file link count when +L has been specified;

NODE is the node number of a local file;

or the inode number of an NFS file in the server host;
or the Internet protocol type - e. g, ‘‘TCP’’;

or ‘‘STR’’ for a stream;

or ‘‘CCITT’’ for an HP-UX x.25 socket;

or the IRQ or inode number of a Linux AX.25 socket device.

NAME is the name of the mount point and file system on which the file resides;

or the name of a file specified in the names option (after any symbolic links have been resolved);

or the name of a character special or block special device;

                  or the local and remote Internet addresses of a network file; the local host name or IP number is followed by a colon (’:’), the port, ‘‘->’’, and the
                  two-part remote address; IP addresses may be reported as numbers or names, depending on the +|-M, -n, and -P options; colon-separated IPv6 numbers are
                  enclosed in square brackets; IPv4 INADDR_ANY and IPv6 IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED addresses, and zero port numbers are represented by an asterisk (’*’); a
                  UDP destination address may be followed by the amount of time elapsed since the last packet was sent to the destination; TCP and UDP remote addresses
                  may be followed by TCP/TPI information in parentheses - state (e.g., ‘‘(ESTABLISHED)’’, ‘‘(Unbound)’’), queue sizes, and window sizes (not all dialects)
                  - in a fashion similar to what netstat(1) reports; see the -T option description or the description of the TCP/TPI field in OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS
                  for more information on state, queue size, and window size;

or the address or name of a UNIX domain socket, possibly including a stream clone device name, a file system object’s path name, local and foreign ker-
nel addresses, socket pair information, and a bound vnode address;

or the local and remote mount point names of an NFS file;

or ‘‘STR’’, followed by the stream name;

or a stream character device name, followed by ‘‘->’’ and the stream name or a list of stream module names, separated by ‘‘->’’;

or ‘‘STR:’’ followed by the SCO OpenServer stream device and module names, separated by ‘‘->’’;

or system directory name, ‘‘ -- ’’, and as many components of the path name as lsof can find in the kernel’s name cache for selected dialects (See the
KERNEL NAME CACHE section for more information.);

or ‘‘PIPE->’’, followed by a Solaris kernel pipe destination address;

or ‘‘COMMON:’’, followed by the vnode device information structure’s device name, for a Solaris common vnode;

or the address family, followed by a slash (‘/’), followed by fourteen comma-separated bytes of a non-Internet raw socket address;

                  or the HP-UX x.25 local address, followed by the virtual connection number (if any), followed by the remote address (if any);

      or ‘‘(dead)’’ for disassociated Tru64 UNIX files - typically terminal files that have been flagged with the TIOCNOTTY ioctl and closed by daemons;

or ‘‘rd=<offset>’’ and ‘‘wr=<offset>’’ for the values of the read and write offsets of a FIFO;

or ‘‘clone n:/dev/event’’ for SCO OpenServer file clones of the /dev/event device, where n is the minor device number of the file;

or ‘‘(socketpair: n)’’ for a Solaris 2.6, 8, 9 or 10 UNIX domain socket, created by the socketpair(3N) network function;

or ‘‘no PCB’’ for socket files that do not have a protocol block associated with them, optionally followed by ‘‘, CANTSENDMORE’’ if sending on the
socket has been disabled, or ‘‘, CANTRCVMORE’’ if receiving on the socket has been disabled (e.g., by the shutdown(2) function);

or the local and remote addresses of a Linux IPX socket file in the form <net>:[<node>:]<port>, followed in parentheses by the transmit and receive
queue sizes, and the connection state;

or ‘‘dgram’’ or ‘‘stream’’ for the type UnixWare 7.1.1 and above in-kernel UNIX domain sockets, followed by a colon (’:’) and the local path name when
available, followed by ‘‘->’’ and the remote path name or kernel socket address in hexadecimal when available.

       For dialects that support a ‘‘namefs’’ file system, allowing one file to be attached to another with fattach(3C), lsof will add ‘‘(FA:<address1><direc-
       tion><address2>)’’ to the NAME column. <address1> and <address2> are hexadecimal vnode addresses. <direction> will be ‘‘<-’’ if <address2> has been fattach’ed to
       this vnode whose address is <address1>; and ‘‘->’’ if <address1>, the vnode address of this vnode, has been fattach’ed to <address2>. <address1> may be omitted if
       it already appears in the DEVICE column.

