Java类型简介

1 java基本数据类型

1.1 基本数据类型

java的基础数据类型有多少个，每个在内存的分配是多少呢?

类型	分配字节
byte	1
short	2
char	2
int	4
long	8
reference	4/8
array	4/8

引用类型分配的大小与平台类型相关，如32位系统为4字节，64位为8字节

基本上在java所有的类型都是在这6个类型的基础上衍化出来的，这是java世界的基石。

jvm会将内存划分为栈与堆区，栈为线程独有，堆为线程共享。如果在方法块内定义了基本数据类型，那这些类型都会被分配在栈中，因为它们的大小是固定的，而且在方法结束的时候被立刻回收，很方便内存管理。

1.2 数组类型

数组类型可以看作基本数据的组合，数组类型会被分配在栈中吗，可以作一个简单的测试：

public class HelloWorld {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] a = new int[6];
        int[] b = new int[10];

        a=b;
        System.out.println(a);
    }
}// 输出 [I@15db9742

这里a起码分配了64字节，b分配了104字节，而将b赋值给a之后，将没有运行出错，说明数组不可能是分配在栈区，因为只有固定大小的变量才能分配在栈当中。数组可以看作引用类型的衍化类型。

数组在堆并不会只分配元素大小*数组size大小的字节，从常理看起码还需要包含元素类型的描述以及size的记录这两个元数据的空间。

2 java复合类型

由上一节，提到java所有类型都有基本类型衍化生成，这里将以Object,Integer,String三种类型来展示衍化的工作。

2.1 Object

来看一下Object的源码

public class Object {

    private static native void registerNatives();
    static {
        registerNatives();
    }

    public final native Class<?> getClass();

    public native int hashCode();

    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        return (this == obj);
    }

    protected native Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException;

    public String toString() {
        return getClass().getName() + "@" + Integer.toHexString(hashCode());
    }

    public final native void notify();

    public final native void notifyAll();

    public final native void wait(long timeout) throws InterruptedException;

    public final void wait(long timeout, int nanos) throws InterruptedException {
        if (timeout < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
        }

        if (nanos < 0 || nanos > 999999) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                                "nanosecond timeout value out of range");
        }

        if (nanos > 0) {
            timeout++;
        }

        wait(timeout);
    }

    public final void wait() throws InterruptedException {
        wait(0);
    }

    protected void finalize() throws Throwable { }
}

Object类里面，没有成员变量，只定义对应的几个方法，以及类初始化时的一个方法块。对于每个方法的具体作用，先按下不表。当Object 被new出一个实例时，可以简单地看作在栈区生成一个引用，那在堆区内会为实例分配出多少字节呢？理论上，Object没有成员变量，在堆应该是0字节，但是栈的引用又指向了堆了，表明堆肯定为此实例分配了内存。

答案是2个引用size的字节，即32位平台下分配8个字节，64位平台下分配16个字节，里面有两个引用，一个指向当前Object的类对象，另一个对向klass对象。这两个对象先按下不表，具体可以参见文章：new一个Object对象占用多少内存？。

2.2 Integer类型

先看源码

import java.lang.annotation.Native;

public final class Integer extends Number implements Comparable<Integer> {
    /**
     * A constant holding the minimum value an {@code int} can
     * have, -2<sup>31</sup>.
     */
    @Native public static final int   MIN_VALUE = 0x80000000;

    /**
     * A constant holding the maximum value an {@code int} can
     * have, 2<sup>31</sup>-1.
     */
    @Native public static final int   MAX_VALUE = 0x7fffffff;

