The World's Top 15 Stock Exchanges by Domestic Market Capitalization in 2008

4 Euronext Belgium, France, Holland, Portugal 2,869[1]
5 London Stock Exchange United Kingdom 2,796[1]
6 Shanghai Stock Exchange China 2,704[1]
7 - 13 Australian Securities Exchange Australia 1,261[1]
14 National Stock Exchange of India India 1,224[1]
15 SIX Swiss Exchange Switzerland 1,064[1]

 The World's Top 15 Stock Exchanges by Value of Shares Traded in 2011

Rank Exchange Name Country Value of Shares Traded (in $ billion)
1 NewYork Stock Exchange United States 29,910[2]
2 NASDAQ United States 15,320[2]
3 London Stock Exchange United Kingdom 10,334[2]
4 Tokyo Stock Exchange Japan 6,476[2]
5 Euronext n rydghfmfghml 5,640[2]
6 Frankfurt Stock Exchange Germany 4,325[2]
7 Shanghai Stock Exchange China 4,069[2]
8 BME Spanish Exchanges Spain 2,970[2]
9 Italian Stock Exchange Italy 2,313[2]
10 Hong Kong Stock Exchange China S.A.R. 2,137[2]
11 Shenzhen Stock Exchange China 2,103[2]
12 Korea Exchange Korea 2,006[2]
13 SWX Swiss Exchange Switzerland 1,886[2]
14 OMX Nordic Exchanges Denmark, Finland, Sweden 1,865[2]
15 Toronto Stock Exchange Canada 1,634[2]

 By Geography

header 1 header 2 header 3
row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2 row 1, cell 3
row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2 row 2, cell 3

 African Stock Exchanges

Country Exchange Name Thomson Reuters Symbol Google Finance Symbol Yahoo! Finance Symbol Time Zone GMT ± Pre-Market Market Session Post-Market Currency (Code)
Botswana Botswana Stock Exchange GB BOT   Central Africa Time (CAT) +2   09:30 - 10:30   Botswana Pula (BWP)
Ghana Ghana Stock Exchange GH GHA   Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) 0 09:30 - 10:00 10:00 - 12:00   Ghanaian Cedi (GHS)
Kenya Nairobi Stock Exchange NR NBO   East Africa Time (EAT) +3 09:00 - 09:30 09:30 - 15:00   Kenyan Shilling (KES)
Malawi Malawi Stock Exchange MV MAL   Central Africa Time (CAT) +2       Kwacha (MWK)
Morocco Casablanca Stock Exchange CL CAS   Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) 0       Moroccan Dirham (MAD)
Nigeria Nigerian Stock Exchange LA NIG   West Africa Time (WAT) +1       Nigerian Naira (NGN)
South Africa JSE Securities Exchange JO JNB   South African Standard Time (SAST) +2   09:00 - 17:00   South African Rand (ZAR)
Zambia Lusaka Stock Exchange LZ LUS   Central Africa Time (CAT) +2       Zambian Kwacha (ZMK)
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Stock Exchange ZB ZIM   Central Africa Time (CAT) +2       Zimbabwean Dollar (ZWD)

align = "center"|Tanzania||align = "center"|Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange||align = "center"|TZ||align = "center"|TZ||||align = "center"|East Africa Time (EAT)||align = "center"|+2||||||||align = "center"|Tanzanian Shilling (TZS) |- |}