       Lsof may add two parenthetical notes to the NAME column for open Solaris 10 files: ‘‘(?)’’ if lsof considers the path name of questionable accuracy; and
       ‘‘(deleted)’’ if the -X option has been specified and lsof detects the open file’s path name has been deleted. Consult the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its
       location.) for more information on these NAME column additions.

LOCKS
Lsof can’t adequately report the wide variety of UNIX dialect file locks in a single character. What it reports in a single character is a compromise between the
information it finds in the kernel and the limitations of the reporting format.

Moreover, when a process holds several byte level locks on a file, lsof only reports the status of the first lock it encounters. If it is a byte level lock, then
the lock character will be reported in lower case - i.e., ‘r’, ‘w’, or ‘x’ - rather than the upper case equivalent reported for a full file lock.

       Generally lsof can only report on locks held by local processes on local files. When a local process sets a lock on a remotely mounted (e.g., NFS) file, the
       remote server host usually records the lock state. One exception is Solaris - at some patch levels of 2.3, and in all versions above 2.4, the Solaris kernel
       records information on remote locks in local structures.

Lsof has trouble reporting locks for some UNIX dialects. Consult the BUGS section of this manual page or the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.) for
more information.

OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS
When the -F option is specified, lsof produces output that is suitable for processing by another program - e.g, an awk or Perl script, or a C program.

       Each unit of information is output in a field that is identified with a leading character and terminated by a NL (012) (or a NUL (000) if the 0 (zero) field iden-
       tifier character is specified.) The data of the field follows immediately after the field identification character and extends to the field terminator.

    It is possible to think of field output as process and file sets. A process set begins with a field whose identifier is ‘p’ (for process IDentifier (PID)). It
       extends to the beginning of the next PID field or the beginning of the first file set of the process, whichever comes first.   Included in the process set are
       fields that identify the command, the process group IDentification (PGID) number, and the user ID (UID) number or login name.

A file set begins with a field whose identifier is ‘f’ (for file descriptor). It is followed by lines that describe the file’s access mode, lock state, type,
device, size, offset, inode, protocol, name and stream module names. It extends to the beginning of the next file or process set, whichever comes first.

When the NUL (000) field terminator has been selected with the 0 (zero) field identifier character, lsof ends each process and file set with a NL (012) character.

       Lsof always produces one field, the PID (‘p’) field. All other fields may be declared optionally in the field identifier character list that follows the -F
       option. When a field selection character identifies an item lsof does not normally list - e.g., PPID, selected with -R - specification of the field character -
       e.g., ‘‘-FR’’ - also selects the listing of the item.

       It is entirely possible to select a set of fields that cannot easily be parsed - e.g., if the field descriptor field is not selected, it may be difficult to iden-
       tify file sets. To help you avoid this difficulty, lsof supports the -F option; it selects the output of all fields with NL terminators (the -F0 option pair
       selects the output of all fields with NUL terminators). For compatibility reasons neither -F nor -F0 select the raw device field.

These are the fields that lsof will produce. The single character listed first is the field identifier.

            a    file access mode
            c    process command name (all characters from proc or
                 user structure)
            C    file structure share count
            d    file’s device character code
            D    file’s major/minor device number (0x<hexadecimal>)
            f    file descriptor
            F    file structure address (0x<hexadecimal>)
            G    file flaGs (0x<hexadecimal>; names if +fg follows)
            i    file’s inode number
            k    link count
            l    file’s lock status
            L    process login name
            m    marker between repeated output
            n    file name, comment, Internet address
            N    node identifier (ox<hexadecimal>
            o    file’s offset (decimal)
            p    process ID (always selected)
            g    process group ID
            P    protocol name
            r    raw device number (0x<hexadecimal>)
            R    parent process ID
            s    file’s size (decimal)
            S    file’s stream identification
            t    file’s type
            T    TCP/TPI information, identified by prefixes (the
                 ‘=’ is part of the prefix):
      QR=<read queue size>
                     QS=<send queue size>
                     SO=<socket options and values> (not all dialects)
                     SS=<socket states> (not all dialects)
                     ST=<connection state>
                     TF=<TCP flags and values> (not all dialects)
                     WR=<window read size> (not all dialects)
                     WW=<window write size> (not all dialects)
                 (TCP/TPI information isn’t reported for all supported
                   UNIX dialects. The -h or -? help output for the
                   -T option will show what TCP/TPI reporting can be
                   requested.)
            u    process user ID
            z    Solaris 10 and higher zone name
            0    use NUL field terminator character in place of NL
            1-9 dialect-specific field identifiers (The output
                 of -F? identifies the information to be found
                 in dialect-specific fields.)

