我也说说Emacs吧(4) - 光标的移动

在说基本编辑命令之前，我们先加一个小tip，说说如何将函数和键绑定在一起。

(define-key global-map [?\C-l] 'recenter-top-bottom)

define-key函数需要三个参数，第一个是绑定表的名称，不同的模式下的描述表是不同的。第二个参数是键名，第三个参数是键要绑定的函数名。

移动光标

无模式和有模式概述

emacs是一种无模式的编辑器，这也是除了vi之外大部分编辑器的标准做法。每个输入的字符都会直接输入到缓冲区里。编辑要用到的功能函数，就只好绑定到组合键上，主要是Ctrl键，Esc或Alt键的组合键。

比如，最基本的光标移动。如果有上下左右键，就用上下左右键。没有的话，emacs会用C-f向右，C-b向左，C-n向下一行，C-p向上一行。C-a移动到行首，C-e移动到行尾。

大量使用Ctrl和Alt,Esc键，使得手需要经常移动，小指被过度使用。

而vi的采用正常模式和编辑模式分离来解决这个问题，在正常模式下，不能输入字符，所有的字符都被当成命令来执行。此时，j是下一行，k是上一行，h是向左，l向右。效率要比C-n,C-p,C-b,C-f要高。0到行首，$到行尾。

但是vi的问题就是，需要经常在正常模式和编辑模式来回切换。

spacemacs使用evil来模拟vi的这种模式，而且有些键的绑定与标准emacs有所不同。

光标左右移动

移动光标是最基本的命令了，这其中最基本的是光标左右移动，和上下移动。

我们先学习emacs的标准方式：

* 向右一个字符: C-f (forward-char)

* 向左一个字符: C-b (backward-char)

这两个函数都是用C语言实现的，所以没有lisp源码，目前我们暂时先关注lisp部分。

但是，在spacemacs的默认情况下，这两个绑定已经被取消了。因为spacemacs默认是用vi的模式方案，在正常模式下，使用h键左移，l键右移。

l键和右箭头键，绑定到evil-forward-char函数上. 最终，evil-forward-char还是会调用到forward-char来实现移动的功能的：

(evil-define-motion evil-forward-char (count &optional crosslines noerror)
  :type exclusive
  (interactive "<c>" (list evil-cross-lines
                           (evil-kbd-macro-suppress-motion-error)))
  (cond
   (noerror
    (condition-case nil
        (evil-forward-char count crosslines nil)
      (error nil)))
   ((not crosslines)
    ;; for efficiency, narrow the buffer to the projected
    ;; movement before determining the current line
    (evil-with-restriction
        (point)
        (save-excursion
          (evil-forward-char (1+ (or count 1)) t t)
          (point))
      (condition-case err
          (evil-narrow-to-line
            (evil-forward-char count t noerror))
        (error
         ;; Restore the previous command (this one never happend).
         ;; Actually, this preserves the current column if the
         ;; previous command was `evil-next-line' or
         ;; `evil-previous-line'.
         (setq this-command last-command)
         (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
   (t
    (evil-motion-loop (nil (or count 1))
      (forward-char)
      ;; don't put the cursor on a newline
      (when (and evil-move-cursor-back
                 (not evil-move-beyond-eol)
                 (not (evil-visual-state-p))
                 (not (evil-operator-state-p))
                 (eolp) (not (eobp)) (not (bolp)))
        (forward-char))))))