 Asia Pacific Stock Exchanges

Country Exchange Name Thomson Reuters Symbol Google Finance Symbol Yahoo! Finance Symbol Time Zone IST ± Pre-Market Market Session Post-Market Currency (Code)
Australia Australian Securities Exchange AU ASX .AX Australian Eastern Standard Time (AEST) +10 07:00 - 10:00[3] 10:00 - 16:00[3] 16:00 - 19:00[3] Australian Dollar (AUD)
Bangladesh Dhaka Stock Exchange DH     Bangladesh Time (BDT) +6   10:00 - 14:00[4]   Bangladeshi Taka (BDT)
China Hong Kong Stock Exchange HK HKG .HK Hong Kong Time (HKT) +8 09:00 - 09:30[5] 09:30 - 16:00[5] Cancelled[5] Hong Kong Dollar (HKD)
  Shanghai Stock Exchange SH SHA .SS China Standard Time (CST) +8 09:15 - 09:25[6] 09:30 - 15:00[6]   Chinese Renminbi (CNY)
  Shenzhen Stock Exchange SZ SHE .SZ China Standard Time (CST) +8 09:15 - 09:25[7] 09:30 - 15:00[7]   Chinese Renminbi (CNY)
India National Stock Exchange of India IN NSE .NS Indian Standard Time (IST) +5:30   09:00 - 15:30[8] 15:50 - 16:00[8] Indian Rupee (INR)
  Bombay Stock Exchange BY BSE .BO Indian Standard Time (IST) +5:30   09:00 - 15:30   Indian Rupee (INR)
Indonesia Indonesia Stock Exchange JK JAK .JK Indonesian Western Standard Time (WIB) +7 09:10 - 09:29 09:30 - 16:00   Indonesian Rupiah (IDR)
Japan Fukuoka Stock Exchange FU FUK   Japan Standard Time (JST) +9       Japanese Yen (JPY)
  Hercules Stock Exchange HQ NJM   Japan Standard Time (JST) +9       Japanese Yen (JPY)
  JASDAQ Securities Exchange JA JSD   Japan Standard Time (JST) +9 08:00 - 09:00 09:00 - 15:00   Japanese Yen (JPY)
  Nagoya Stock Exchange NY NAG   Japan Standard Time (JST) +9   09:00 - 15:30   Japanese Yen (JPY)
  Osaka Securities Exchange OK OSA   Japan Standard Time (JST) +9   09:00 - 15:10[9]   Japanese Yen (JPY)
  Sapporo Securities Exchange SO     Japan Standard Time (JST) +9       Japanese Yen (JPY)
  Tokyo Stock Exchange TO TYO   Japan Standard Time (JST) +9   09:00 - 15:00   Japanese Yen (JPY)
Korea, Republic of Korea Exchange SE SEO .KS Korea Standard Time (KST) +9   08:00 - 15:00   Korean Won (KRW)
  KOSDAQ KQ KDQ .KQ Korea Standard Time (KST) +9       Korean Won (KRW)
Malaysia Malaysia Exchange KU KUL .KL Malaysia Standard Time (MST) +8   09:00 - 17:00[10]   Malaysian Ringgit (MYR)
New Zealand New Zealand Exchange NZ NZE .NZ New Zealand Standard Time (NZST) +12 08:00 - 10:00 10:00 - 17:00 17:00 - 17:30 New Zealand Dollar (NZD)
Pakistan Karachi Stock Exchange KA KAR   Pakistan Standard Time (PST) +5 09:15 - 09:30 09:30 - 15:30   Pakistani Rupee (PKR)
Pakistan Lahore Stock Exchange Lah Lah   Pakistan Standard Time (PST) +5 09:15 - 09:45 09:45 - 14:15   Pakistani Rupee (PKR)
Philippines Philippine Stock Exchange PH PSE   Philippine Standard Time (PST) +8   09:30 - 12:10   Philippine Peso (PHP)
Singapore Singapore Exchange SG SIN .SI Singapore Standard Time (SST) +8 08:30 - 09:00 09:00 - 17:00   Singapore Dollar (SGD)
Sri Lanka Colombo Stock Exchange SL COL   Indian Standard Time (IST) +5:30 09:00 - 09:30[11] 09:30 - 14:30[11]   Sri Lankan Rupee (LKR)
Taiwan GreTai Securities Market OT     China Standard Time (CST) +8   09:00 - 14:00 14:00 - 14:30 Taiwan Dollar (TWD)
  Taiwan Stock Exchange TW TPE .TW China Standard Time (CST) +8   09:00 - 13:30[12] 14:00 - 14:30[12] Taiwan Dollar (TWD)
Thailand Stock Exchange of Thailand TH BAK     +7   9:30 - 14:30   Thai Baht (THB)
Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange       Indochina Standard Time (ICT) +7       Vietnamese Dong (VND)