You can get on-line help information on these characters and their descriptions by specifying the -F? option pair. (Escape the ‘?’ character as your shell
requires.) Additional information on field content can be found in the OUTPUT section.

As an example, ‘‘-F pcfn’’ will select the process ID (‘p’), command name (‘c’), file descriptor (‘f’) and file name (‘n’) fields with an NL field terminator char-
acter; ‘‘-F pcfn0’’ selects the same output with a NUL (000) field terminator character.

       Lsof doesn’t produce all fields for every process or file set, only those that are available. Some fields are mutually exclusive: file device characters and file
       major/minor device numbers; file inode number and protocol name; file name and stream identification; file size and offset. One or the other member of these mutu-
       ally exclusive sets will appear in field output, but not both.

       Normally lsof ends each field with a NL (012) character. The 0 (zero) field identifier character may be specified to change the field terminator character to a
       NUL (000). A NUL terminator may be easier to process with xargs (1), for example, or with programs whose quoting mechanisms may not easily cope with the range of
       characters in the field output. When the NUL field terminator is in use, lsof ends each process and file set with a NL (012).

       Three aids to producing programs that can process lsof field output are included in the lsof distribution. The first is a C header file, lsof_fields.h, that con-
       tains symbols for the field identification characters, indexes for storing them in a table, and explanation strings that may be compiled into programs. Lsof uses
       this header file.

The second aid is a set of sample scripts that process field output, written in awk, Perl 4, and Perl 5. They’re located in the scripts subdirectory of the lsof
distribution.

The third aid is the C library used for the lsof test suite. The test suite is written in C and uses field output to validate the correct operation of lsof. The
library can be found in the tests/LTlib.c file of the lsof distribution. The library uses the first aid, the lsof_fields.h header file.

BLOCKS AND TIMEOUTS
Lsof can be blocked by some kernel functions that it uses - lstat(2), readlink(2), and stat(2). These functions are stalled in the kernel, for example, when the
hosts where mounted NFS file systems reside become inaccessible.

Lsof attempts to break these blocks with timers and child processes, but the techniques are not wholly reliable. When lsof does manage to break a block, it will
report the break with an error message. The messages may be suppressed with the -t and -w options.

The default timeout value may be displayed with the -h or -? option, and it may be changed with the -S [t] option. The minimum for t is two seconds, but you
should avoid small values, since slow system responsiveness can cause short timeouts to expire unexpectedly and perhaps stop lsof before it can produce any output.

When lsof has to break a block during its access of mounted file system information, it normally continues, although with less information available to display
about open files.

Lsof can also be directed to avoid the protection of timers and child processes when using the kernel functions that might block by specifying the -O option.
While this will allow lsof to start up with less overhead, it exposes lsof completely to the kernel situations that might block it. Use this option cautiously.

AVOIDING KERNEL BLOCKS
You can use the -b option to tell lsof to avoid using kernel functions that would block. Some cautions apply.

First, using this option usually requires that your system supply alternate device numbers in place of the device numbers that lsof would normally obtain with the
lstat(2) and stat(2) kernel functions. See the ALTERNATE DEVICE NUMBERS section for more information on alternate device numbers.

       Second, you can’t specify names for lsof to locate unless they’re file system names. This is because lsof needs to know the device and inode numbers of files
       listed with names in the lsof options, and the -b option prevents lsof from obtaining them. Moreover, since lsof only has device numbers for the file systems that
       have alternates, its ability to locate files on file systems depends completely on the availability and accuracy of the alternates. If no alternates are avail-
       able, or if they’re incorrect, lsof won’t be able to locate files on the named file systems.

Third, if the names of your file system directories that lsof obtains from your system’s mount table are symbolic links, lsof won’t be able to resolve the links.
This is because the -b option causes lsof to avoid the kernel readlink(2) function it uses to resolve symbolic links.

Finally, using the -b option causes lsof to issue warning messages when it needs to use the kernel functions that the -b option directs it to avoid. You can sup-
press these messages by specifying the -w option, but if you do, you won’t see the alternate device numbers reported in the warning messages.

ALTERNATE DEVICE NUMBERS
       On some dialects, when lsof has to break a block because it can’t get information about a mounted file system via the lstat(2) and stat(2) kernel functions, or
       because you specified the -b option, lsof can obtain some of the information it needs - the device number and possibly the file system type - from the system mount
       table. When that is possible, lsof will report the device number it obtained. (You can suppress the report by specifying the -w option.)

