Linux操作系统-CentOS7启动流程和服务管理
Linux操作系统-CentOS7启动流程和服务管理
作者：尹正杰
版权声明：原创作品，谢绝转载！否则将追究法律责任。
一.systemd
POST --> Boot Sequence --> Bootloader --> kernel + initramfs(initrd) --> rootfs --> /sbin/init
/sbin/init在各版本是不同的:
CentOS SysV init
CentOS Upstart
CentOS Systemd
什么是Systemd：
系统启动和服务器守护进程管理器，负责在系统启动或运行时，激活系统资源，服务器进程和其它进程
Systemd新特性
系统引导时实现服务并行启动
按需启动守护进程
自动化的服务依赖关系管理
同时采用socket式与D-Bus总线式激活服务
系统状态快照 核心概念：unit
unit表示不同类型的systemd对象，通过配置文件进行标识和配置；文件中主要包含了系统服务、监听socket、保存的系统快照以及其它与init相关的信息
配置文件:
/usr/lib/systemd/system:
每个服务最主要的启动脚本设置，类似于之前的/etc/init.d/
/run/systemd/system：
系统执行过程中所产生的服务脚本，比上面目录优先运行
/etc/systemd/system：
管理员建立的执行脚本，类似于/etc/rcN.d/Sxx的功能，比上面目录优先运行
1>.systemd管理瞬态服务(即替代CentOS 6.x系列的非独立服务xinetd管理程序)
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# yum -y install telnet-server #注意，CentOS .x版本安装telnet server服务时并不会安装xinetd服务，原因就是xinetd有了替代角色，那就是systemd程序。
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
* extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
* updates: mirror.jdcloud.com
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package telnet-server.x86_64 :0.17-.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
telnet-server x86_64 :0.17-.el7 base k Transaction Summary
================================================================================================================================================
Install Package Total download size: k
Installed size: k
Downloading packages:
telnet-server-0.17-.el7.x86_64.rpm | kB ::
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : :telnet-server-0.17-.el7.x86_64 /
Verifying : :telnet-server-0.17-.el7.x86_64 / Installed:
telnet-server.x86_64 :0.17-.el7 Complete!
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# yum -y install telnet-server #注意，CentOS 7.x版本安装telnet server服务时并不会安装xinetd服务，原因就是xinetd有了替代角色，那就是systemd程序。
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status telnet.socket
● telnet.socket - Telnet Server Activation Socket
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/telnet.socket; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: inactive (dead)
Docs: man:telnetd()
Listen: [::]: (Stream)
Accepted: ; Connected:
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start telnet.socket #注意启动tenlet服务是telnet.socket哟~若启动过程中没有输出就是最好的信号，若有输出基本上就是启动出错了
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status telnet.socket
● telnet.socket - Telnet Server Activation Socket
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/telnet.socket; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (listening) since Fri -- :: CST; 1s ago
Docs: man:telnetd()
Listen: [::]: (Stream)
Accepted: ; Connected: Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Listening on Telnet Server Activation Socket.
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start telnet.socket #注意启动tenlet服务是telnet.socket哟~若启动过程中没有输出就是最好的信号，若有输出基本上就是启动出错了
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ss -ntl | grep
LISTEN ::: :::*
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ss -ntlp | grep 23 #不难发现，在CentOS 6.x操作系统上是由xinetd服务管理，但在CentOS7.x操作系统上是由systemd进程来管理啦~
LISTEN ::: :::* users:(("systemd",pid=,fd=))
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
2>.system可以自动化的服务依赖关系管理案例
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server #查看rpcbind和nfs-server服务，不难发现前者是开启的，后者是关闭的
● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Fri -- :: CST; 28s ago
Process: ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Main PID: (rpcbind)
Tasks:
CGroup: /system.slice/rpcbind.service
└─ /sbin/rpcbind -w Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting RPC bind service...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started RPC bind service. ● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: inactive (dead) since Fri -- :: CST; 12s ago
Process: ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=/SUCCES
S) Process: ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Main PID: (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS) Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting NFS server and services...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started NFS server and services.
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopping NFS server and services...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopped NFS server and services.
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server #查看rpcbind和nfs-server服务，不难发现前者是开启的，后者是关闭的
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# rpm -ql telnet-server
/usr/lib/systemd/system/telnet.socket #"/usr/lib/systemd/system/"是CentOS 7存放每个服务的启动脚本，类似于CentOS的"/etc/init.d/"
/usr/lib/systemd/system/telnet@.service
/usr/sbin/in.telnetd
/usr/share/man/man5/issue.net..gz
/usr/share/man/man8/in.telnetd..gz
/usr/share/man/man8/telnetd..gz
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# rpm -ql telnet-server #查看telnet-server软件包安装的文件列表
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start nfs-server #在rpcbind服务启动着的情况下启动nfs-server是可以正常启动的
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server
● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Fri -- :: CST; 2min 2s ago
Process: ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Main PID: (rpcbind)
Tasks:
CGroup: /system.slice/rpcbind.service
└─ /sbin/rpcbind -w Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting RPC bind service...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started RPC bind service. ● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (exited) since Fri -- :: CST; 1s ago
Process: ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=/SUCCES
S) Process: ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Main PID: (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Tasks:
CGroup: /system.slice/nfs-server.service Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting NFS server and services...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started NFS server and services.
