python常用模块：pickle、shelve、json、xml、configparser
本文目录：
一、pickle模块
二、shelve模块
三、json模块
四、json练习
五、xml模块
六、xml练习
七、configparser模块
一、pickle模块
pickle是一个用来序列化的模块
序列化是什么？
#指的是将内存中的数据结构转换为一种中间格式 并存储到硬盘上 反序列化是什么？
#将硬盘上存储的中间格式数据再还原为内存中的数据结构 为什么要序列化？
就是为了将数据持久存储
之前学过的文件也能持久化存储 但是操作起来非常麻烦
总结：pickle模块主要功能
dump
load
dumps 序列化
loads 序列化
不带s是帮你封装了read和writh
import pickle #用户注册得到的数据
name = "高根"
password = ""
height = "1.5"
hobby = ["吃","喝","飘"] with open("userdb.txt","wt",encoding="utf-8") as f:
text="|".join([name,password,str(height)])
f.write(text) #序列化的过程
user={"name":name,"password":password,"height":height,"hobby":hobby} #支持python中所有格式
with open("userdb.pkl","wb",)as f:
userbytes=pickle.dumps(user)
f.write(userbytes) #反序列化过程
with open("userdb.pkl","rb")as f:
userbytes=f.read()
user=pickle.loads(userbytes)
print(user)
print(type(user)) #dump使用 直接序列化到文件 with open("userdb.pkl","wb")as f:
pickle.dump(user,f) #load从文件反序列化
with open("userdb.pkl","rb")as f:
user=pickle.load(f)
print(user) #打包成函数（序列化）
def myload(filename):
with open(filename,"rb") as f:
return pickle.load(f)
二、shelve模块
shelve模块也用于序列化
它与pickle不同之处在于 不需要关心文件模式什么的 直接把他当成一个字典来看待
它可用于进行修改
#内存->内置->sys.path
import shelve """"""
user={"name":"高根"}
s = shelve.open("userdb.shv")
s["user"]=user
s.close() s=shelve.open("userdb.shv",writeback=True)
print(s["user"])
s["user"]["age"] = 20
s.close()
三、json模块
"""
pickle和shelve 序列化后的到的数据只能python才能解析
通常企业开发不可能做一个当即程序 都需要联网进行计算机间交互
我么必须要保证这个数据 能够跨平台使用 JSON是什么？ Java script object notation 就是对象表示法
var obj = {“name”：“egon”} 对于我们开发而言，json就是一种通用的数据格式 任何语言都能解析
js中的数据类型 python数据类型的对应关系
{} 字典
[] list
string“” str
int/float int/float
true/false True/False
null None json的语法规范
最外层通常是一个字典或列表
{} or []
只要你想写个json格式的数据最外层直接写{} 字符串必须是双引号，可以在面套任意多的层次 json模块的核心功能
dump
dumps
load
loads
不带s 封装了write和read功能
"""
import json # 反序列化
with open("a.json","rt",encoding="utf-8")as f:
res=json.loads(f.read())
print(type(res)) with open("a.json",encoding="utf-8") as f:
print(json.load(f)) # 直接解析字符串的json为python对象 jsontext = """{
"user": [{
"name": "egon",
"age": "18"
},
{
"name": "egon",
"age": "18"
}
]
}""" res=json.loads(jsontext)
print(res) mydic={
"user": [{
"name": "egon",
"age": ""
},
{
"name": "egon",
"age": ""
}
]
} with open("b.json", "wt",encoding="utf-8") as f:
f.write(json.dumps(mydic)) with open("b.json", "wt",encoding="utf-8") as f:
json.dump(mydic, f) dic = {"a":"理查德姑妈","b":"杰克船长","c":"神秘客人"}
with open("c.json","wt",encoding="utf-8") as f:
f.write(json.dumps(dic)) with open("c.json","rt",encoding="utf-8")as f:
d = json.loads(f.read())
print(d)
四、json练习
#将下面内容存储到（news.json）文件
"reason":"成功的返回",
"result":{
"stat":"",
"data":[
{
"uniquekey":"35efd2ba169d7f965669d44eb7cb8a2e",
"title":"原油技术分析：API意外减少油价暂获支撑 晚间EIA将决定油价命运",
"date":"2018-10-17 10:15",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"FX168财经",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017101548328.html",
"thumbnail_pic_s":"http:\/\/05imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017101548_ce78d3f30d852abd47767db8f203f2fc_1_mwpm_03200403.jpg"
},
{
"uniquekey":"1618e0662b838a153513c5b2a052e25f",
"title":"战胜荷兰后，中国女排已提前完成目标，郎平27个字霸气宣战意大利",
"date":"2018-10-17 10:08",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"蓝天侃球",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017100831808.html",
"thumbnail_pic_s":"http:\/\/06imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017100831_0b2d9fb72339fc3cc95650ff8bfa133b_1_mwpm_03200403.jpg",
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},
{