       You can assist this process if your mount table is supported with an /etc/mtab or /etc/mnttab file that contains an options field by adding a ‘‘dev=xxxx’’ field
       for mount points that do not have one in their options strings. Note: you must be able to edit the file - i.e., some mount tables like recent Solaris /etc/mnttab
       or Linux /proc/mounts are read-only and can’t be modified.

You may also be able to supply device numbers using the +m and +m m options, provided they are supported by your dialect. Check the output of lsof’s -h or -?
options to see if the +m and +m m options are available.

The ‘‘xxxx’’ portion of the field is the hexadecimal value of the file system’s device number. (Consult the st_dev field of the output of the lstat(2) and stat(2)
functions for the appropriate values for your file systems.) Here’s an example from a Sun Solaris 2.6 /etc/mnttab for a file system remotely mounted via NFS:

nfs ignore,noquota,dev=2a40001

       There’s an advantage to having ‘‘dev=xxxx’’ entries in your mount table file, especially for file systems that are mounted from remote NFS servers. When a remote
       server crashes and you want to identify its users by running lsof on one of its clients, lsof probably won’t be able to get output from the lstat(2) and stat(2)
       functions for the file system. If it can obtain the file system’s device number from the mount table, it will be able to display the files open on the crashed NFS
       server.

       Some dialects that do not use an ASCII /etc/mtab or /etc/mnttab file for the mount table may still provide an alternative device number in their internal mount
       tables.   This includes AIX, Apple Darwin, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and Tru64 UNIX. Lsof knows how to obtain the alternative device number for these dialects and
       uses it when its attempt to lstat(2) or stat(2) the file system is blocked.

If you’re not sure your dialect supplies alternate device numbers for file systems from its mount table, use this lsof incantation to see if it reports any alter-
nate device numbers:

lsof -b

Look for standard error file warning messages that begin ‘‘assuming "dev=xxxx" from ...’’.

KERNEL NAME CACHE
       Lsof is able to examine the kernel’s name cache or use other kernel facilities (e.g., the ADVFS 4.x tag_to_path() function under Tru64 UNIX) on some dialects for
       most file system types, excluding AFS, and extract recently used path name components from it. (AFS file system path lookups don’t use the kernel’s name cache;
       some Solaris VxFS file system operations apparently don’t use it, either.)

Lsof reports the complete paths it finds in the NAME column. If lsof can’t report all components in a path, it reports in the NAME column the file system name,
followed by a space, two ‘-’ characters, another space, and the name components it has located, separated by the ‘/’ character.

When lsof is run in repeat mode - i.e., with the -r option specified - the extent to which it can report path name components for the same file may vary from cycle
to cycle. That’s because other running processes can cause the kernel to remove entries from its name cache and replace them with others.

       Lsof’s use of the kernel name cache to identify the paths of files can lead it to report incorrect components under some circumstances. This can happen when the
       kernel name cache uses device and node number as a key (e.g., SCO OpenServer) and a key on a rapidly changing file system is reused. If the UNIX dialect’s kernel
       doesn’t purge the name cache entry for a file when it is unlinked, lsof may find a reference to the wrong entry in the cache. The lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives
       its location.) has more information on this situation.

Lsof can report path name components for these dialects:

            FreeBSD
            HP-UX
            Linux
            NetBSD
            NEXTSTEP
            OpenBSD
            OPENSTEP
   SCO OpenServer
            SCO|Caldera UnixWare
            Solaris
            Tru64 UNIX

Lsof can’t report path name components for these dialects:

AIX

If you want to know why lsof can’t report path name components for some dialects, see the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.)

DEVICE CACHE FILE
Examining all members of the /dev (or /devices) node tree with stat(2) functions can be time consuming. What’s more, the information that lsof needs - device num-
ber, inode number, and path - rarely changes.

Consequently, lsof normally maintains an ASCII text file of cached /dev (or /devices) information (exception: the /proc-based Linux lsof where it’s not needed.)
The local system administrator who builds lsof can control the way the device cache file path is formed, selecting from these options:

            Path from the -D option;
            Path from an environment variable;
            System-wide path;
            Personal path (the default);
            Personal path, modified by an environment variable.

       Consult the output of the -h, -D? , or -? help options for the current state of device cache support. The help output lists the default read-mode device cache
       file path that is in effect for the current invocation of lsof. The -D? option output lists the read-only and write device cache file paths, the names of any
       applicable environment variables, and the personal device cache path format.

