Java8新特性 - 新时间和日期 API

本地时间和时间戳

主要方法：

• now：静态方法，根据当前时间创建对象
• of：静态方法，根据指定日期/时间创建对象
• plusDays,plusWeeks,plusMonths,plusYears：向当前LocalDate 对象添加几天、几周、几个月、几年
• minusDays,minusWeeks,minusMonths,minusYears：从当前LocalDate 对象减去几天、几周、几个月、几年
• plus,minus：添加或减少一个Duration 或Period
• withDayOfMonth,withDayOfYear,withMonth,withYear：将月份天数、年份天数、月份、年份修改为指定的值并返回新的LocalDate 对象
• getDayOfYear：获得年份天数(1~366)
• getDayOfWeek：获得星期几(返回一个DayOfWeek枚举值)
• getMonth：获得月份, 返回一个Month 枚举值
• getMonthValue：获得月份(1~12)
• getYear：获得年份
• until：获得两个日期之间的Period 对象，或者指定ChronoUnits 的数字
• isBefore,isAfter：比较两个LocalDate
• isLeapYear：判断是否是闰年

LocalDate、LocalTime、LocalDateTime

LocalDate、LocalTime、LocalDateTime 类的实例是不可变的对象，分别表示使用ISO-8601日历系统的日期、时间、日期和时间。它们提供了简单的日期或时间，并不包含当前的时间信息。也不包含与时区相关的信息。

PS：ISO-8601日历系统是国际标准化组织制定的现代公民的日期和时间的表示法。

示例代码

// 获取当前系统时间
LocalDateTime localDateTime1 = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println(localDateTime1);
// 运行结果：2019-10-27T13:49:09.483

// 指定日期时间
LocalDateTime localDateTime2 = LocalDateTime.of(2019, 10, 27, 13, 45,10);
System.out.println(localDateTime2);
// 运行结果：2019-10-27T13:45:10

LocalDateTime localDateTime3 = localDateTime1
        // 加三年
        .plusYears(3)
        // 减三个月
        .minusMonths(3);
System.out.println(localDateTime3);
// 运行结果：2022-07-27T13:49:09.483

System.out.println(localDateTime1.getYear());       // 运行结果：2019
System.out.println(localDateTime1.getMonthValue()); // 运行结果：10
System.out.println(localDateTime1.getDayOfMonth()); // 运行结果：27
System.out.println(localDateTime1.getHour());       // 运行结果：13
System.out.println(localDateTime1.getMinute());     // 运行结果：52
System.out.println(localDateTime1.getSecond());     // 运行结果：6

LocalDateTime localDateTime4 = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println(localDateTime4);     // 2019-10-27T14:19:56.884
LocalDateTime localDateTime5 = localDateTime4.withDayOfMonth(10);
System.out.println(localDateTime5);     // 2019-10-10T14:19:56.884

Instant 时间戳

用于“时间戳”的运算。它是以Unix元年(传统的设定为UTC时区1970年1月1日午夜时分)开始所经历的描述进行运算。

示例代码

Instant instant1 = Instant.now();    // 默认获取UTC时区
System.out.println(instant1);
// 运行结果：2019-10-27T05:59:58.221Z

// 偏移量运算
OffsetDateTime offsetDateTime = instant1.atOffset(ZoneOffset.ofHours(8));
System.out.println(offsetDateTime);
// 运行结果：2019-10-27T13:59:58.221+08:00

// 获取时间戳
System.out.println(instant1.toEpochMilli());
// 运行结果：1572156145000

// 以Unix元年为起点，进行偏移量运算
Instant instant2 = Instant.ofEpochSecond(60);
System.out.println(instant2);
// 运行结果：1970-01-01T00:01:00Z

Duration 和Period

• Duration:用于计算两个“时间”间隔
• Period:用于计算两个“日期”间隔

示例代码

Instant instant_1 = Instant.now();
try {
    Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}
Instant instant_2 = Instant.now();

Duration duration = Duration.between(instant_1, instant_2);
System.out.println(duration.toMillis());
// 运行结果：1000

LocalTime localTime_1 = LocalTime.now();
try {
    Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}
LocalTime localTime_2 = LocalTime.now();

System.out.println(Duration.between(localTime_1, localTime_2).toMillis());
// 运行结果：1000

LocalDate localDate_1 = LocalDate.of(2018,9, 9);
LocalDate localDate_2 = LocalDate.now();

Period period = Period.between(localDate_1, localDate_2);
System.out.println(period.getYears());      // 运行结果：1
System.out.println(period.getMonths());     // 运行结果：1
System.out.println(period.getDays());       // 运行结果：18