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start nfs-server #在rpcbind服务启动着的情况下启动nfs-server是可以正常启动的
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server
● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Fri -- :: CST; 3min 1s ago
Process: ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Main PID: (rpcbind)
Tasks:
CGroup: /system.slice/rpcbind.service
└─ /sbin/rpcbind -w Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting RPC bind service...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started RPC bind service. ● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (exited) since Fri -- :: CST; 1min 0s ago
Process: ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=/SUCCES
S) Process: ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Main PID: (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Tasks:
CGroup: /system.slice/nfs-server.service Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting NFS server and services...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started NFS server and services.
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl stop rpcbind.socket nfs-server #接下来我们将rpcbind和nfs-server服务关闭掉
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server
● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead) since Fri -- :: CST; 1s ago
Process: ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Main PID: (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS) Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting RPC bind service...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started RPC bind service.
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopping RPC bind service...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopped RPC bind service. ● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: inactive (dead) since Fri -- :: CST; 21s ago
Process: ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=/SUCCES
S) Process: ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Main PID: (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS) Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting NFS server and services...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started NFS server and services.
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopping NFS server and services...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopped NFS server and services.
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl stop rpcbind.socket nfs-server #接下来我们将rpcbind和nfs-server服务关闭掉
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server
● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead) since Fri -- :: CST; 1min 27s ago
Process: ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Main PID: (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS) Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting RPC bind service...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started RPC bind service.
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopping RPC bind service...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopped RPC bind service. ● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: inactive (dead) since Fri -- :: CST; 1min 47s ago
Process: ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=/SUCCES
S) Process: ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Main PID: (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS) Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting NFS server and services...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started NFS server and services.
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopping NFS server and services...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopped NFS server and services.
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start nfs-server #咱们单独启动nfs-server服务时，他会自动去启动未启动的依赖服务，即会自动地将rpcbind服务启动。
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server
● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Fri -- :: CST; 1s ago
Process: ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Main PID: (rpcbind)
Tasks:
CGroup: /system.slice/rpcbind.service
└─ /sbin/rpcbind -w Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting RPC bind service...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started RPC bind service. ● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (exited) since Fri -- :: CST; 1s ago
Process: ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=/SUCCES
S) Process: ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Process: ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Main PID: (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)
Tasks:
CGroup: /system.slice/nfs-server.service Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting NFS server and services...
Dec :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started NFS server and services.
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start nfs-server #咱们单独启动nfs-server服务时，他会自动去启动未启动的依赖服务，即会自动地将rpcbind服务启动。
二.Unit类型
1>.常见的unit类型概述
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl -t help #查看unit类型
Available unit types:
service
socket
busname
target
snapshot
device
mount
automount
swap
timer
path
slice
scope
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl -t help #查看unit类型
常见的unit类型介绍
service unit:
文件扩展名为".service",用于定义系统服务
Target unit:
文件扩展名为".target",用于模拟实现运行级别
Device unit:
文件扩展名为".device",用于定义内核识别的设备
Mount unit:
文件扩展名为".mount",定义文件系统挂载点
Socket unit:
文件扩展名为".socket",用于标识进程间通信用的socket文件，也可在系统启动时，延迟启动服务，实现按需启动。因为socket与服务程序是分离的。
Snapshot unit:
文件扩展名为".snapshot",管理系统快照，保存各个unit的当前状态信息于持久存储设备中。
Swap unit:
文件扩展名为".swap",用于标识swap设备
Automount unit:
文件扩展名为".automount"文件系统的自动挂载点
Path unit:
文件扩展名为".path",用于定义文件系统中的一个文件或目录使用,常用于当文件系统变化时，延迟激活服务，如:spool目录
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /usr/lib /lib -d
lrwxrwxrwx. root root Aug : /lib -> usr/lib