       Lsof can detect that the current device cache file has been accidentally or maliciously modified by integrity checks, including the computation and verification of
       a sixteen bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) sum on the file’s contents. When lsof senses something wrong with the file, it issues a warning and attempts to remove
       the current cache file and create a new copy, but only to a path that the process can legitimately write.

       The path from which a lsof process may attempt to read a device cache file may not be the same as the path to which it can legitimately write.   Thus when lsof
       senses that it needs to update the device cache file, it may choose a different path for writing it from the path from which it read an incorrect or outdated ver-
       sion.

If available, the -Dr option will inhibit the writing of a new device cache file. (It’s always available when specified without a path name argument.)

       When a new device is added to the system, the device cache file may need to be recreated. Since lsof compares the mtime of the device cache file with the mtime
       and ctime of the /dev (or /devices) directory, it usually detects that a new device has been added; in that case lsof issues a warning message and attempts to
       rebuild the device cache file.

       Whenever lsof writes a device cache file, it sets its ownership to the real UID of the executing process, and its permission modes to 0600, this restricting its
       reading and writing to the file’s owner.
LSOF PERMISSIONS THAT AFFECT DEVICE CACHE FILE ACCESS
       Two permissions of the lsof executable affect its ability to access device cache files. The permissions are set by the local system administrator when lsof is
       installed.

The first and rarer permission is setuid-root. It comes into effect when lsof is executed; its effective UID is then root, while its real (i.e., that of the
logged-on user) UID is not. The lsof distribution recommends that versions for these dialects run setuid-root.

HP-UX 11.11 and 11.23
Linux

The second and more common permission is setgid. It comes into effect when the effective group IDentification number (GID) of the lsof process is set to one that
can access kernel memory devices - e.g., ‘‘kmem’’, ‘‘sys’’, or ‘‘system’’.

       An lsof process that has setgid permission usually surrenders the permission after it has accessed the kernel memory devices. When it does that, lsof can allow
       more liberal device cache path formations. The lsof distribution recommends that versions for these dialects run setgid and be allowed to surrender setgid permis-
       sion.

            AIX 5.[123]
            Apple Darwin 7.x Power Macintosh systems
            FreeBSD 4.x, 4.1x, 5.x and [67].x for x86-based systems
            FreeBSD 5.x and [67].x for Alpha, AMD64 and Sparc64-based
                systems
            HP-UX 11.00
            NetBSD 1.[456], 2.x and 3.x for Alpha, x86, and SPARC-based
                systems
            NEXTSTEP 3.[13] for NEXTSTEP architectures
            OpenBSD 2.[89] and 3.[0-9] for x86-based systems
            OPENSTEP 4.x
            SCO OpenServer Release 5.0.6 for x86-based systems
            SCO|Caldera UnixWare 7.1.4 for x86-based systems
            Solaris 2.6, 8, 9 and 10
            Tru64 UNIX 5.1

(Note: lsof for AIX 5L and above needs setuid-root permission if its -X option is used.)

Lsof for these dialects does not support a device cache, so the permissions given to the executable don’t apply to the device cache file.

Linux

DEVICE CACHE FILE PATH FROM THE -D OPTION
The -D option provides limited means for specifying the device cache file path. Its ? function will report the read-only and write device cache file paths that
lsof will use.

       When the -D b, r, and u functions are available, you can use them to request that the cache file be built in a specific location (b[path]); read but not rebuilt
       (r[path]); or read and rebuilt (u[path]). The b, r, and u functions are restricted under some conditions.   They are restricted when the lsof process is
       setuid-root. The path specified with the r function is always read-only, even when it is available.

    The b, r, and u functions are also restricted when the lsof process runs setgid and lsof doesn’t surrender the setgid permission. (See the LSOF PERMISSIONS THAT
       AFFECT DEVICE CACHE FILE ACCESS section for a list of implementations that normally don’t surrender their setgid permission.)

A further -D function, i (for ignore), is always available.

When available, the b function tells lsof to read device information from the kernel with the stat(2) function and build a device cache file at the indicated path.

       When available, the r function tells lsof to read the device cache file, but not update it. When a path argument accompanies -Dr, it names the device cache file
       path. The r function is always available when it is specified without a path name argument. If lsof is not running setuid-root and surrenders its setgid permis-
       sion, a path name argument may accompany the r function.