而左箭头和h键，则是调用的evil-backward-char函数：

(evil-define-motion evil-backward-char (count &optional crosslines noerror)
  :type exclusive
  (interactive "<c>" (list evil-cross-lines
                           (evil-kbd-macro-suppress-motion-error)))
  (cond
   (noerror
    (condition-case nil
        (evil-backward-char count crosslines nil)
      (error nil)))
   ((not crosslines)
    ;; restrict movement to the current line
    (evil-with-restriction
        (save-excursion
          (evil-backward-char (1+ (or count 1)) t t)
          (point))
        (1+ (point))
      (condition-case err
          (evil-narrow-to-line
            (evil-backward-char count t noerror))
        (error
         ;; Restore the previous command (this one never happened).
         ;; Actually, this preserves the current column if the
         ;; previous command was `evil-next-line' or
         ;; `evil-previous-line'.
         (setq this-command last-command)
         (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
   (t
    (evil-motion-loop (nil (or count 1))
      (backward-char)
      ;; don't put the cursor on a newline
      (unless (or (evil-visual-state-p) (evil-operator-state-p))
        (evil-adjust-cursor))))))

上下移动

就是行间移动，标准emacs的方式是：

* 向下一行：C-n (next-line)

* 向上一行：C-p (previous-line)

这两种方式在spacemacs中，在编辑模式下仍然可以使用。但是正常模式下已经被绑定到其他函数上了，因为有更方便的j和k可以用。

(defun next-line (&optional arg try-vscroll)
  (declare (interactive-only forward-line))
  (interactive "^p\np")
  (or arg (setq arg 1))
  (if (and next-line-add-newlines (= arg 1))
      (if (save-excursion (end-of-line) (eobp))
      ;; When adding a newline, don't expand an abbrev.
      (let ((abbrev-mode nil))
        (end-of-line)
        (insert (if use-hard-newlines hard-newline "\n")))
    (line-move arg nil nil try-vscroll))
    (if (called-interactively-p 'interactive)
    (condition-case err
        (line-move arg nil nil try-vscroll)
      ((beginning-of-buffer end-of-buffer)
       (signal (car err) (cdr err))))
      (line-move arg nil nil try-vscroll)))
  nil)

spacemacs支持在普通模式下使用j来移动到下一行，k来移动到上一行。j绑定的是evil-next-line函数，k绑定的是evil-previous-line函数。

(evil-define-motion evil-next-line (count)
  :type line
  (let (line-move-visual)
    (evil-line-move (or count 1))))

(evil-define-motion evil-previous-line (count)
  :type line
  (let (line-move-visual)
    (evil-line-move (- (or count 1)))))

上面两个函数都是对evil-line-move的封装，evil-next-line的参数是正的，evil-previous-line是负的。

(defun evil-line-move (count &optional noerror)
  (cond
   (noerror
    (condition-case nil
        (evil-line-move count)
      (error nil)))
   (t
    (evil-signal-without-movement
      (setq this-command (if (>= count 0)
                             #'next-line
                           #'previous-line))
      (let ((opoint (point)))
        (condition-case err
            (with-no-warnings
              (funcall this-command (abs count)))
          ((beginning-of-buffer end-of-buffer)
           (let ((col (or goal-column
                          (if (consp temporary-goal-column)
                              (car temporary-goal-column)
                            temporary-goal-column))))
             (if line-move-visual
                 (vertical-motion (cons col 0))
               (line-move-finish col opoint (< count 0)))
             ;; Maybe we should just `ding'?
             (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))))))

移动到行首或行尾

很多时候，我们需要移动到行首或行尾，而不是向左或向右一点一点移动。

我们还是先看emacs的标准实现方式：

* 到行首：C-a (move-beginning-of-line) spacemacs支持

* 到行尾：C-e (move-end-of-line) spacemacs不支持

move-beginning-of-line的实现如下：

(defun move-beginning-of-line (arg)
  (interactive "^p")
  (or arg (setq arg 1))

  (let ((orig (point))
    first-vis first-vis-field-value)

    ;; Move by lines, if ARG is not 1 (the default).
    (if (/= arg 1)
    (let ((line-move-visual nil))
      (line-move (1- arg) t)))

    ;; Move to beginning-of-line, ignoring fields and invisible text.
    (skip-chars-backward "^\n")
    (while (and (not (bobp)) (invisible-p (1- (point))))
      (goto-char (previous-char-property-change (point)))
      (skip-chars-backward "^\n"))