dr-xr-xr-x. root root Aug : /usr/lib
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /lib/systemd/system | wc -l [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /usr/lib/systemd/system | wc -l [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ls /lib/systemd/system #存放unit类型的服务
abrt-ccpp.service iscsi.service serial-getty@.service
abrtd.service iscsi-shutdown.service shutdown.target
abrt-oops.service iscsiuio.service shutdown.target.wants
abrt-pstoreoops.service iscsiuio.socket sigpwr.target
abrt-vmcore.service kdump.service sleep.target
abrt-xorg.service kexec.target -.slice
accounts-daemon.service kexec.target.wants slices.target
alsa-restore.service kmod-static-nodes.service smartcard.target
alsa-state.service kpatch.service smartd.service
anaconda-direct.service ksm.service sockets.target
anaconda-nm-config.service ksmtuned.service sockets.target.wants
anaconda-noshell.service libstoragemgmt.service sound.target
anaconda-pre.service libvirtd.service sound.target.wants
anaconda.service lldpad.service speech-dispatcherd.service
anaconda-shell@.service lldpad.socket spice-vdagentd.service
anaconda-sshd.service local-fs-pre.target spice-vdagentd.socket
anaconda.target local-fs.target sshd-keygen.service
anaconda-tmux@.service local-fs.target.wants sshd.service
arp-ethers.service lvm2-lvmetad.service sshd@.service
atd.service lvm2-lvmetad.socket sshd.socket
auditd.service lvm2-lvmpolld.service sssd-autofs.service
auth-rpcgss-module.service lvm2-lvmpolld.socket sssd-autofs.socket
autofs.service lvm2-monitor.service sssd-nss.service
autovt@.service lvm2-pvscan@.service sssd-nss.socket
avahi-daemon.service machine.slice sssd-pac.service
avahi-daemon.socket machines.target sssd-pac.socket
basic.target mdadm-grow-continue@.service sssd-pam-priv.socket
basic.target.wants mdadm-last-resort@.service sssd-pam.service
blk-availability.service mdadm-last-resort@.timer sssd-pam.socket
bluetooth.service mdmonitor.service sssd-secrets.service
bluetooth.target mdmon@.service sssd-secrets.socket
bolt.service messagebus.service sssd.service
brandbot.path microcode.service sssd-ssh.service
brandbot.service ModemManager.service sssd-ssh.socket
brltty.service multipathd.service sssd-sudo.service
canberra-system-bootup.service multi-user.target sssd-sudo.socket
canberra-system-shutdown-reboot.service multi-user.target.wants suspend.target
canberra-system-shutdown.service ndctl-monitor.service swap.target
certmonger.service netcf-transaction.service sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount
cgconfig.service NetworkManager-dispatcher.service sysinit.target
cgdcbxd.service NetworkManager.service sysinit.target.wants
cgred.service NetworkManager-wait-online.service sys-kernel-config.mount
chrony-dnssrv@.service network-online.target sys-kernel-debug.mount
chrony-dnssrv@.timer network-pre.target syslog.socket
chronyd.service network.target syslog.target.wants
chrony-wait.service nfs-blkmap.service sysstat.service
clean-mount-point@.service nfs-client.target systemd-ask-password-console.path
colord.service nfs-config.service systemd-ask-password-console.service
configure-printer@.service nfs-idmapd.service systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path
console-getty.service nfs-idmap.service systemd-ask-password-plymouth.service
console-shell.service nfs-lock.service systemd-ask-password-wall.path
containerd.service nfslock.service systemd-ask-password-wall.service
container-getty@.service nfs-mountd.service systemd-backlight@.service
cpupower.service nfs-rquotad.service systemd-binfmt.service
crond.service nfs-secure.service systemd-bootchart.service
cryptsetup-pre.target nfs-server.service systemd-firstboot.service
cryptsetup.target nfs.service systemd-fsck-root.service
ctrl-alt-del.target nfs-utils.service systemd-fsck@.service
cups-browsed.service nss-lookup.target systemd-halt.service
cups.path nss-user-lookup.target systemd-hibernate-resume@.service
cups.service ntpdate.service systemd-hibernate.service
cups.socket ntpd.service systemd-hostnamed.service
dbus-org.freedesktop.hostname1.service numad.service systemd-hwdb-update.service
dbus-org.freedesktop.import1.service oddjobd.service systemd-hybrid-sleep.service
dbus-org.freedesktop.locale1.service packagekit-offline-update.service systemd-importd.service
dbus-org.freedesktop.login1.service packagekit.service systemd-initctl.service
dbus-org.freedesktop.machine1.service paths.target systemd-initctl.socket
dbus-org.freedesktop.timedate1.service plymouth-halt.service systemd-journal-catalog-update.service
dbus.service plymouth-kexec.service systemd-journald.service
dbus.socket plymouth-poweroff.service systemd-journald.socket
dbus.target.wants plymouth-quit.service systemd-journal-flush.service
debug-shell.service plymouth-quit-wait.service systemd-kexec.service
default.target plymouth-read-write.service systemd-localed.service
default.target.wants plymouth-reboot.service systemd-logind.service
dev-hugepages.mount plymouth-start.service systemd-machined.service
dev-mqueue.mount plymouth-switch-root.service systemd-machine-id-commit.service
dm-event.service polkit.service systemd-modules-load.service
dm-event.socket postfix.service systemd-nspawn@.service
dmraid-activation.service poweroff.target systemd-poweroff.service
dnsmasq.service poweroff.target.wants systemd-quotacheck.service
docker.service printer.target systemd-random-seed.service
docker.socket proc-fs-nfsd.mount systemd-readahead-collect.service
dracut-cmdline.service proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount systemd-readahead-done.service
dracut-initqueue.service proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount systemd-readahead-done.timer
dracut-mount.service psacct.service systemd-readahead-drop.service
dracut-pre-mount.service qemu-guest-agent.service systemd-readahead-replay.service
dracut-pre-pivot.service quotaon.service systemd-reboot.service