时间矫正器

• TemporalAdjuster : 时间校正器。有时我们可能需要获取例如：将日期调整到“下个周日”等操作。
• TemporalAdjusters : 该类通过静态方法提供了大量的常用TemporalAdjuster 的实现。

示例代码

LocalDateTime localDateTime1 = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println(localDateTime1);     // 2019-10-27T14:19:56.884

// 获取这个第一天的日期
System.out.println(localDateTime1.with(TemporalAdjusters.firstDayOfMonth()));            // 2019-10-01T14:22:58.574
// 获取下个周末的日期
System.out.println(localDateTime1.with(TemporalAdjusters.next(DayOfWeek.SUNDAY)));       // 2019-11-03T14:22:58.574

// 自定义：下一个工作日
LocalDateTime localDateTime2 = localDateTime1.with(l -> {
    LocalDateTime localDateTime = (LocalDateTime) l;
    DayOfWeek dayOfWeek =  localDateTime.getDayOfWeek();

    if (dayOfWeek.equals(DayOfWeek.FRIDAY)) {
       return localDateTime.plusDays(3);
    } else if (dayOfWeek.equals(DayOfWeek.SATURDAY)) {
       return localDateTime.plusDays(2);
    } else {
       return localDateTime.plusDays(1);
    }
});
System.out.println(localDateTime2);
// 运行结果：2019-10-28T14:30:17.400

时间日期格式化

java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter 类：该类提供了三种格式化方法：

• 预定义的标准格式
• 语言环境相关的格式
• 自定义的格式

示例代码

DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter1 = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE;
LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
String strDate1 = localDateTime.format(dateTimeFormatter1);
System.out.println(strDate1);
// 运行结果：2019-10-27

// Date -> String
DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter2 = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd  HH:mm:ss");
String strDate2 = dateTimeFormatter2.format(localDateTime);
System.out.println(strDate2);
// 运行结果：2019-10-27  14:36:11

// String -> Date
LocalDateTime localDateTime1 = localDateTime.parse(strDate2, dateTimeFormatter2);
System.out.println(localDateTime1);
// 运行结果：2019-10-27T14:37:39

时区处理

Java8 中加入了对时区的支持，带时区的时间为分别为：ZonedDate、ZonedTime、ZonedDateTime。其中每个时区都对应着 ID，地区ID都为 “{区域}/{城市}”的格式。例如 ：Asia/Shanghai 等

• ZoneId：该类中包含了所有的时区信息
• getAvailableZoneIds() : 可以获取所有时区时区信息
• of(id) : 用指定的时区信息获取 ZoneId 对象