    ;; Now find first visible char in the line.
    (while (and (< (point) orig) (invisible-p (point)))
      (goto-char (next-char-property-change (point) orig)))
    (setq first-vis (point))

    ;; See if fields would stop us from reaching FIRST-VIS.
    (setq first-vis-field-value
      (constrain-to-field first-vis orig (/= arg 1) t nil))

    (goto-char (if (/= first-vis-field-value first-vis)
           ;; If yes, obey them.
           first-vis-field-value
         ;; Otherwise, move to START with attention to fields.
         ;; (It is possible that fields never matter in this case.)
         (constrain-to-field (point) orig
                     (/= arg 1) t nil)))))

最终会调用到我们后面要学的goto-char函数，通过goto-char跳到真正的位置上。

spacemacs支持vi的方式，在普通模式下，0移动到行首，移动到行尾∗0(evil−digit−argument−or−evil−beginning−of−line)∗ (evil-end-of-line)

evil-end-of-line其实还是要调用move-end-of-line函数来实现功能的。

(evil-define-motion evil-end-of-line (count)
  :type inclusive
  (move-end-of-line count)
  (when evil-track-eol
    (setq temporary-goal-column most-positive-fixnum
          this-command 'next-line))
  (unless (evil-visual-state-p)
    (evil-adjust-cursor)
    (when (eolp)
      ;; prevent "c$" and "d$" from deleting blank lines
      (setq evil-this-type 'exclusive))))

移动到缓冲区的头或尾

emacs的标准方式：

* 到缓冲区头 A-< (beginning-of-buffer)

* 到缓冲区尾 A-> (end-of-buffer)

spacemacs支持这两种方式，在正常模式下，还支持”<”键绑定beginning-of-buffer,”>”绑定end-of-buffer的方式。

我们先看下beginning-of-buffer，虽然也是goto-char的封装，但是确实不只是（goto-char 0）这么简单：

(defun beginning-of-buffer (&optional arg)
  (declare (interactive-only "use `(goto-char (point-min))' instead."))
  (interactive "^P")
  (or (consp arg)
      (region-active-p)
      (push-mark))
  (let ((size (- (point-max) (point-min))))
    (goto-char (if (and arg (not (consp arg)))
           (+ (point-min)
              (if (> size 10000)
              ;; Avoid overflow for large buffer sizes!
              (* (prefix-numeric-value arg)
                 (/ size 10))
            (/ (+ 10 (* size (prefix-numeric-value arg))) 10)))
         (point-min))))
  (if (and arg (not (consp arg))) (forward-line 1)))

end-of-buffer的话，除了goto-char之外，还得考虑recenter的问题

(defun end-of-buffer (&optional arg)
  (declare (interactive-only "use `(goto-char (point-max))' instead."))
  (interactive "^P")
  (or (consp arg) (region-active-p) (push-mark))
  (let ((size (- (point-max) (point-min))))
    (goto-char (if (and arg (not (consp arg)))
           (- (point-max)
              (if (> size 10000)
              ;; Avoid overflow for large buffer sizes!
              (* (prefix-numeric-value arg)
                 (/ size 10))
            (/ (* size (prefix-numeric-value arg)) 10)))
         (point-max))))
  ;; If we went to a place in the middle of the buffer,
  ;; adjust it to the beginning of a line.
  (cond ((and arg (not (consp arg))) (forward-line 1))
    ((and (eq (current-buffer) (window-buffer))
              (> (point) (window-end nil t)))
     ;; If the end of the buffer is not already on the screen,
     ;; then scroll specially to put it near, but not at, the bottom.
     (overlay-recenter (point))
     (recenter -3))))