dracut-pre-trigger.service radvd.service systemd-remount-fs.service
dracut-pre-udev.service rc-local.service systemd-rfkill@.service
dracut-shutdown.service rdisc.service systemd-shutdownd.service
ebtables.service rdma-hw.target systemd-shutdownd.socket
emergency.service rdma-load-modules@.service systemd-suspend.service
emergency.target rdma-ndd.service systemd-sysctl.service
fcoe.service rdma.service systemd-timedated.service
final.target realmd.service systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service
firewalld.service reboot.target systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer
firstboot-graphical.service reboot.target.wants systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service
flatpak-system-helper.service remote-cryptsetup.target systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service
fprintd.service remote-fs-pre.target systemd-udevd-control.socket
fstrim.service remote-fs.target systemd-udevd-kernel.socket
fstrim.timer rescue.service systemd-udevd.service
fwupdate-cleanup.service rescue.target systemd-udev-settle.service
fwupd-offline-update.service rescue.target.wants systemd-udev-trigger.service
fwupd.service rhel-autorelabel-mark.service systemd-update-done.service
gdm.service rhel-autorelabel.service systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service
geoclue.service rhel-configure.service systemd-update-utmp.service
getty-pre.target rhel-dmesg.service systemd-user-sessions.service
getty@.service rhel-domainname.service systemd-vconsole-setup.service
getty.target rhel-import-state.service system.slice
graphical.target rhel-loadmodules.service system-update.target
graphical.target.wants rhel-readonly.service system-update.target.wants
gssproxy.service rngd.service target.service
halt-local.service rpcbind.service tcsd.service
halt.target rpcbind.socket teamd@.service
halt.target.wants rpcbind.target telnet@.service
hibernate.target rpc-gssd.service telnet.socket
hybrid-sleep.target rpcgssd.service timers.target
hypervfcopyd.service rpcidmapd.service timers.target.wants
hypervkvpd.service rpc_pipefs.target time-sync.target
hypervvssd.service rpc-rquotad.service tmp.mount
initial-setup-graphical.service rpc-statd-notify.service tuned.service
initial-setup-reconfiguration.service rpc-statd.service udisks2.service
initial-setup.service rsyncd.service umount.target
initial-setup-text.service rsyncd@.service unbound-anchor.service
initrd-cleanup.service rsyncd.socket unbound-anchor.timer
initrd-fs.target rsyslog.service upower.service
initrd-parse-etc.service rtkit-daemon.service usb_modeswitch@.service
initrd-root-fs.target runlevel0.target usbmuxd.service
initrd-switch-root.service runlevel1.target user.slice
initrd-switch-root.target runlevel1.target.wants var-lib-nfs-rpc_pipefs.mount
initrd-switch-root.target.wants runlevel2.target vdo.service
initrd.target runlevel2.target.wants vgauthd.service
initrd.target.wants runlevel3.target virt-guest-shutdown.target
initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service runlevel3.target.wants virtlockd-admin.socket
instperf.service runlevel4.target virtlockd.service
iprdump.service runlevel4.target.wants virtlockd.socket
iprinit.service runlevel5.target virtlogd-admin.socket
iprupdate.service runlevel5.target.wants virtlogd.service
iprutils.target runlevel6.target virtlogd.socket
ipsec.service saned@.service vmtoolsd.service
irqbalance.service saned.socket wacom-inputattach@.service
iscsid.service saslauthd.service wpa_supplicant.service
iscsid.socket selinux-policy-migrate-local-changes@.service zram.service
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ls /lib/systemd/system #存放unit类型的服务
2>.service unit文件格式
/etc/systemd/system：
系统管理员和用户使用 /usr/lib/systemd/system：
发行版打包者使用 通用参数:
以"#"开头的行后面的内容会被认为是注释
相关布尔值，"1,yes,on,true"都是开启,"0,no,off,false"都是关闭
时间单位默认是秒，所以要用毫秒（ms）分钟（m）等须显式说明 service unit file文件通常由三部分组成：
[Unit]：
定义与Unit类型无关的通用选项；用于提供unit的描述信息、unit行为及依赖关系等
Unit段的常用选项：
Description：描述信息
After：定义unit的启动次序，表示当前unit应该晚于哪些unit启动，其功能与Before相反
Requires：依赖到的其它units，强依赖，被依赖的units无法激活时，当前unit也无法激活
Wants：依赖到的其它units，弱依赖
Conflicts：定义units间的冲突关系
[Service]：
与特定类型相关的专用选项；此处为Service类型
Service段的常用选项：
Type：定义影响ExecStart及相关参数的功能的unit进程启动类型
simple：默认值，这个daemon主要由ExecStart接的指令串来启动，启动后常驻于内存中
forking：由ExecStart启动的程序透过spawns延伸出其他子程序来作为此daemon的主要服务。原生父程序在启动结束后就会终止
oneshot：与simple类似，不过这个程序在工作完毕后就结束了，不会常驻在内存中
dbus：与simple类似，但这个daemon必须要在取得一个D-Bus的名称后，才会继续运作.因此通常也要同时设定"BusNname= "才行
notify：在启动完成后会发送一个通知消息。还需要配合NotifyAccess来让Systemd接收消息
idle：与simple类似，要执行这个daemon必须要所有的工作都顺利执行完毕后才会执行。这类的daemon通常是开机到最后才执行即可的服务
EnvironmentFile：环境配置文件
ExecStart：指明启动unit要运行命令或脚本的绝对路径
ExecStartPre： ExecStart前运行
ExecStartPost： ExecStart后运行
ExecStop：指明停止unit要运行的命令或脚本
Restart：当设定Restart= 时，则当次daemon服务意外终止后，会再次自动启动此服务
[Install]：
定义由“systemctl enable”以及"systemctl disable“命令在实现服务启用或禁用时用到的一些选项
Install段的常用选项：
Alias：别名，可使用systemctl command Alias.service
RequiredBy：被哪些units所依赖，强依赖
WantedBy：被哪些units所依赖，弱依赖
Also：安装本服务的时候还要安装别的相关服务 注意：
对于新创建的unit文件，或者修改了的unit文件，要通知systemd重载(systemctl daemon-reload)此配置文件,而后可以选择重启
3>.编写服务Unit文件案例让systemctl命令来管理
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat /etc/systemd/system/bak.service #编写service类型脚本
[Unit]
Description= Add backup "/etc" service by yinzhengjie.
Requires=atd.service [Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/bin/bash -c "echo /script/backup.sh|at now" [Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat /etc/systemd/system/bak.service #编写service类型脚本
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat /script/backup.sh #编写备份脚本
#!/bin/bash
#
#********************************************************************
#Author: yinzhengjie
#QQ:
#Date: --
#FileName： backup.sh
#URL: http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie
#Description： The test script
#Copyright notice: original works, no reprint! Otherwise, legal liability will be investigated.