"uniquekey":"64a242ea9d12444cc36b2343810f71d9",
"title":"华为何刚：华为Mate20系列国内版比海外版配置更高！",
"date":"2018-10-17 10:03",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"锋科技",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017100355012.html",
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},
{
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"title":"盘点NBA4大“绝世好男人”，威少为妻不逛夜店，库里初中定情",
"date":"2018-10-17 10:02",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"体坛之王",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017100227516.html",
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},
{
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"title":"一个番茄5味药！男人强身，女人养颜，老人抗癌，错过真亏",
"date":"2018-10-17 10:01",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"39健康网",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017100120544.html",
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"title":"创业板估值位于历史最低 但业绩增速放缓分析师继续唱空",
"date":"2018-10-17 10:00",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"财联社",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017100055547.html",
"thumbnail_pic_s":"http:\/\/04imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017100055_82eff7d2425f422b3cc0ad37d1982255_3_mwpm_03200403.jpg",
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},
{
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"date":"2018-10-17 10:00",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"斗玩网",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017100045828.html",
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"date":"2018-10-17 10:00",
"category":"头条",
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"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017100014570.html",
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{
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"date":"2018-10-17 10:00",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"用微笑离开后的坚强",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017100006065.html",
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{
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"title":"RNG小组第一EDG小组第二 这让网友产生一个可怕的想法！",
"date":"2018-10-17 09:58",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"淘游助手",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017095804681.html",
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"date":"2018-10-17 09:56",
"category":"头条",
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{
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"date":"2018-10-17 09:55",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"peace说球",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017095533594.html",
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"date":"2018-10-17 09:53",
"category":"头条",
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"title":"浪琴的30款时尚名表，最爱哪一款？",
"date":"2018-10-17 09:44",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"灌云醉意浓服装",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017094431457.html",
"thumbnail_pic_s":"http:\/\/07imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017094431_7cb7f11cf40d2a7d7add376dae350545_24_mwpm_03200403.jpg",
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},
{
"uniquekey":"e21bf3ecf60ede138f7f858273708812",
"title":"邻居嘲笑我新家装修成现代风，说我不懂装修，装修好才打他们的脸",
"date":"2018-10-17 09:40",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"家居小吴",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017094027402.html",