       When available, the u function tells lsof to attempt to read and use the device cache file. If it can’t read the file, or if it finds the contents of the file
       incorrect or outdated, it will read information from the kernel, and attempt to write an updated version of the device cache file, but only to a path it considers
       legitimate for the lsof process effective and real UIDs.

DEVICE CACHE PATH FROM AN ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE
Lsof’s second choice for the device cache file is the contents of the LSOFDEVCACHE environment variable. It avoids this choice if the lsof process is setuid-root,
or the real UID of the process is root.

       A further restriction applies to a device cache file path taken from the LSOFDEVCACHE environment variable: lsof will not write a device cache file to the path if
       the lsof process doesn’t surrender its setgid permission. (See the LSOF PERMISSIONS THAT AFFECT DEVICE CACHE FILE ACCESS section for information on implementa-
       tions that don’t surrender their setgid permission.)

The local system administrator can disable the use of the LSOFDEVCACHE environment variable or change its name when building lsof. Consult the output of -D? for
the environment variable’s name.

SYSTEM-WIDE DEVICE CACHE PATH
       The local system administrator may choose to have a system-wide device cache file when building lsof. That file will generally be constructed by a special system
       administration procedure when the system is booted or when the contents of /dev or /devices) changes. If defined, it is lsof’s third device cache file path
       choice.

You can tell that a system-wide device cache file is in effect for your local installation by examining the lsof help option output - i.e., the output from the -h
or -? option.

Lsof will never write to the system-wide device cache file path by default. It must be explicitly named with a -D function in a root-owned procedure. Once the
file has been written, the procedure must change its permission modes to 0644 (owner-read and owner-write, group-read, and other-read).

PERSONAL DEVICE CACHE PATH (DEFAULT)
The default device cache file path of the lsof distribution is one recorded in the home directory of the real UID that executes lsof. Added to the home directory
is a second path component of the form .lsof_hostname.

       This is lsof’s fourth device cache file path choice, and is usually the default. If a system-wide device cache file path was defined when lsof was built, this
       fourth choice will be applied when lsof can’t find the system-wide device cache file. This is the only time lsof uses two paths when reading the device cache
       file.

The hostname part of the second component is the base name of the executing host, as returned by gethostname(2). The base name is defined to be the characters
preceding the first ‘.’ in the gethostname(2) output, or all the gethostname(2) output if it contains no ‘.’.

       The device cache file belongs to the user ID and is readable and writable by the user ID alone - i.e., its modes are 0600. Each distinct real user ID on a given
       host that executes lsof has a distinct device cache file. The hostname part of the path distinguishes device cache files in an NFS-mounted home directory into
       which device cache files are written from several different hosts.

The personal device cache file path formed by this method represents a device cache file that lsof will attempt to read, and will attempt to write should it not
exist or should its contents be incorrect or outdated.

The -Dr option without a path name argument will inhibit the writing of a new device cache file.

The -D? option will list the format specification for constructing the personal device cache file. The conversions used in the format specification are described
in the 00DCACHE file of the lsof distribution.

MODIFIED PERSONAL DEVICE CACHE PATH
If this option is defined by the local system administrator when lsof is built, the LSOFPERSDCPATH environment variable contents may be used to add a component of
the personal device cache file path.

The LSOFPERSDCPATH variable contents are inserted in the path at the place marked by the local system administrator with the ‘‘%p’’ conversion in the HASPERSDC
format specification of the dialect’s machine.h header file. (It’s placed right after the home directory in the default lsof distribution.)

Thus, for example, if LSOFPERSDCPATH contains ‘‘LSOF’’, the home directory is ‘‘/Homes/abe’’, the host name is ‘‘lsof.itap.purdue.edu’’, and the HASPERSDC format
is the default (‘‘%h/%p.lsof_%L’’), the modified personal device cache file path is:

/Homes/abe/LSOF/.lsof_vic

The LSOFPERSDCPATH environment variable is ignored when the lsof process is setuid-root or when the real UID of the process is root.

Lsof will not write to a modified personal device cache file path if the lsof process doesn’t surrender setgid permission. (See the LSOF PERMISSIONS THAT AFFECT
DEVICE CACHE FILE ACCESS section for a list of implementations that normally don’t surrender their setgid permission.)

       If, for example, you want to create a sub-directory of personal device cache file paths by using the LSOFPERSDCPATH environment variable to name it, and lsof
       doesn’t surrender its setgid permission, you will have to allow lsof to create device cache files at the standard personal path and move them to your subdirectory
       with shell commands.