#******************************************************************** tar cvf /data/etc-`date +%F`.tar /etc &> /dev/null
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# chmod +x /script/backup.sh
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /script/backup.sh
-rwxr-xr-x. root root Dec : /script/backup.sh
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat /script/backup.sh #编写备份脚本别忘记添加执行权限哟~
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl daemon-reload #重新加载配置
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status bak #观察这个输出，不难发现第一行是咱们上面脚本中的描述信息
● bak.service - Add backup "/etc" service by yinzhengjie.
Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/bak.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: inactive (dead)
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /data/
total
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start bak
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /data/
total
-rw-r--r--. root root Dec : etc---.tar
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
4>.运行级别
target units：
unit配置文件：.target
ls /usr/lib/systemd/system/*.target
systemctl list-unit-files --type target --all 运行级别：
0 ==> runlevel0.target, poweroff.target
1 ==> runlevel1.target, rescue.target
2 ==> runlevel2.target, multi-user.target #字符集界面
3 ==> runlevel3.target, multi-user.target #字符集界面
4 ==> runlevel4.target, multi-user.target #字符集界面
5 ==> runlevel5.target, graphical.target #图形界面
6 ==> runlevel6.target, reboot.target 查看依赖性：
systemctl list-dependencies graphical.target 级别切换：init N ==> systemctl isolate name.target
systemctl isolate multi-user.target #CentOS 7.x切换到字符界面，命令支持tab键补齐
注：只有/lib/systemd/system/*.target文件中AllowIsolate=yes 才能切换(修改文件需执行systemctl daemon-reload才能生效) 查看target：
runlevel
who -r
systemctl list-units --type target 获取默认运行级别：
/etc/inittab ==> systemctl get-default 修改默认级别：
/etc/inittab ==> systemctl set-default name.target
systemctl set-default multi-user.target #CentOS 7.x修改默认级别字符界面，命令支持tab键补齐
ls –l /etc/systemd/system/default.target 切换至紧急救援模式：(类似于单用户模式)
systemctl rescue 切换至emergency模式：(紧急模式，比单用户模式还要紧急，但该模式功能较弱)
systemctl emergency 其它常用命令：
传统命令init，poweroff，halt，reboot都成为systemctl的软链接
关机：
systemctl halt、systemctl poweroff
重启：
systemctl reboot
挂起：
systemctl suspend
休眠：
systemctl hibernate
休眠并挂起：
systemctl hybrid-sleep
三.systemctl命令服务管理
1>.systemctl命令的不兼容性
systemctl命令固定不变，不可扩展(因为它是一个已经编译好的二进制程序，除非你修改源代码重新编译) 我们知道CentOS .x系列可以编写脚本交由service命令来管理，但CentOS .x系列非由systemd启动的服务，systemctl无法与之通信和控制。
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# which systemctl
/usr/bin/systemctl
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# file /usr/bin/systemctl
/usr/bin/systemctl: ELF -bit LSB shared object, x86-, version (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6., BuildID
[sha1]=52ec5dc13ed3617e0c04474fef2aa1f17252d446, stripped
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# file /usr/bin/systemctl
2>.管理服务举例
CentOS .x也可以使用"service unit"的方式来管理服务，但只能兼容早期的服务脚本。 在CentOS .X咱们推荐使用命令："systemctl COMMAND name.service" 常见的Centos .x对应Centos .x管理服务命令如下所示:
启动：
service name start ==> systemctl start name.service
停止：
service name stop ==> systemctl stop name.service
重启：
service name restart ==> systemctl restart name.service
状态：
service name status ==> systemctl status name.service
条件式重启(已启动才重启，否则不做操作):
service name condrestart ==> systemctl try-restart name.service
重载或重启服务(先加载，再启动):
systemctl reload-or-restart name.service
重载或条件式重启服务:
systemctl reload-or-try-restart name.service
禁止自动和手动启动：
systemctl mask name.service
取消禁止：
systemctl unmask name.service
3>.服务查看
查看某服务当前激活与否的状态：
systemctl is-active name.service 查看所有已经激活的服务：
systemctl list-units --type|-t service 查看所有服务：
systemctl list-units --type service --all|-a chkconfig命令的对应关系：
设定某服务开机自启：
chkconfig name on ==> systemctl enable name.service
设定某服务开机禁止启动：
chkconfig name off ==> systemctl disable name.service 查看所有服务的开机自启状态：
chkconfig --list ==> systemctl list-unit-files --type service 用来列出该服务在哪些运行级别下启用和禁用
chkconfig sshd –list ==>
ls /etc/systemd/system/*.wants/sshd.service 查看服务是否开机自启：
systemctl is-enabled name.service 其它命令：
查看服务的依赖关系：
systemctl list-dependencies name.service
杀掉进程：
systemctl kill unitname
4>.服务状态
systemctl list-unit-files --type service --all
显示状态
loaded
Unit配置文件已处理
active(running)
一次或多次持续处理的运行
active(exited)
成功完成一次性的配置
active(waiting)
运行中，等待一个事件
inactive
不运行
enabled
开机启动
disabled
开机不启动
static
开机不启动，但可被另一个启用的服务激活
5>.systemctl 命令示例
显示所有单元状态
systemctl 或 systemctl list-units 只显示服务单元的状态
systemctl --type=service 显示sshd服务单元
systemctl –l status sshd.service 验证sshd服务当前是否活动
systemctl is-active sshd 启动，停止和重启sshd服务
systemctl start sshd.service
systemctl stop sshd.service
systemctl restart sshd.service 重新加载配置
systemctl reload sshd.service 列出活动状态的所有服务单元
systemctl list-units --type=service 列出所有服务单元
systemctl list-units --type=service --all 查看服务单元的启用和禁用状态
systemctl list-unit-files --type=service 列出失败的服务
systemctl --failed --type=service 列出依赖的单元
systemctl list-dependencies sshd 验证sshd服务是否开机启动
systemctl is-enabled sshd 禁用network，使之不能自动启动,但手动可以
systemctl disable network 启用network
systemctl enable network 禁用network，使之不能手动或自动启动
systemctl mask network 启用network
systemctl unmask network
四.CentOS7启动流程
1>.CentOS7引导顺序
UEFi或BIOS初始化，运行POST开机自检
选择启动设备
引导装载程序, centos7是grub2
加载装载程序的配置文件：
/etc/grub.d/
/etc/default/grub
/boot/grub2/grub.cfg
加载initramfs驱动模块
加载内核选项
内核初始化，centos7使用systemd代替init
执行initrd.target所有单元，包括挂载/etc/fstab
从initramfs根文件系统切换到磁盘根目录
systemd执行默认target配置，配置文件/etc/systemd/system/default.target
systemd执行sysinit.target初始化系统及basic.target准备操作系统
systemd启动multi-user.target下的本机与服务器服务
systemd执行multi-user.target下的/etc/rc.d/rc.local
Systemd执行multi-user.target下的getty.target及登录服务
systemd执行graphical需要的服务
2>.查看Centos操作系统的启动时间
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemd-analyze #如下所示，改命令可以简短的显示启动内核用时1.287s,启动initrd进程勇士1.831s，而启动用户空间用时8.909s，因此开机启动共计用时12.028s。
Startup finished in .287s (kernel) + .831s (initrd) + .909s (userspace) = .028s
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemd-analyze plot
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">
<svg width="1555px" height="4090px" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <!-- This file is a systemd-analyze SVG file. It is best rendered in a -->
<!-- browser such as Chrome, Chromium or Firefox. Other applications -->
<!-- that render these files properly but much slower are ImageMagick, -->
<!-- gimp, inkscape, etc. To display the files on your system, just -->
<!-- point your browser to this file. --> <!-- This plot was generated by systemd-analyze version --> <defs>
<style type="text/css">
<![CDATA[
rect { stroke-width: ; stroke-opacity: ; }
rect.background { fill: rgb(,,); }
rect.activating { fill: rgb(,,); fill-opacity: 0.7; }
rect.active { fill: rgb(,,); fill-opacity: 0.7; }
rect.deactivating { fill: rgb(,,); fill-opacity: 0.7; }
rect.kernel { fill: rgb(,,); fill-opacity: 0.7; }
rect.initrd { fill: rgb(,,); fill-opacity: 0.7; }
rect.firmware { fill: rgb(,,); fill-opacity: 0.7; }
rect.loader { fill: rgb(,,); fill-opacity: 0.7; }