"thumbnail_pic_s":"http:\/\/09imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017_5cc7cc189378d7cdfcb04deeb86aea2d_cover_mwpm_03200403.jpg",
"thumbnail_pic_s02":"http:\/\/09imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017_3a8819d45cc18f7b3b10e8b0e34edba4_cover_mwpm_03200403.jpg",
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},
{
"uniquekey":"ff227178528e45dba654d7a4f01c1151",
"title":"搞笑GIF： 这才叫真正的绝望，感觉好委屈",
"date":"2018-10-17 09:37",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"快乐分享",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017093735819.html",
"thumbnail_pic_s":"http:\/\/06imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017_afdeb47ff89c02e1174f60040c81f660_cover_mwpm_03200403.jpg",
"thumbnail_pic_s02":"http:\/\/06imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017_49f1a3d7e7df7b70726a5a04528f300e_cover_mwpm_03200403.jpg",
"thumbnail_pic_s03":"http:\/\/06imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017_5839366136736e5e59e66095ed6d8509_cover_mwpm_03200403.jpg"
},
{
"uniquekey":"58fa8c9b43cae11b7406188c4f210736",
"title":"封面人物|陈丽媛与马拉松的故事",
"date":"2018-10-17 09:36",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"创客儿",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017093650361.html",
"thumbnail_pic_s":"http:\/\/01imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017_91bba059bc1f13045d4ee7272b2f89f6_cover_mwpm_03200403.jpg",
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},
{
"uniquekey":"d4273930a4a943b60c4a6ef8f5514e97",
"title":"求生欲如此强的《奇葩说》第五季，如今连李诞都救不活了?",
"date":"2018-10-17 09:35",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"娱乐大咖秀",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017093523888.html",
"thumbnail_pic_s":"http:\/\/06imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017_407422950d0aa228da607ceae526bc38_cover_mwpm_03200403.jpg",
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},
{
"uniquekey":"cba32d09b6f2a78690fd93e0f10a5642",
"title":"16岁儿子因路坑出事故死亡 印度男子见坑就填悼念亡子",
"date":"2018-10-17 09:33",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"杀生丸",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017093301811.html",
"thumbnail_pic_s":"http:\/\/02imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017_d709e090413054b34f1e0e019b39a07c_cover_mwpm_03200403.jpg"
},
{
"uniquekey":"d78556f8af18b468e5adf35a862f357b",
"title":"周星驰新片《D计划》，2019春节档上映，谁能一战？",
"date":"2018-10-17 09:30",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"夏木渊",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017093050040.html",
"thumbnail_pic_s":"http:\/\/08imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017093050_0344e33a5392131d3c6c247ada310846_4_mwpm_03200403.jpg",
"thumbnail_pic_s02":"http:\/\/08imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017093050_0344e33a5392131d3c6c247ada310846_8_mwpm_03200403.jpg",
"thumbnail_pic_s03":"http:\/\/08imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017093050_0344e33a5392131d3c6c247ada310846_7_mwpm_03200403.jpg"
},
{
"uniquekey":"1cca176fd6cd3af811bfca5975cc8244",
"title":"坚瑞沃能前三季预亏294400-294900万",
"date":"2018-10-17 09:30",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"中国发展网",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017093004941.html",
"thumbnail_pic_s":"http:\/\/07imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017093004_976bd1cf9b7790efd96e1ef950234b3e_1_mwpm_03200403.jpg"
},
{
"uniquekey":"c0237379b0dc5907dcaad893a8629ca3",
"title":"不想吃饭就来吃拌面吧，10种超好吃的拌面做法，学会做给老公吃！",