示例代码

// 获取所有的时区
Set<String> set = ZoneId.getAvailableZoneIds();
System.out.println(set);
// [Asia/Aden, America/Cuiaba, Etc/GMT+9, Etc/GMT+8, Africa/Nairobi, America/Marigot, Asia/Aqtau, Pacific/Kwajalein, America/El_Salvador, Asia/Pontianak, Africa/Cairo, Pacific/Pago_Pago, Africa/Mbabane, Asia/Kuching, Pacific/Honolulu, Pacific/Rarotonga, America/Guatemala, Australia/Hobart, Europe/London, America/Belize, America/Panama, Asia/Chungking, America/Managua, America/Indiana/Petersburg, Asia/Yerevan, Europe/Brussels, GMT, Europe/Warsaw, America/Chicago, Asia/Kashgar, Chile/Continental, Pacific/Yap, CET, Etc/GMT-1, Etc/GMT-0, Europe/Jersey, America/Tegucigalpa, Etc/GMT-5, Europe/Istanbul, America/Eirunepe, Etc/GMT-4, America/Miquelon, Etc/GMT-3, Europe/Luxembourg, Etc/GMT-2, Etc/GMT-9, America/Argentina/Catamarca, Etc/GMT-8, Etc/GMT-7, Etc/GMT-6, Europe/Zaporozhye, Canada/Yukon, Canada/Atlantic, Atlantic/St_Helena, Australia/Tasmania, Libya, Europe/Guernsey, America/Grand_Turk, US/Pacific-New, Asia/Samarkand, America/Argentina/Cordoba, Asia/Phnom_Penh, Africa/Kigali, Asia/Almaty, US/Alaska, Asia/Dubai, Europe/Isle_of_Man, America/Araguaina, Cuba, Asia/Novosibirsk, America/Argentina/Salta, Etc/GMT+3, Africa/Tunis, Etc/GMT+2, Etc/GMT+1, Pacific/Fakaofo, Africa/Tripoli, Etc/GMT+0, Israel, Africa/Banjul, Etc/GMT+7, Indian/Comoro, Etc/GMT+6, Etc/GMT+5, Etc/GMT+4, Pacific/Port_Moresby, US/Arizona, Antarctica/Syowa, Indian/Reunion, Pacific/Palau, Europe/Kaliningrad, America/Montevideo, Africa/Windhoek, Asia/Karachi, Africa/Mogadishu, Australia/Perth, Brazil/East, Etc/GMT, Asia/Chita, Pacific/Easter, Antarctica/Davis, Antarctica/McMurdo, Asia/Macao, America/Manaus, Africa/Freetown, Europe/Bucharest, Asia/Tomsk, America/Argentina/Mendoza, Asia/Macau, Europe/Malta, Mexico/BajaSur, Pacific/Tahiti, Africa/Asmera, Europe/Busingen, America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos, Africa/Malabo, Europe/Skopje, America/Catamarca, America/Godthab, Europe/Sarajevo, Australia/ACT, GB-Eire, Africa/Lagos, America/Cordoba, Europe/Rome, Asia/Dacca, Indian/Mauritius, Pacific/Samoa, America/Regina, America/Fort_Wayne, America/Dawson_Creek, Africa/Algiers, Europe/Mariehamn, America/St_Johns, America/St_Thomas, Europe/Zurich, America/Anguilla, Asia/Dili, America/Denver, Africa/Bamako, Europe/Saratov, GB, Mexico/General, Pacific/Wallis, Europe/Gibraltar, Africa/Conakry, Africa/Lubumbashi, Asia/Istanbul, America/Havana, NZ-CHAT, Asia/Choibalsan, America/Porto_Acre, Asia/Omsk, Europe/Vaduz, US/Michigan, Asia/Dhaka, America/Barbados, Europe/Tiraspol, Atlantic/Cape_Verde, Asia/Yekaterinburg, America/Louisville, Pacific/Johnston, Pacific/Chatham, Europe/Ljubljana, America/Sao_Paulo, Asia/Jayapura, America/Curacao, Asia/Dushanbe, America/Guyana, America/Guayaquil, America/Martinique, Portugal, Europe/Berlin, Europe/Moscow, Europe/Chisinau, America/Puerto_Rico, America/Rankin_Inlet, Pacific/Ponape, Europe/Stockholm, Europe/Budapest, America/Argentina/Jujuy, Australia/Eucla, Asia/Shanghai, Universal, Europe/Zagreb, America/Port_of_Spain, Europe/Helsinki, Asia/Beirut, Asia/Tel_Aviv, Pacific/Bougainville, US/Central, Africa/Sao_Tome, Indian/Chagos, America/Cayenne, Asia/Yakutsk, Pacific/Galapagos, Australia/North, Europe/Paris, Africa/Ndjamena, Pacific/Fiji, America/Rainy_River, Indian/Maldives, Australia/Yancowinna, SystemV/AST4, Asia/Oral, America/Yellowknife, Pacific/Enderbury, America/Juneau, Australia/Victoria, America/Indiana/Vevay, Asia/Tashkent, Asia/Jakarta, Africa/Ceuta, Asia/Barnaul, America/Recife, America/Buenos_Aires, America/Noronha, America/Swift_Current, Australia/Adelaide, America/Metlakatla, Africa/Djibouti, America/Paramaribo, Europe/Simferopol, Europe/Sofia, Africa/Nouakchott, Europe/Prague, America/Indiana/Vincennes, Antarctica/Mawson, America/Kralendijk, Antarctica/Troll, Europe/Samara, Indian/Christmas, America/Antigua, Pacific/Gambier, America/Indianapolis, America/Inuvik, America/Iqaluit, Pacific/Funafuti, UTC, Antarctica/Macquarie, Canada/Pacific, America/Moncton, Africa/Gaborone, Pacific/Chuuk, Asia/Pyongyang, America/St_Vincent, Asia/Gaza, Etc/Universal, PST8PDT, Atlantic/Faeroe, Asia/Qyzylorda, Canada/Newfoundland, America/Kentucky/Louisville, America/Yakutat, Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh, Antarctica/Casey, Europe/Copenhagen, Africa/Asmara, Atlantic/Azores, Europe/Vienna, ROK, Pacific/Pitcairn, America/Mazatlan, Australia/Queensland, Pacific/Nauru, Europe/Tirane, Asia/Kolkata, SystemV/MST7, Australia/Canberra, MET, Australia/Broken_Hill, Europe/Riga, America/Dominica, Africa/Abidjan, America/Mendoza, America/Santarem, Kwajalein, America/Asuncion, Asia/Ulan_Bator, NZ, America/Boise, Australia/Currie, EST5EDT, Pacific/Guam, Pacific/Wake, Atlantic/Bermuda, America/Costa_Rica, America/Dawson, Asia/Chongqing, Eire, Europe/Amsterdam, America/Indiana/Knox, America/North_Dakota/Beulah, Africa/Accra, Atlantic/Faroe, Mexico/BajaNorte, America/Maceio, Etc/UCT, Pacific/Apia, GMT0, America/Atka