rect.userspace { fill: rgb(,,); fill-opacity: 0.7; }
rect.security { fill: rgb(,,); fill-opacity: 0.7; }
rect.generators { fill: rgb(,,); fill-opacity: 0.7; }
rect.unitsload { fill: rgb( ,,); fill-opacity: 0.7; }
rect.box { fill: rgb(,,); stroke: rgb(,,); }
line { stroke: rgb(,,); stroke-width: ; }
// line.sec1 { }
line.sec5 { stroke-width: ; }
line.sec01 { stroke: rgb(,,); stroke-width: ; }
text { font-family: Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 14px; }
text.left { font-family: Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 14px; text-anchor: start; }
text.right { font-family: Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 14px; text-anchor: end; }
text.sec { font-size: 10px; }
]]>
</style>
</defs> <rect class="background" width="100%" height="100%" />
<text x="" y="">Startup finished in .287s (kernel) + .831s (initrd) + .909s (userspace) = .028s</text><text x="" y="">Linux ( ) x
- vmware</text><g transform="translate(20.000,100)"><rect class="box" x="" y="" width="1202.900" height="3840.000" />
<line class="sec5" x1="0.000" y1="" x2="0.000" y2="3840.000" />
<text class="sec" x="0.000" y="-5.000" >.0s</text>
<line class="sec01" x1="10.000" y1="" x2="10.000" y2="3840.000" />
<line class="sec01" x1="20.000" y1="" x2="20.000" y2="3840.000" />
<line class="sec01" x1="30.000" y1="" x2="30.000" y2="3840.000" />
<line class="sec01" x1="40.000" y1="" x2="40.000" y2="3840.000" />
<line class="sec01" x1="50.000" y1="" x2="50.000" y2="3840.000" />
<line class="sec01" x1="60.000" y1="" x2="60.000" y2="3840.000" />
<line class="sec01" x1="70.000" y1="" x2="70.000" y2="3840.000" />
<line class="sec01" x1="80.000" y1="" x2="80.000" y2="3840.000" />
<line class="sec01" x1="90.000" y1="" x2="90.000" y2="3840.000" />
<line class="sec1" x1="100.000" y1="" x2="100.000" y2="3840.000" />
<text class="sec" x="100.000" y="-5.000" >.0s</text>
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<rect class="active" x="750.624" y="2780.000" width="452.276" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="2780.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="left" x="742.399" y="2794.000">rtkit-daemon.service (132ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="737.918" y="2800.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="737.918" y="2800.000" width="464.982" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="2800.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="732.918" y="2814.000">smartd.service</text>
<rect class="activating" x="738.016" y="2820.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="738.016" y="2820.000" width="464.884" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="2820.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="733.016" y="2834.000">getty-pre.target</text>
<rect class="activating" x="738.177" y="2840.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="738.177" y="2840.000" width="464.723" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="2840.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="733.177" y="2854.000">alsa-state.service</text>
<rect class="activating" x="738.426" y="2860.000" width="59.794" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="798.220" y="2860.000" width="404.680" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="2860.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="733.426" y="2874.000">vdo.service (597ms)</text>
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<rect class="active" x="770.024" y="2880.000" width="432.876" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="2880.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="734.004" y="2894.000">polkit.service (310ms)</text>
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<rect class="active" x="739.626" y="2900.000" width="463.274" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="2900.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="734.626" y="2914.000">dbus.service</text>
<rect class="activating" x="750.981" y="2920.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="750.981" y="2920.000" width="451.918" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="2920.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="745.981" y="2934.000">abrtd.service</text>
<rect class="activating" x="751.319" y="2940.000" width="28.917" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="780.236" y="2940.000" width="422.664" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="2940.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="746.319" y="2954.000">abrt-ccpp.service (289ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="751.567" y="2960.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="751.567" y="2960.000" width="451.333" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="2960.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="746.567" y="2974.000">abrt-oops.service</text>
<rect class="activating" x="751.981" y="2980.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="751.981" y="2980.000" width="450.919" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="2980.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="746.981" y="2994.000">irqbalance.service</text>
<rect class="activating" x="752.313" y="3000.000" width="17.217" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="769.530" y="3000.000" width="433.370" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3000.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="747.313" y="3014.000">bluetooth.service (172ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="753.041" y="3020.000" width="16.347" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="769.388" y="3020.000" width="433.512" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3020.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="748.041" y="3034.000">avahi-daemon.service (163ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="753.104" y="3040.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="753.104" y="3040.000" width="449.796" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3040.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="748.104" y="3054.000">sound.target</text>
<rect class="activating" x="753.268" y="3060.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="753.268" y="3060.000" width="449.632" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3060.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="748.268" y="3074.000">rngd.service</text>
<rect class="activating" x="753.712" y="3080.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="753.712" y="3080.000" width="449.188" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3080.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="748.712" y="3094.000">vgauthd.service</text>
<rect class="activating" x="754.123" y="3100.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="754.123" y="3100.000" width="448.777" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3100.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="749.123" y="3114.000">vmtoolsd.service</text>