"date":"2018-10-17 09:29",
"category":"头条",
"author_name":"三叔日食记",
"url":"http:\/\/mini.eastday.com\/mobile\/181017092958385.html",
"thumbnail_pic_s":"http:\/\/01imgmini.eastday.com\/mobile\/20181017\/20181017092958_ceea58d525367d04016d3c837495bd64_9_mwpm_03200403.jpg",
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}
]
},
"error_code":0
}
news.json （源代码）
习题：把news.json中的新闻数据提取出来打印控制台
with open("news.json","rt",encoding="utf-8") as f:
res = json.load(f)
print(type(res))
for dic in res["result"]["data"]:
for key in dic:
print("%s:%s"%(key,dic[key]))
五、xml模块
"""
XML 可扩展的标记语言
<> </>
也是一种通用的数据格式，也是一种跨平台 学习的重点还是语法格式 一、任何的起始标签都必须有⼀一个结束标签。
<> </> 二、可以采用另一种简化语法，可以在一个标签中同时表示起始和结束标
签。这种语法是在⼤于符号之前紧跟一个斜线（/），XML
解析器会将其翻译成<百度百科词条></百度百科词条>。
例例如<百度百科词条/>。 三、标签必须按合适的顺序进⾏行行嵌套，所以结束标签必须按镜像顺序匹配
起始标签。这好⽐比是将起始和结束标签看作是数学中的左右括号：在没有关闭所有
的内部括号之前，是不不能关闭外⾯面的括号的。 四、所有的特性都必须有值。 五、所有的特性都必须在值的周围加上双引号。 一个标签的组成部分
<tagname 属性名称=“属性值”>文本内容
<></> 单标签写法
</tagename> 属性名称=“属性值”/> 镜像关闭顺序实例：
<a>
<b>
<c>
</c>
</b>
</a>
案例：
<studentinfo>
<张三>
<age>20</age>
<gender>boy</gender>
</张三>
<李四>
<age>21</age>
<gender>gril</gender>
</李四>
</studentinfo> 总结：
xml也是一种中间格式 也属于序列化之一
与json相比较，同样的数据 json会比xml更小， 效率更高
xml 需要根据文档结构 手动解析 而json直接对象 """
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ElementTree
#解析 d.xml
tree = ElementTree.parse("d.xml")
print(tree)
#获取根标签
rootTree = tree.getroot()
#三种获取数据的方式
#获取所有人的年龄 iter 是用于在全文范围获取标签
#
for item in rootTree.iter("age"):
#一个标签三个组成部分
print(item.tag)#标签名称
print(item.attrib)#标签的属性
print(item.text)#文本内容 #第二种 从当前标签的子标签重找到一个名称为age标签 如果有多个 找到的是第一个
print(rootTree.find("age").attrib) #第三种 从当前标签的子标签中找到所有名称为age的标签
print(rootTree.findall("age")) # 获取单个属性
stu = rootTree.find("stu")
print(stu.get("age"))
print(stu.get("name")) #删除子标签
rootTree.remove(stu) #添加子标签
#要创建一个子标签出来
newTag = ElementTree.Element("这是新标签",{"一个属性":"值"})
rootTree.append(newTag) #写入文件
tree.write("f.xml",encoding="utf-8") #ElementTree.pasre
六、xml模块的练习
#f.xml文件
<studentinfo> <stu name="张三" age="">
<girlfriend name="张三女朋友" age=""></girlfriend>
</stu>
<stu name="李四" age="">
<girlfriend name="李四女朋友" age=""></girlfriend>
</stu> <这是新标签 一个属性="值" /></studentinfo>
#执行文件
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ElementTree
tree = ElementTree.parse("f.xml") rootTree = tree.getroot()
users=[]
for item in rootTree.iter("stu"):
user = item.attrib
print(user)
gitem = item.find("girlfriend")
user["girlfriend"] = gitem.attrid
users.append(user)
print(users)
七、configparser模块
"""
config parser
用于解析配置文件的模块
何为配置文件
包含配置程序信息的文件就称为配置文件
什么样的数据应作为配置信息
需要改 但是不经常改的信息 例如数据文件的路径 DB_PATH
config parser
用于解析配置文件的模块
何为配置文件
包含配置程序信息的文件就称为配置文件
什么样的数据应作为配置信息
需要改 但是不经常改的信息 例如数据文件的路径 DB_PATH
配置文件中 只有两种内容
一种是section 分区
一种是option 选项 就是一个key=value形式
一种是section 分区
一种是option 选项 就是一个key=value形式
我们用的最多的就是get功能 用来从配置文件获取一个配置选项
练习:
做一个登录 首先查看配置文件 是否有包含 用户名和密码 如果有直接登录 如果没有就进行输入用户名密码登录
登录成功后 询问是否要保存密码 如果是 写入配置文件
做一个登录 首先查看配置文件 是否有包含 用户名和密码 如果有直接登录 如果没有就进行输入用户名密码登录
登录成功后 询问是否要保存密码 如果是 写入配置文件
"""
import configparser
# 创建一个解析器
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
# 读取并解析test.cfg
config.read("test.cfg",encoding="utf-8")
# 获取需要的信息
# 获取所有分区
print(config.sections())
# 获取所有选项
print(config.options("user"))
# 获取某个选项的值
print(config.get("path","DB_PATH"))
print(type(config.get("user","age")))
#
# # get返回的都是字符串类型 如果需要转换类型 直接使用get+对应的类型(bool int float)
print(type(config.getint("user","age")))
print(type(config.get("user","age"))) # 是否由某个选项
config.has_option()
# 是否由某个分区
config.has_section()
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