 European Stock Exchanges

Country Exchange Name Thomson Reuters Symbol Google Finance Symbol Yahoo! Finance Symbol Time Zone GMT ± Pre-Market Market Session Post-Market Currency (Code)
Austria Vienna Stock Exchange VI WBAG .VI Central European Time (CET) +1   09:15 - 17:35   Euro (EUR)
Belgium Euronext - Brussels BT EBR .BR Central European Time (CET) +1   09:00 - 17:30   Euro (EUR)
Bulgaria Bulgarian Stock Exchange BG BUL   Eastern European Time (EET) +2 09:00 - 09:20[13] 09:20 - 13:45[13] 13:45 - 16:00[13] Bulgarian Lev (BGN)
Croatia Zagreb Stock Exchange ZG ZSE   Central European Time (CET) +1 09:00 - 10:00 10:00 - 16:00   Croatian Kuna (HRK)
Cyprus Cyprus Stock Exchange CP CSE   Eastern European Time (EET) +2   10:00 - 17:00   Euro (EUR)
Czech Republic Prague Stock Exchange PR PRG   Central European Time (CET) +1   09:15 - 16:00[14]   Czech Koruna (CZK)
Denmark OMX Nordic Exchange - Copenhagen KO CPH   Central European Time (CET) +1   09:00 - 17:00[15]   Danish Krone (DKK)
  GXG Markets   AMP   Central European Time (CET) +1   09:00 - 17:00[16]   Danish Krone (DKK)
Estonia OMX Baltic Exchange - Tallinn ET TAL   Eastern European Time (EET) +2 08:30 - 10:00[17] 10:00 - 14:00[17] 14:00 - 14:30[17] Euro (EUR)
Finland OMX Nordic Exchange - Helsinki HE HEL   Eastern European Time (EET) +2   10:00 - 18:30[15]   Euro (EUR)
France Euronext - Paris FR EPA .PA Central European Time (CET) +1   09:00 - 17:30   Euro (EUR)
Germany Berlin Stock Exchange BE BER .BE Central European Time (CET) +1       Euro (EUR)
  XETRA   ETR .DE Central European Time (CET) +1       Euro (EUR)
  Dusseldorf Stock Exchange DU     Central European Time (CET) +1       Euro (EUR)
  Frankfurt Stock Exchange FF FRA .F Central European Time (CET) +1   09:00 - 20:00   Euro (EUR)
  Munich Stock Exchange MU     Central European Time (CET) +1       Euro (EUR)
  Stuttgart Stock Exchange ST STU .SG Central European Time (CET) +1   09:00 - 20:00   Euro (EUR)
Greece Athens Exchange AT ATH   Eastern European Time (EET) +2   10:00 - 17:20   Euro (EUR)
Hungary Budapest Stock Exchange BU BDP   Central European Time (CET) +1 08:30 - 09:00 09:00 - 16:30 16:30 - 16:35 Hungarian Forint (HUF)
Ireland Irish Stock Exchange DB ISE .IR Central European Time (CET) +1 06:30 - 07:50[18] 07:50 - 16:30[18] 16:30 - 17:15[18] Euro (EUR)
Italy Borsa Italiana MI BIT .MI Central European Time (CET) +1 08:00 - 09:05 09:05 - 17:35 18:00 - 20:30 Euro (EUR)
Latvia OMX Baltic Exchange - Riga RG RSE   Eastern European Time (EET) +2 08:30 - 10:00[17] 10:00 - 14:00[17] 14:00 - 14:30[17] Latvian Lats (LVL)
Lithuania OMX Baltic Exchange - Vilnius LV VSE   Eastern European Time (EET) +2 08:30 - 10:00[17] 10:00 - 14:00[17] 14:00 - 14:30[17] Lithuanian Litas (LTL)
Luxembourg Luxembourg Stock Exchange LU LUX   Central European Time (CET) +1 07:15 - 09:00 09:00 - 17:40   Euro (EUR)
Macedonia Macedonian Stock Exchange MN MSE   Central European Time (CET) +1       Macedonian Denar (MKD)
Netherlands Euronext - Amsterdam AE AMS .AS Central European Time (CET) +1   09:00 - 17:30   Euro (EUR)
Norway Oslo Stock Exchange OS OSL .OL Central European Time (CET) +1 08:15 - 09:00[19] 09:00 - 17:30[19] 17:40 - 18:00[19] Norwegian Krone (NOK)
Poland Warsaw Stock Exchange WA WAR   Central European Time (CET) +1 08:00 - 09:00 09:00 - 16:20 16:20 - 16:30 Polish Zloty (PLN)
Portugal Euronext - Lisbon LB ELI .LS Central European Time (CET) +1   09:00 - 17:30   Euro (EUR)
Romania Bucharest Stock Exchange RO BSE   Eastern European Time (EET) +2 09:30 - 10:00 10:00 - 16:30   Romanian Leu (RON)
Romania Sibex-Sibiu Stock Exchange RO SBX   Eastern European Time (EET) +2 09:15 - 09:45 09:45 - 16:50 - trading session with derivatives instruments having as underlying stocks traded on BSE and SIBEX; 09:45 - 23:15 - trading session with derivatives instruments having as underlying currencies, indices and commodities   Romanian Leu (RON)
Russia Russian Trading System RS RTC   Moscow Standard Time (MSK) +3   10:30 - 19:00   U.S. Dollar (USD)
Russia Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange       Moscow Standard Time (MSK) +3   10:30 - 18:45   Russian Ruble (RUB)
Slovakia Bratislava Stock Exchange BS     Central European Time (CET) +1 10:30 - 10:50 11:00 - 14:00   Slovak Koruna (SKK)
Slovenia Ljubljana Stock Exchange LJ LJE   Central European Time (CET) +1 08:00 - 09:30 09:30 - 13:00   Euro (EUR)
Spain Barcelona Stock Exchange BC BCN   Central European Time (CET) +1 08:30 - 09:00 09:00 - 17:30   Euro (EUR)
  Madrid Stock Exchange MD MCE .MA Central European Time (CET) +1 08:30 - 09:00[20] 09:00 - 17:30[20]   Euro (EUR)
Sweden OMX Nordic Exchange - Stockholm SK STO   Central European Time (CET) +1   09:00 - 17:30[15]   Swedish Krona (SEK)
Switzerland Berne eXchange BN BRN   Central European Time (CET) +1       Swiss Franc (CHF)
  SIX Swiss Exchange EB VTX .VX Central European Time (CET) +1   09:00 - 17:30[21]   Swiss Franc (CHF)
Turkey Istanbul Stock Exchange IS IST   Eastern European Time (EET) +2   09:30 - 17:30   Turkish New Lira (TRY)
United Kingdom London Stock Exchange LN LON .L Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) 0   08:00 - 16:30   British Pound (GBP)
  PLUS Markets Group PZ OFEX   Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) 0   08:00 - 16:30   British Pound (GBP)