<rect class="activating" x="755.571" y="3120.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="755.571" y="3120.000" width="447.329" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3120.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="750.571" y="3134.000">abrt-xorg.service</text>
<rect class="activating" x="756.487" y="3140.000" width="20.210" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="776.697" y="3140.000" width="426.203" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3140.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="751.487" y="3154.000">udisks2.service (202ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="756.951" y="3160.000" width="8.573" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="765.524" y="3160.000" width="437.376" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3160.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="751.951" y="3174.000">ksm.service (85ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="770.870" y="3180.000" width="55.298" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="826.168" y="3180.000" width="376.732" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3180.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="765.870" y="3194.000">firewalld.service (552ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="771.992" y="3200.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="771.992" y="3200.000" width="430.908" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3200.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="766.992" y="3214.000">bluetooth.target</text>
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<rect class="deactivating" x="780.877" y="3220.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="767.172" y="3234.000">unbound-anchor.service (87ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="772.502" y="3240.000" width="8.665" height="19.000" />
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<text class="right" x="767.502" y="3254.000">ksmtuned.service (86ms)</text>
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<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3260.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="767.646" y="3274.000">nfs-client.target</text>
<rect class="activating" x="826.218" y="3280.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="826.218" y="3280.000" width="376.682" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3280.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="821.218" y="3294.000">network-pre.target</text>
<rect class="activating" x="826.350" y="3300.000" width="4.785" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="831.134" y="3300.000" width="371.766" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3300.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="821.350" y="3314.000">NetworkManager.service (47ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="831.336" y="3320.000" width="103.491" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="934.827" y="3320.000" width="268.073" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3320.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="826.336" y="3334.000">NetworkManager-wait-online.service (.034s)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="935.158" y="3340.000" width="34.977" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="970.135" y="3340.000" width="232.765" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3340.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="930.158" y="3354.000">network.service (349ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="970.264" y="3360.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="970.264" y="3360.000" width="232.636" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3360.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="965.264" y="3374.000">network.target</text>
<rect class="activating" x="970.338" y="3380.000" width="1.189" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="971.527" y="3380.000" width="231.373" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3380.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="965.338" y="3394.000">iscsi-shutdown.service (11ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="970.482" y="3400.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="970.482" y="3400.000" width="232.418" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3400.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="965.482" y="3414.000">cups.service</text>
<rect class="activating" x="970.614" y="3420.000" width="73.759" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="1044.373" y="3420.000" width="158.527" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3420.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="965.614" y="3434.000">postfix.service (737ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="970.692" y="3440.000" width="158.023" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="1128.716" y="3440.000" width="74.184" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3440.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="965.692" y="3454.000">tuned.service (.580s)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="970.815" y="3460.000" width="8.325" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="979.140" y="3460.000" width="223.760" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3460.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="965.815" y="3474.000">sshd.service (83ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="970.855" y="3480.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="970.855" y="3480.000" width="232.045" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3480.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="965.855" y="3494.000">network-online.target</text>
<rect class="activating" x="971.164" y="3500.000" width="5.250" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="976.414" y="3500.000" width="226.486" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3500.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="966.164" y="3514.000">rsyslog.service (52ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="971.781" y="3520.000" width="1.505" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="973.286" y="3520.000" width="229.614" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3520.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="966.781" y="3534.000">blk-availability.service (15ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="971.817" y="3540.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="971.817" y="3540.000" width="231.083" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3540.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="966.817" y="3554.000">remote-fs-pre.target</text>
<rect class="activating" x="971.832" y="3560.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="971.832" y="3560.000" width="231.068" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3560.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="966.832" y="3574.000">remote-fs.target</text>