, Pacific/Niue, Australia/Lord_Howe, Europe/Dublin, Pacific/Truk, MST7MDT, America/Monterrey, America/Nassau, America/Jamaica, Asia/Bishkek, America/Atikokan, Atlantic/Stanley, Australia/NSW, US/Hawaii, SystemV/CST6, Indian/Mahe, Asia/Aqtobe, America/Sitka, Asia/Vladivostok, Africa/Libreville, Africa/Maputo, Zulu, America/Kentucky/Monticello, Africa/El_Aaiun, Africa/Ouagadougou, America/Coral_Harbour, Pacific/Marquesas, Brazil/West, America/Aruba, America/North_Dakota/Center, America/Cayman, Asia/Ulaanbaatar, Asia/Baghdad, Europe/San_Marino, America/Indiana/Tell_City, America/Tijuana, Pacific/Saipan, SystemV/YST9, Africa/Douala, America/Chihuahua, America/Ojinaga, Asia/Hovd, America/Anchorage, Chile/EasterIsland, America/Halifax, Antarctica/Rothera, America/Indiana/Indianapolis, US/Mountain, Asia/Damascus, America/Argentina/San_Luis, America/Santiago, Asia/Baku, America/Argentina/Ushuaia, Atlantic/Reykjavik, Africa/Brazzaville, Africa/Porto-Novo, America/La_Paz, Antarctica/DumontDUrville, Asia/Taipei, Antarctica/South_Pole, Asia/Manila, Asia/Bangkok, Africa/Dar_es_Salaam, Poland, Atlantic/Madeira, Antarctica/Palmer, America/Thunder_Bay, Africa/Addis_Ababa, Asia/Yangon, Europe/Uzhgorod, Brazil/DeNoronha, Asia/Ashkhabad, Etc/Zulu, America/Indiana/Marengo, America/Creston, America/Punta_Arenas, America/Mexico_City, Antarctica/Vostok, Asia/Jerusalem, Europe/Andorra, US/Samoa, PRC, Asia/Vientiane, Pacific/Kiritimati, America/Matamoros, America/Blanc-Sablon, Asia/Riyadh, Iceland, Pacific/Pohnpei, Asia/Ujung_Pandang, Atlantic/South_Georgia, Europe/Lisbon, Asia/Harbin, Europe/Oslo, Asia/Novokuznetsk, CST6CDT, Atlantic/Canary, America/Knox_IN, Asia/Kuwait, SystemV/HST10, Pacific/Efate, Africa/Lome, America/Bogota, America/Menominee, America/Adak, Pacific/Norfolk, Europe/Kirov, America/Resolute, Pacific/Tarawa, Africa/Kampala, Asia/Krasnoyarsk, Greenwich, SystemV/EST5, America/Edmonton, Europe/Podgorica, Australia/South, Canada/Central, Africa/Bujumbura, America/Santo_Domingo, US/Eastern, Europe/Minsk, Pacific/Auckland, Africa/Casablanca, America/Glace_Bay, Canada/Eastern, Asia/Qatar, Europe/Kiev, Singapore, Asia/Magadan, SystemV/PST8, America/Port-au-Prince, Europe/Belfast, America/St_Barthelemy, Asia/Ashgabat, Africa/Luanda, America/Nipigon, Atlantic/Jan_Mayen, Brazil/Acre, Asia/Muscat, Asia/Bahrain, Europe/Vilnius, America/Fortaleza, Etc/GMT0, US/East-Indiana, America/Hermosillo, America/Cancun, Africa/Maseru, Pacific/Kosrae, Africa/Kinshasa, Asia/Kathmandu, Asia/Seoul, Australia/Sydney, America/Lima, Australia/LHI, America/St_Lucia, Europe/Madrid, America/Bahia_Banderas, America/Montserrat, Asia/Brunei, America/Santa_Isabel, Canada/Mountain, America/Cambridge_Bay, Asia/Colombo, Australia/West, Indian/Antananarivo, Australia/Brisbane, Indian/Mayotte, US/Indiana-Starke, Asia/Urumqi, US/Aleutian, Europe/Volgograd, America/Lower_Princes, America/Vancouver, Africa/Blantyre, America/Rio_Branco, America/Danmarkshavn, America/Detroit, America/Thule, Africa/Lusaka, Asia/Hong_Kong, Iran, America/Argentina/La_Rioja, Africa/Dakar, SystemV/CST6CDT, America/Tortola, America/Porto_Velho, Asia/Sakhalin, Etc/GMT+10, America/Scoresbysund, Asia/Kamchatka, Asia/Thimbu, Africa/Harare, Etc/GMT+12, Etc/GMT+11, Navajo, America/Nome, Europe/Tallinn, Turkey, Africa/Khartoum, Africa/Johannesburg, Africa/Bangui, Europe/Belgrade, Jamaica, Africa/Bissau, Asia/Tehran, WET, Europe/Astrakhan, Africa/Juba, America/Campo_Grande, America/Belem, Etc/Greenwich, Asia/Saigon, America/Ensenada, Pacific/Midway, America/Jujuy, Africa/Timbuktu, America/Bahia, America/Goose_Bay, America/Virgin, America/Pangnirtung, Asia/Katmandu, America/Phoenix, Africa/Niamey, America/Whitehorse, Pacific/Noumea, Asia/Tbilisi, America/Montreal, Asia/Makassar, America/Argentina/San_Juan, Hongkong, UCT, Asia/Nicosia, America/Indiana/Winamac, SystemV/MST7MDT, America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia, America/Boa_Vista, America/Grenada, Asia/Atyrau, Australia/Darwin, Asia/Khandyga, Asia/Kuala_Lumpur, Asia/Famagusta, Asia/Thimphu, Asia/Rangoon, Europe/Bratislava, Asia/Calcutta, America/Argentina/Tucuman, Asia/Kabul, Indian/Cocos, Japan, Pacific/Tongatapu, America/New_York, Etc/GMT-12, Etc/GMT-11, Etc/GMT-10, SystemV/YST9YDT, Europe/Ulyanovsk, Etc/GMT-14, Etc/GMT-13, W-SU, America/Merida, EET, America/Rosario, Canada/Saskatchewan, America/St_Kitts, Arctic/Longyearbyen, America/Fort_Nelson, America/Caracas, America/Guadeloupe, Asia/Hebron, Indian/Kerguelen, SystemV/PST8PDT, Africa/Monrovia, Asia/Ust-Nera, Egypt, Asia/Srednekolymsk, America/North_Dakota/New_Salem, Asia/Anadyr, Australia/Melbourne, Asia/Irkutsk, America/Shiprock, America/Winnipeg, Europe/Vatican, Asia/Amman, Etc/UTC, SystemV/AST4ADT, Asia/Tokyo, America/Toronto, Asia/Singapore, Australia/Lindeman, America/Los_Angeles, SystemV/EST5EDT, Pacific/Majuro, America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires, Europe/Nicosia, Pacific/Guadalcanal, Europe/Athens, US/Pacific, Europe/Monaco]