移动到任意位置

emacs提供了两个函数，可以跳到任意一行，或者是任意一个字符。

* A-g g 或 A-g A-g (goto-line n) ：跳转到第n行

* A-g c (goto-char n): 跳转到第n个字符

spacemacs还支持vi的方式来跳转行

* 行号 G (evil-goto-line)，如果没有行号，则跳到缓冲区末尾

goto-char不出意料的，是用C实现的。

我们先来看看goto-line:

(defun goto-line (line &optional buffer)
  (declare (interactive-only forward-line))
  (interactive
   (if (and current-prefix-arg (not (consp current-prefix-arg)))
       (list (prefix-numeric-value current-prefix-arg))
     ;; Look for a default, a number in the buffer at point.
     (let* ((default
          (save-excursion
        (skip-chars-backward "0-9")
        (if (looking-at "[0-9]")
            (string-to-number
             (buffer-substring-no-properties
              (point)
              (progn (skip-chars-forward "0-9")
                 (point)))))))
        ;; Decide if we're switching buffers.
        (buffer
         (if (consp current-prefix-arg)
         (other-buffer (current-buffer) t)))
        (buffer-prompt
         (if buffer
         (concat " in " (buffer-name buffer))
           "")))
       ;; Read the argument, offering that number (if any) as default.
       (list (read-number (format "Goto line%s: " buffer-prompt)
                          (list default (line-number-at-pos)))
         buffer))))
  ;; Switch to the desired buffer, one way or another.
  (if buffer
      (let ((window (get-buffer-window buffer)))
    (if window (select-window window)
      (switch-to-buffer-other-window buffer))))
  ;; Leave mark at previous position
  (or (region-active-p) (push-mark))
  ;; Move to the specified line number in that buffer.
  (save-restriction
    (widen)
    (goto-char (point-min))
    (if (eq selective-display t)
    (re-search-forward "[\n\C-m]" nil 'end (1- line))
      (forward-line (1- line)))))

evil-goto-line写得简短一些：

(evil-define-motion evil-goto-line (count)
  :jump t
  :type line
  (if (null count)
      (with-no-warnings (end-of-buffer))
    (goto-char (point-min))
    (forward-line (1- count)))
  (evil-first-non-blank))

高效移动

重复执行命令

如果一行一行的移动，实在是太慢了，我们可以使用重复命令，给函数传递一个参数。

标准emacs的做法是Esc + 数字和C-u加数字两种方式：

* Esc n + 命令：执行n次命令。如果无法执行完n次，就尽最大的努力。比如向下移动n行，到是没到n行就到文件末尾了。那么就停在文件末尾。

例：

Esc 10 C-n，向下移动10行

* (universal-argument)函数，它绑定在C-u键上。

universal-argument如果不指定参数的话，默认执行4次。

但是在spacemacs上，universal-argument函数绑定在”空格 u”和”Alt-m u”两个键上。

C-u在spacemacs中被移做绑定到evil-scroll-up上，用于翻屏。

居中重绘屏幕

有的时候，需要重新绘制一下屏幕，让我们移动到的那行变为中心：

C-l (recenter-top-bottom)

(defun recenter-top-bottom (&optional arg)
  "Move current buffer line to the specified window line.
With no prefix argument, successive calls place point according
to the cycling order defined by `recenter-positions'.

A prefix argument is handled like `recenter':
 With numeric prefix ARG, move current line to window-line ARG.
 With plain `C-u', move current line to window center."
  (interactive "P")
  (cond
   (arg (recenter arg))         ; Always respect ARG.
   (t
    (setq recenter-last-op
      (if (eq this-command last-command)
          (car (or (cdr (member recenter-last-op recenter-positions))
               recenter-positions))
        (car recenter-positions)))
    (let ((this-scroll-margin
       (min (max 0 scroll-margin)
        (truncate (/ (window-body-height) 4.0)))))
      (cond ((eq recenter-last-op 'middle)
         (recenter))
        ((eq recenter-last-op 'top)
         (recenter this-scroll-margin))
        ((eq recenter-last-op 'bottom)
         (recenter (- -1 this-scroll-margin)))
        ((integerp recenter-last-op)
         (recenter recenter-last-op))
        ((floatp recenter-last-op)
         (recenter (round (* recenter-last-op (window-height))))))))))