<rect class="activating" x="971.978" y="3580.000" width="229.890" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="1201.868" y="3580.000" width="1.032" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3580.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="966.978" y="3594.000">kdump.service (.298s)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="972.564" y="3600.000" width="25.834" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="998.398" y="3600.000" width="204.502" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3600.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="967.564" y="3614.000">libvirtd.service (258ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="972.668" y="3620.000" width="3.646" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="976.314" y="3620.000" width="226.586" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3620.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="967.668" y="3634.000">systemd-user-sessions.service (36ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="976.930" y="3640.000" width="10.754" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="987.684" y="3640.000" width="215.216" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3640.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="971.930" y="3654.000">gdm.service (107ms)</text>
<rect class="activating" x="977.106" y="3660.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="977.106" y="3660.000" width="225.794" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3660.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="972.106" y="3674.000">crond.service</text>
<rect class="activating" x="978.017" y="3680.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="978.017" y="3680.000" width="224.883" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3680.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="973.017" y="3694.000">atd.service</text>
<rect class="activating" x="1027.652" y="3700.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="1027.652" y="3700.000" width="175.248" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3700.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="1022.652" y="3714.000">sys-subsystem-net-devices-virbr0.device</text>
<rect class="activating" x="1027.652" y="3720.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
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<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3720.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="1022.652" y="3734.000">sys-devices-virtual-net-virbr0.device</text>
<rect class="activating" x="1029.398" y="3740.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<rect class="active" x="1029.398" y="3740.000" width="173.502" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3740.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="1024.398" y="3754.000">sys-subsystem-net-devices-virbr0\x2dnic.device</text>
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<text class="right" x="1024.399" y="3774.000">sys-devices-virtual-net-virbr0\x2dnic.device</text>
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<rect class="active" x="1202.112" y="3780.000" width="0.788" height="19.000" />
<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3780.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="1197.112" y="3794.000">multi-user.target</text>
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<rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3800.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
<text class="right" x="1197.120" y="3814.000">graphical.target</text>
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<rect class="active" x="1202.864" y="3820.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />
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<text class="right" x="1197.314" y="3834.000">systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service (5ms)</text>
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<text class="left" x="45.000" y="3874.000">Activating</text>
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<text class="left" x="45.000" y="3934.000">Setting up security module</text>
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<text class="left" x="45.000" y="3954.000">Generators</text>
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<text class="left" x="45.000" y="3974.000">Loading unit files</text>
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[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemd-analyze plot #显示内容是一个html格式的内容，可以将其重定向到一个文件中并用浏览器打开它，这样看的更详细，它详细列出启动各个服务所用的毫秒数。
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemd-analyze plot > boot.html
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# sz boot.html #下载本地用浏览器打开如下图所示。 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
3>.设置内核参数
设置内核参数，只影响当次启动 启动时，在linux16行后添加systemd.unit=desired.target systemd.unit=emergency.target systemd.unit=rescue.target rescue.target 比emergency 支持更多的功能，例如日志等 systemctl default 进入默认target
五.故障排除
1>.启动排错
文件系统损坏
先尝试自动修复，失败则进入emergency shell，提示用户修复 在/etc/fstab不存在对应的设备和UUID
等一段时间，如不可用，进入emergency shell 在/etc/fstab不存在对应挂载点
systemd 尝试创建挂载点，否则提示进入emergency shell. 在/etc/fstab不正确的挂载选项
提示进入emergency shell
2>.破解CentOS7的root口令方法两种方案
破解CentOS7的root口令方法一:
启动时任意键暂停启动
按e键进入编辑模式
将光标移动linux16开始的行，添加内核参数rd.break
按ctrl-x启动
mount –o remount,rw /sysroot
chroot /sysroot
passwd root
touch /.autorelabel
exit
reboot 破解CentOS7的root口令方法二:
启动时任意键暂停启动
按e键进入编辑模式
将光标移动linux16开始的行，改为rw init=/sysroot/bin/sh
按ctrl-x启动
chroot /sysroot
passwd root
touch /.autorelabel
exit
reboot 博主推荐阅读:（有图解说明哟~）
https://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/p/11997262.html
https://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/p/7457286.html
3>.修复GRUB2
GRUB“the Grand Unified Bootloader”
引导提示时可以使用命令行界面
可从文件系统引导 主要配置文件:
/boot/grub2/grub.cfg 修复配置文件
grub2-mkconfig > /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 修复grub
grub2-install /dev/sda BIOS环境
grub2-install UEFI环境 调整默认启动内核
vim /etc/default/grub
GRUB_DEFAULT=0 #注意:这个参数表示指定默认内核编号来启动相应的内核。该参数是参考"/boot/grub2/grub.cfg"中的菜单项(以"menuentry"开头)，编号从0开始哟~关于内核的编译可参考我之前的笔记。修改该参数后，别忘记使用"grub2-mkconfig"来使得配置生效哟~
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# grep GRUB_DEFAULT /etc/default/grub
GRUB_DEFAULT=saved
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# vim /etc/default/grub #调整默认启动内核
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# grep GRUB_DEFAULT /etc/default/grub
GRUB_DEFAULT=
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.-.el7.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.-.el7.x86_64.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz--rescue-22848f95520c44db9caaa9661a12ef33
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs--rescue-22848f95520c44db9caaa9661a12ef33.img
done
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# vim /etc/default/grub #调整默认启动内核
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