    /**
     * Parses the string argument as a signed integer in the radix
     * specified by the second argument. The characters in the string
     * must all be digits of the specified radix (as determined by
     * whether {@link java.lang.Character#digit(char, int)} returns a
     * nonnegative value), except that the first character may be an
     * ASCII minus sign {@code '-'} ({@code '\u005Cu002D'}) to
     * indicate a negative value or an ASCII plus sign {@code '+'}
     * ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}) to indicate a positive value. The
     * resulting integer value is returned.
     *
     * <p>An exception of type {@code NumberFormatException} is
     * thrown if any of the following situations occurs:
     * <ul>
     * <li>The first argument is {@code null} or is a string of
     * length zero.
     *
     * <li>The radix is either smaller than
     * {@link java.lang.Character#MIN_RADIX} or
     * larger than {@link java.lang.Character#MAX_RADIX}.
     *
     * <li>Any character of the string is not a digit of the specified
     * radix, except that the first character may be a minus sign
     * {@code '-'} ({@code '\u005Cu002D'}) or plus sign
     * {@code '+'} ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}) provided that the
     * string is longer than length 1.
     *
     * <li>The value represented by the string is not a value of type
     * {@code int}.
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>Examples:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * parseInt("0", 10) returns 0
     * parseInt("473", 10) returns 473
     * parseInt("+42", 10) returns 42
     * parseInt("-0", 10) returns 0
     * parseInt("-FF", 16) returns -255
     * parseInt("1100110", 2) returns 102
     * parseInt("2147483647", 10) returns 2147483647
     * parseInt("-2147483648", 10) returns -2147483648
     * parseInt("2147483648", 10) throws a NumberFormatException
     * parseInt("99", 8) throws a NumberFormatException
     * parseInt("Kona", 10) throws a NumberFormatException
     * parseInt("Kona", 27) returns 411787
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @param      s   the {@code String} containing the integer
     *                  representation to be parsed
     * @param      radix   the radix to be used while parsing {@code s}.
     * @return     the integer represented by the string argument in the
     *             specified radix.
     * @exception  NumberFormatException if the {@code String}
     *             does not contain a parsable {@code int}.
     */
    public static int parseInt(String s, int radix)
            throws NumberFormatException
    {
        /*
         * WARNING: This method may be invoked early during VM initialization
         * before IntegerCache is initialized. Care must be taken to not use
         * the valueOf method.
         */

        if (s == null) {
            throw new NumberFormatException("null");
        }

        if (radix < Character.MIN_RADIX) {
            throw new NumberFormatException("radix " + radix +
                    " less than Character.MIN_RADIX");
        }

        if (radix > Character.MAX_RADIX) {
            throw new NumberFormatException("radix " + radix +
                    " greater than Character.MAX_RADIX");
        }

        int result = 0;
        boolean negative = false;
        int i = 0, len = s.length();
        int limit = -Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        int multmin;
        int digit;

        if (len > 0) {
            char firstChar = s.charAt(0);
            if (firstChar < '0') { // Possible leading "+" or "-"
                if (firstChar == '-') {
                    negative = true;
                    limit = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
                } else if (firstChar != '+')
                    throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);

                if (len == 1) // Cannot have lone "+" or "-"
                    throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
                i++;
            }
            multmin = limit / radix;
            while (i < len) {
                // Accumulating negatively avoids surprises near MAX_VALUE
                digit = Character.digit(s.charAt(i++),radix);
                if (digit < 0) {
                    throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
                }
                if (result < multmin) {
                    throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
                }
                result *= radix;
                if (result < limit + digit) {
                    throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
                }
                result -= digit;
            }
        } else {
            throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
        }
        return negative ? result : -result;
    }

    /**
     * Cache to support the object identity semantics of autoboxing for values between
     * -128 and 127 (inclusive) as required by JLS.
     *
     * The cache is initialized on first usage.  The size of the cache
     * may be controlled by the {@code -XX:AutoBoxCacheMax=<size>} option.
     * During VM initialization, java.lang.Integer.IntegerCache.high property
     * may be set and saved in the private system properties in the
     * sun.misc.VM class.
     */

    private static class IntegerCache {
        static final int low = -128;
        static final int high;
        static final Integer cache[];