       The local system administrator may: disable this option when lsof is built; change the name of the environment variable from LSOFPERSDCPATH to something else;
       change the HASPERSDC format to include the personal path component in another place; or exclude the personal path component entirely. Consult the output of the
       -D? option for the environment variable’s name and the HASPERSDC format specification.

DIAGNOSTICS
Errors are identified with messages on the standard error file.

       Lsof returns a one (1) if any error was detected, including the failure to locate command names, file names, Internet addresses or files, login names, NFS files,
       PIDs, PGIDs, or UIDs it was asked to list. If the -V option is specified, lsof will indicate the search items it failed to list.
    It returns a zero (0) if no errors were detected and if it was able to list some information about all the specified search arguments.

       When lsof cannot open access to /dev (or /devices) or one of its subdirectories, or get information on a file in them with stat(2), it issues a warning message and
       continues.   That lsof will issue warning messages about inaccessible files in /dev (or /devices) is indicated in its help output - requested with the -h or >B -?
       options - with the message:

Inaccessible /dev warnings are enabled.

The warning message may be suppressed with the -w option. It may also have been suppressed by the system administrator when lsof was compiled by the setting of
the WARNDEVACCESS definition. In this case, the output from the help options will include the message:

Inaccessible /dev warnings are disabled.

Inaccessible device warning messages usually disappear after lsof has created a working device cache file.

EXAMPLES
For a more extensive set of examples, documented more fully, see the 00QUICKSTART file of the lsof distribution.

To list all open files, use:

lsof

To list all open Internet, x.25 (HP-UX), and UNIX domain files, use:

lsof -i -U

To list all open IPv4 network files in use by the process whose PID is 1234, use:

lsof -i 4 -a -p 1234

Presuming the UNIX dialect supports IPv6, to list only open IPv6 network files, use:

lsof -i 6

To list all files using any protocol on ports 513, 514, or 515 of host wonderland.cc.purdue.edu, use:

lsof -i @wonderland.cc.purdue.edu:513-515

To list all files using any protocol on any port of mace.cc.purdue.edu (cc.purdue.edu is the default domain), use:

lsof -i @mace

To list all open files for login name ‘‘abe’’, or user ID 1234, or process 456, or process 123, or process 789, use:

              lsof -p 456,123,789 -u 1234,abe

    To list all open files on device /dev/hd4, use:

lsof /dev/hd4

To find the process that has /u/abe/foo open, use:

lsof /u/abe/foo

To send a SIGHUP to the processes that have /u/abe/bar open, use:

kill -HUP ‘lsof -t /u/abe/bar‘

To find any open file, including an open UNIX domain socket file, with the name /dev/log, use:

lsof /dev/log

To find processes with open files on the NFS file system named /nfs/mount/point whose server is inaccessible, and presuming your mount table supplies the device
number for /nfs/mount/point, use:

lsof -b /nfs/mount/point

To do the preceding search with warning messages suppressed, use:

lsof -bw /nfs/mount/point

To ignore the device cache file, use:

lsof -Di

To obtain PID and command name field output for each process, file descriptor, file device number, and file inode number for each file of each process, use:

lsof -FpcfDi

To list the files at descriptors 1 and 3 of every process running the lsof command for login ID ‘‘abe’’ every 10 seconds, use:

lsof -c lsof -a -d 1 -d 3 -u abe -r10

To list the current working directory of processes running a command that is exactly four characters long and has an ’o’ or ’O’ in character three, use this regu-
lar expression form of the -c c option:

lsof -c /^..o.$/i -a -d cwd

       To find an IP version 4 socket file by its associated numeric dot-form address, use:

    lsof -i@128.210.15.17

To find an IP version 6 socket file (when the UNIX dialect supports IPv6) by its associated numeric colon-form address, use:

lsof -i@[0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7]

To find an IP version 6 socket file (when the UNIX dialect supports IPv6) by an associated numeric colon-form address that has a run of zeroes in it - e.g., the
loop-back address - use:

lsof -i@[::1]

BUGS
Since lsof reads kernel memory in its search for open files, rapid changes in kernel memory may produce unpredictable results.

When a file has multiple record locks, the lock status character (following the file descriptor) is derived from a test of the first lock structure, not from any
combination of the individual record locks that might be described by multiple lock structures.

Lsof can’t search for files with restrictive access permissions by name unless it is installed with root set-UID permission. Otherwise it is limited to searching
for files to which its user or its set-GID group (if any) has access permission.