 Middle Eastern Stock Exchanges

Country Exchange Name Thomson Reuters Symbol Google Finance Symbol Yahoo! Finance Symbol Time Zone GMT ± Pre-Market Market Session Post-Market Currency (Code)
Bahrain Bahrain Stock Exchange BH BSH   Arabia Standard Time (AST) +3 09:15 - 09:30 09:30 - 12:30   Bahraini Dinar (BHD)
Egypt Egyptian Stock Exchange CI CAI   Eastern European Time (EET) +2   10:30 - 14:30   Egyptian Pound (EGP)
Egypt Cairo & Alexandria Stock Exchange       Eastern European Time (EET) +2       Egyptian Pound (EGP)
Israel Tel Aviv Stock Exchange TV TLV .TA Israel Standard Time (IST) +2 09:30 - 09:30[22] 09:30 - 16:30[22]   Israeli New Sheqel (ILS)
Jordan Amman Stock Exchange AJ AFM   Eastern European Time (EET) +2 09:30 - 10:00 10:00 - 12:00 12:00 - 12:15 Jordanian Dinar (JOD)
Lebanon Beirut Stock Exchange LE BEY   Eastern European Time (EET) +2 09:00 - 09:30 09:30 - 12:30   Lebanese Pound (LBP)
Palestine Palestine Securities Exchange PL PAS     +2       Jordanian Dinar (JOD)
United Arab Emirates NASDAQ Dubai   DFM   United Arab Emirates Standard Time +4   11:45 - 17:00   U.A.E. Dirham (AED)
Syria Damascus Securities Exchange DSE DSE     +2       Syrian Pound (SYP)