        static {
            // high value may be configured by property
            int h = 127;
            String integerCacheHighPropValue =
                    sun.misc.VM.getSavedProperty("java.lang.Integer.IntegerCache.high");
            if (integerCacheHighPropValue != null) {
                try {
                    int i = parseInt(integerCacheHighPropValue);
                    i = Math.max(i, 127);
                    // Maximum array size is Integer.MAX_VALUE
                    h = Math.min(i, Integer.MAX_VALUE - (-low) -1);
                } catch( NumberFormatException nfe) {
                    // If the property cannot be parsed into an int, ignore it.
                }
            }
            high = h;

            cache = new Integer[(high - low) + 1];
            int j = low;
            for(int k = 0; k < cache.length; k++)
                cache[k] = new Integer(j++);

            // range [-128, 127] must be interned (JLS7 5.1.7)
            assert IntegerCache.high >= 127;
        }

        private IntegerCache() {}
    }

    /**
     * Returns an {@code Integer} instance representing the specified
     * {@code int} value.  If a new {@code Integer} instance is not
     * required, this method should generally be used in preference to
     * the constructor {@link #Integer(int)}, as this method is likely
     * to yield significantly better space and time performance by
     * caching frequently requested values.
     *
     * This method will always cache values in the range -128 to 127,
     * inclusive, and may cache other values outside of this range.
     *
     * @param  i an {@code int} value.
     * @return an {@code Integer} instance representing {@code i}.
     * @since  1.5
     */
    public static Integer valueOf(int i) {
        if (i >= IntegerCache.low && i <= IntegerCache.high)
            return IntegerCache.cache[i + (-IntegerCache.low)];
        return new Integer(i);
    }

    /**
     * The value of the {@code Integer}.
     *
     * @serial
     */
    private final int value;

    /**
     * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Integer} object that
     * represents the specified {@code int} value.
     *
     * @param   value   the value to be represented by the
     *                  {@code Integer} object.
     */
    public Integer(int value) {
        this.value = value;
    }

}

Integer是一个非常简单的复合类型，只有一个不可变成员变量value，还有一个IntegerCache的内部静态类，其缓存[-128, 127]范围的Integer数组，使用valueOf生成的Integer实例的时候如果在此范围内使用缓存实例，减少内存的浪费。因为Integer类无法修改value变量（声明为final），并且本身也声明为final，防止了子类修改value的可能，因此可以放心使用缓存来节省内存。

2.3 String类型

接下来来啃一个硬骨头————String类。String经常被我们所使用，它自带了两种初始化方法，直接赋值字符串的分配在栈区，而使用new的将被分配在堆区，这里来看一下分配在堆区的类。

import java.util.Comparator;

/**
 * The {@code String} class represents character strings. All
 * string literals in Java programs, such as {@code "abc"}, are
 * implemented as instances of this class.
 * <p>
 * Strings are constant; their values cannot be changed after they
 * are created. String buffers support mutable strings.
 * Because String objects are immutable they can be shared. For example:
 * <blockquote><pre>
 *     String str = "abc";
 * </pre></blockquote><p>
 * is equivalent to:
 * <blockquote><pre>
 *     char data[] = {'a', 'b', 'c'};
 *     String str = new String(data);
 * </pre></blockquote><p>
 * Here are some more examples of how strings can be used:
 * <blockquote><pre>
 *     System.out.println("abc");
 *     String cde = "cde";
 *     System.out.println("abc" + cde);
 *     String c = "abc".substring(2,3);
 *     String d = cde.substring(1, 2);
 * </pre></blockquote>
 * <p>
 * The class {@code String} includes methods for examining
 * individual characters of the sequence, for comparing strings, for
 * searching strings, for extracting substrings, and for creating a
 * copy of a string with all characters translated to uppercase or to
 * lowercase. Case mapping is based on the Unicode Standard version
 * specified by the {@link java.lang.Character Character} class.
 * <p>
 * The Java language provides special support for the string
 * concatenation operator (&nbsp;+&nbsp;), and for conversion of
 * other objects to strings. String concatenation is implemented
 * through the {@code StringBuilder}(or {@code StringBuffer})
 * class and its {@code append} method.
 * String conversions are implemented through the method
 * {@code toString}, defined by {@code Object} and
 * inherited by all classes in Java. For additional information on
 * string concatenation and conversion, see Gosling, Joy, and Steele,
 * <i>The Java Language Specification</i>.
 *
 * <p> Unless otherwise noted, passing a <tt>null</tt> argument to a constructor
 * or method in this class will cause a {@link NullPointerException} to be
 * thrown.
 *
 * <p>A {@code String} represents a string in the UTF-16 format
 * in which <em>supplementary characters</em> are represented by <em>surrogate
 * pairs</em> (see the section <a href="Character.html#unicode">Unicode
 * Character Representations</a> in the {@code Character} class for
 * more information).
 * Index values refer to {@code char} code units, so a supplementary
 * character uses two positions in a {@code String}.
 * <p>The {@code String} class provides methods for dealing with
 * Unicode code points (i.e., characters), in addition to those for
 * dealing with Unicode code units (i.e., {@code char} values).
 *
 * @author Lee Boynton
 * @author Arthur van Hoff
 * @author Martin Buchholz
 * @author Ulf Zibis
 * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
 * @see java.lang.StringBuffer
 * @see java.lang.StringBuilder
 * @see java.nio.charset.Charset
 * @since JDK1.0
 */