The display of the destination address of a raw socket (e.g., for ping) depends on the UNIX operating system. Some dialects store the destination address in the
raw socket’s protocol control block, some do not.

       Lsof can’t always represent Solaris device numbers in the same way that ls(1) does. For example, the major and minor device numbers that the lstat(2) and stat(2)
       functions report for the directory on which CD-ROM files are mounted (typically /cdrom) are not the same as the ones that it reports for the device on which CD-ROM
       files are mounted (typically /dev/sr0). (Lsof reports the directory numbers.)

The support for /proc file systems is available only for BSD and Tru64 UNIX dialects, Linux, and dialects derived from SYSV R4 - e.g., FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD,
Solaris, UnixWare.

Some /proc file items - device number, inode number, and file size - are unavailable in some dialects. Searching for files in a /proc file system may require that
the full path name be specified.

No text (txt) file descriptors are displayed for Linux processes. All entries for files other than the current working directory, the root directory, and numeri-
cal file descriptors are labeled mem descriptors.

Lsof can’t search for Tru64 UNIX named pipes by name, because their kernel implementation of lstat(2) returns an improper device number for a named pipe.

Lsof can’t report fully or correctly on HP-UX 9.01, 10.20, and 11.00 locks because of insufficient access to kernel data or errors in the kernel data. See the
lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.) for details.

       The AIX SMT file type is a fabrication. It’s made up for file structures whose type (15) isn’t defined in the AIX /usr/include/sys/file.h header file. One way to
       create such file structures is to run X clients with the DISPLAY variable set to ‘‘:0.0’’.

    The +|-f[cfgGn] option is not supported under /proc-based Linux lsof, because it doesn’t read kernel structures from kernel memory.

ENVIRONMENT
Lsof may access these environment variables.

LANG defines a language locale. See setlocale(3) for the names of other variables that can be used in place of LANG - e.g., LC_ALL, LC_TYPE, etc.

LSOFDEVCACHE defines the path to a device cache file. See the DEVICE CACHE PATH FROM AN ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE section for more information.

LSOFPERSDCPATH defines the middle component of a modified personal device cache file path. See the MODIFIED PERSONAL DEVICE CACHE PATH section for more infor-
mation.

FAQ
Frequently-asked questions and their answers (an FAQ) are available in the 00FAQ file of the lsof distribution.

That file is also available via anonymous ftp from lsof.itap.purdue.edu at pub/tools/unix/lsofFAQ. The URL is:

ftp://lsof.itap.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/lsof/FAQ

FILES
/dev/kmem kernel virtual memory device

/dev/mem physical memory device

/dev/swap system paging device

.lsof_hostname lsof’s device cache file (The suffix, hostname, is the first component of the host’s name returned by gethostname(2).)

AUTHORS
Lsof was written by Victor A. Abell <abe@purdue.edu> of Purdue University. Many others have contributed to lsof. They’re listed in the 00CREDITS file of the lsof
distribution.

DISTRIBUTION
The latest distribution of lsof is available via anonymous ftp from the host lsof.itap.purdue.edu. You’ll find the lsof distribution in the pub/tools/unix/lsof
directory.

You can also use this URL:

ftp://lsof.itap.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/lsof

       Lsof is also mirrored elsewhere.   When you access lsof.itap.purdue.edu and change to its pub/tools/unix/lsof directory, you’ll be given a list of some mirror
       sites. The pub/tools/unix/lsof directory also contains a more complete list in its mirrors file. Use mirrors with caution - not all mirrors always have the lat-
       est lsof revision.

    Some pre-compiled Lsof executables are available on lsof.itap.purdue.edu, but their use is discouraged - it’s better that you build your own from the sources. If
       you feel you must use a pre-compiled executable, please read the cautions that appear in the README files of the pub/tools/unix/lsof/binaries subdirectories and in
       the 00* files of the distribution.

More information on the lsof distribution can be found in its README.lsof_<version> file. If you intend to get the lsof distribution and build it, please read
README.lsof_<version> and the other 00* files of the distribution before sending questions to the author.

SEE ALSO
Not all the following manual pages may exist in every UNIX dialect to which lsof has been ported.

access(2), awk(1), crash(1), fattach(3C), ff(1), fstat(8), fuser(1), gethostname(2), isprint(3), kill(1), lstat(2), modload(8), mount(8), netstat(1), ofiles(8L),
perl(1), ps(1), readlink(2), setlocale(3), stat(2), uname(1).

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