 North American Stock Exchanges

Country Exchange Name Thomson Reuters Symbol Google Finance Symbol Yahoo! Finance Symbol Time Zone GMT ± Pre-Market Market Session Post-Market Currency (Code)
Bermuda Bermuda Stock Exchange HM BSX   Atlantic Standard Time Zone (AST) -4 08:30 - 09:00 09:00 - 15:30   Bermudian Dollar (BMD)
Canada Canada National Stock Exchange L CNQ   Eastern Standard Time (EST) -5   09:30 - 16:00[23]   Canadian Dollar (CAD)
  Toronto Stock Exchange T TSE .TO Eastern Standard Time (EST) -5   09:30 - 16:00[24] 16:15 - 17:00[24] Canadian Dollar (CAD)
  TSX Venture Exchange V CVE .V Eastern Standard Time (EST) -5   09:30 - 16:00[24] 16:15 - 17:00[24] Canadian Dollar (CAD)
United States American Stock Exchange A AMEX AMEX Eastern Standard Time (EST) -5   09:30 - 16:00[25]   U.S. Dollar (USD)
  NASDAQ OMX BX B NASDAQ NASDAQ Eastern Standard Time (EST) -5   08:00 - 19:00[26]   U.S. Dollar (USD)
  Chicago Stock Exchange M     Central Standard Time (CST) -6   08:30 - 16:00[27]   U.S. Dollar (USD)
  NASDAQ O NASDAQ NASDAQ Eastern Standard Time (EST) -5 07:00 - 09:30[28] 09:30 - 16:00[28] 16:00 - 20:00[28] U.S. Dollar (USD)
  National Stock Exchange C     Central Standard Time (CST) -6   08:30 - 15:00   U.S. Dollar (USD)
  New York Stock Exchange N NYSE NYSE Eastern Standard Time (EST) -5   09:30 - 16:00[29]   U.S. Dollar (USD)
  NASDAQ OMX PHLX X NASDAQ NASDAQ Eastern Standard Time (EST) -5   08:00 - 16:00[30]   U.S. Dollar (USD)

 References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
    2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 Total Value of Share Traded in 2007, World Federation of Exchanges
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Market Hours, Australian Securities Exchange
    4.  Market Hours, Dhaka Stock Exchange
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Market Hours, Hong Kong Stock Exchange
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Market Hours, Shanghai Stock Exchange
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Market Hours, Shenzhen Stock Exchange
    8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Market Hours, National Stock Exchange of India
    9.  Market Hours, Osaka Securities Exchange
    10.  Market Hours, Malaysia Exchange
    11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Market Hours, Colombo Stock Exchange
    12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Market Hours, Taiwan Stock Exchange
    13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Market Hours, Bulgarian Stock Exchange
    14.  Market Hours, Prague Stock Exchange
    15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Market Hours, OMX Nordic Exchange
    16.  [1]
    17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 Market Hours, OMX Baltic Exchange
    18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Market hours, Irish Stock Exchange
    19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Market Hours, Oslo Stock EXchange
    20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Market Hours, Bolsa de Madrid
    21.  Market Hours, SWX Swiss Exchange
    22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Market Hours, Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
    23.  Market Hours, Canada National Stock Exchange
    24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Market Hours, Toronto Stock Exchange
    25.  Market Hours, American Stock Exchange
    26.  Market Hours, NASDAQ OMX BX
    27.  Market Hours, Chicago Stock Exchange
    28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Market Hours, NASDAQ
    29.  Market Hours, New York Stock Exchange
    30.  Market Hours, NASDAQ OMX PHLX

The World's Top 15 Stock Exchanges by Domestic Market Capitalization的更多相关文章

  1. Asia Stock Exchanges[z]

    Asia Stock Exchanges July 7, 2009 This article is to summarise the trading rules of some Asia stocke ...