undo

做错了，撤销是很关键的操作。

在标准emacs中，使用undo函数来进行这个操作。它绑定到C-_或C-/或C-x u三个键上。

在spacemacs中，C-x u被绑定到undo-tree-visualize函数上。 还可以用”空格 a u”来访问它。

(defun undo-tree-visualize ()
  "Visualize the current buffer's undo tree."
  (interactive "*")
  (deactivate-mark)
  ;; throw error if undo is disabled in buffer
  (when (eq buffer-undo-list t)
    (user-error "No undo information in this buffer"))
  ;; transfer entries accumulated in `buffer-undo-list' to `buffer-undo-tree'
  (undo-list-transfer-to-tree)
  ;; add hook to kill visualizer buffer if original buffer is changed
  (add-hook 'before-change-functions 'undo-tree-kill-visualizer nil t)
  ;; prepare *undo-tree* buffer, then draw tree in it
  (let ((undo-tree buffer-undo-tree)
        (buff (current-buffer))
    (display-buffer-mark-dedicated 'soft))
    (switch-to-buffer-other-window
     (get-buffer-create undo-tree-visualizer-buffer-name))
    (setq undo-tree-visualizer-parent-buffer buff)
    (setq undo-tree-visualizer-parent-mtime
      (and (buffer-file-name buff)
           (nth 5 (file-attributes (buffer-file-name buff)))))
    (setq undo-tree-visualizer-initial-node (undo-tree-current undo-tree))
    (setq undo-tree-visualizer-spacing
      (undo-tree-visualizer-calculate-spacing))
    (make-local-variable 'undo-tree-visualizer-timestamps)
    (make-local-variable 'undo-tree-visualizer-diff)
    (setq buffer-undo-tree undo-tree)
    (undo-tree-visualizer-mode)
    ;; FIXME; don't know why `undo-tree-visualizer-mode' clears this
    (setq buffer-undo-tree undo-tree)
    (set (make-local-variable 'undo-tree-visualizer-lazy-drawing)
     (or (eq undo-tree-visualizer-lazy-drawing t)
         (and (numberp undo-tree-visualizer-lazy-drawing)
          (>= (undo-tree-count undo-tree)
              undo-tree-visualizer-lazy-drawing))))
    (when undo-tree-visualizer-diff (undo-tree-visualizer-show-diff))
    (let ((inhibit-read-only t)) (undo-tree-draw-tree undo-tree))))

而C-_,C-/，在spacemacs中，被绑定在undo-tree-undo上。

小结

功能	函数名	快捷键	leader键
光标右移	forward-char	无	无
	evil-forward-char	l	无
光标左移	backward-char	无	无
	evil-backward-char	h	无
下移一行	next-line	正常模式C-n无效	无
	evil-next-line	j	无
上移一行	previous-line	正常模式C-p无效	无
	evil-previous-line	k	无
光标移至行首	move-beginning-of-line	C-a	无
	evil-digit-argument-or-evil-beginning-of-line	0	无
光标移至行尾	move-end-of-line	无	无
	evil-end-of-line	$	无
跳转到某一行	goto-line	A-g g或A-g A-g	无
	evil-goto-line	G	无
跳到某一字符	goto-char	A-g c	无
跳到缓冲区头	beginning-of-buffer	A-<或>	无
跳到缓冲区尾	end-of-buffer	A->或>	无
重复执行	universal-argument	A-m u	空格 u
居中重绘屏幕	recenter-top-bottom	C-l	无
撤销上一次的操作	undo	无	无
	undo-tree-visualize	C-x u	无
	undo-tree-undo	C-_或C-/	无