// 通过时区构建LocalDateTime
LocalDateTime localDateTime1 = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("America/El_Salvador"));
System.out.println(localDateTime1);
// 2019-10-27T00:46:21.268

// 以时区格式显示时间
LocalDateTime localDateTime2 = LocalDateTime.now();
ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime1 = localDateTime2.atZone(ZoneId.of("Africa/Nairobi"));
System.out.println(zonedDateTime1);
// 2019-10-27T14:46:21.273+03:00[Africa/Nairobi]

与传统日期处理的转换

类	To遗留类	From遗留类
java.time.Instant java.util.Date	Date.from(instant)	date.toInstant()
java.time.Instant java.sql.Timestamp	Timestamp.from(instant)	timestamp.toInstant()
java.time.ZonedDateTime java.util.GregorianCalendar	GregorianCalendar.from(zonedDateTime)	cal.toZonedDateTime()
java.time.LocalDate java.sql.Date	Date.valueOf(localDate)	date.toLocalDate()
java.time.LocalTime java.sql.Time	Date.valueOf(localDate)	date.toLocalTime()
java.time.LocalDateTime java.sql.Timestamp	Timestamp.valueOf(localDateTime)	timestamp.toLocalDateTime()
java.time.ZoneId java.util.TimeZone	Timezone.getTimeZone(id)	timeZone.toZoneId()
ava.time.format.DateTimeFormatter java.text.DateFormat	formatter.toFormat()	无