  2. Top 15 - Material Design框架和类库(译)

    _Material design_是Google开发的,目的是为了统一公司的web端和手机端的产品风格.它是基于很多的原则,比如像合适的动画,响应式,以及颜色和阴影的使用.完整的指南详情请看这里(ht ...

  3. Top 15 不起眼却有大作用的 .NET功能集

    目录 1. ObsoleteAttribute2. 设置默认值属性: DefaultValueAttribute3. DebuggerBrowsableAttribute4. ??运算符5. Curr ...

  4. Top 15 Java Utility Classes

    In Java, a utility class is a class that defines a set of methods that perform common functions. Thi ...

  5. Top 15 Tools To Make Animated GIFs From Images & Video

    Creating an animated GIF picture from photos or video with Adobe Photoshop is easy, but not everyone ...

  6. pandas时间序列学习笔记

    目录 创建一个时间序列 pd.date_range() info() asfred() shifted(),滞后函数 diff()求差分 加减乘除 DataFrame.reindex() 通过data ...

  7. 15 Top Paying IT Certifications In 2016: AWS Certified Solutions Architect Leads At $125K

    Each of the five Amazon Web Services (AWS) certifications brings in an average salary of more than $ ...

  8. 六.Spring与RabbitMQ集成--stock trading(股票交易系统)

    周末继续写博客,算起来,关于rabbitMQ这个中间件的研究已经持续至两个星期了,上一篇文章使用sring amqp实现了同步和异步的消息接收功能.这一节继续实用spring amqp实现一个股票交易 ...

  9. word Stock Market Indices

    Stock Market Indices USA Africa Asia and Pacific Canada Europe Middle East South America Internation ...

随机推荐

  1. dump与load

    dump与load 简化了dumps与loads

  2. idea永久使用本地的maven设置

    1.要想是永久的,就选择other settings

  3. python基础---递归函数真题解析

    方法一.有如下值集合 [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90...],将所有大于 66 的值保存至字典的第一个key中,将小于 66 的值保存至第二个key的值中. 即: {'k ...

  4. 深入浅出 Java Concurrency (1) : J.U.C的整体认识[转]

    去年年底有一个Guice的研究计划,可惜由于工作“繁忙”加上实际工作中没有用上导致“无疾而终”,最终只是完成了Guice的初步学习教程,深入的研究没有继续进行下去. 最近一直用的比较多的就是java. ...

  5. PAT甲级——A1035 Password

    To prepare for PAT, the judge sometimes has to generate random passwords for the users. The problem ...

  6. JSP-案例-商品增删改

    商品的增删改查 1显示 部分代码 Dao public List<Product> findAllProduct() throws SQLException { QueryRunner r ...

  7. PHP之文件的锁定、上传与下载的方法

    1.文件锁定 现在都在讲究什么分布式.并发等,实际上文件的操作也是并发的,在网络环境下,多个用户在同一时刻访问页面,对同一服务器上的同一文件进行着读取,如果,这个用户刚好读到一半,另一个用户就写入了消 ...

  8. 关于在静态html中实现语言切换的思路与实现

    在项目中只用到了三种语言:英文.中文简体.中文繁体.所以我首先想到了最笨的方法:1.直接将三种语言写在html中,显示当前设置的语言隐藏其它两种来实现.2.使用css伪元素的content:attr( ...

  9. 使用uni-app(Vue.js)创建运行微信小程序项目步骤

    使用uni-app(Vue.js)开发微信小程序项目步骤 1. 新建一个uni-app项目   创建完成后的目录结构 2. 打开微信小程序开发工具端的端口调试功能 3. 运行创建的项目 效果

  10. laravel-admin 报错 Disk [admin] not configured, please add a disk config in `config/filesystems.php`.

    在config/filesystems.php中添加: 'disks' => [ 'local' => [        'driver' => 'local',        'r ...