public final class String
        implements java.io.Serializable, Comparable<String>, CharSequence {
    /**
     * The value is used for character storage.
     */
    private final char value[];

    /**
     * Initializes a newly created {@code String} object so that it represents
     * an empty character sequence.  Note that use of this constructor is
     * unnecessary since Strings are immutable.
     */
    public String() {
        this.value = "".value;
    }

    /**
     * Initializes a newly created {@code String} object so that it represents
     * the same sequence of characters as the argument; in other words, the
     * newly created string is a copy of the argument string. Unless an
     * explicit copy of {@code original} is needed, use of this constructor is
     * unnecessary since Strings are immutable.
     *
     * @param original A {@code String}
     */
    public String(String original) {
        this.value = original.value;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the length of this string.
     * The length is equal to the number of <a href="Character.html#unicode">Unicode
     * code units</a> in the string.
     *
     * @return the length of the sequence of characters represented by this
     * object.
     */
    public int length() {
        return value.length;
    }

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if, and only if, {@link #length()} is {@code 0}.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if {@link #length()} is {@code 0}, otherwise
     * {@code false}
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return value.length == 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the {@code char} value at the
     * specified index. An index ranges from {@code 0} to
     * {@code length() - 1}. The first {@code char} value of the sequence
     * is at index {@code 0}, the next at index {@code 1},
     * and so on, as for array indexing.
     *
     * <p>If the {@code char} value specified by the index is a
     * <a href="Character.html#unicode">surrogate</a>, the surrogate
     * value is returned.
     *
     * @param index the index of the {@code char} value.
     * @return the {@code char} value at the specified index of this string.
     * The first {@code char} value is at index {@code 0}.
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the {@code index}
     *                                   argument is negative or not less than the length of this
     *                                   string.
     */
    public char charAt(int index) {
        if ((index < 0) || (index >= value.length)) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
        }
        return value[index];
    }

    public boolean equals(Object anObject) {
        if (this == anObject) {
            return true;
        }
        if (anObject instanceof String) {
            String anotherString = (String) anObject;
            int n = value.length;
            if (n == anotherString.value.length) {
                char v1[] = value;
                char v2[] = anotherString.value;
                int i = 0;
                while (n-- != 0) {
                    if (v1[i] != v2[i])
                        return false;
                    i++;
                }
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * A Comparator that orders {@code String} objects as by
     * {@code compareToIgnoreCase}. This comparator is serializable.
     * <p>
     * Note that this Comparator does <em>not</em> take locale into account,
     * and will result in an unsatisfactory ordering for certain locales.
     * The java.text package provides <em>Collators</em> to allow
     * locale-sensitive ordering.
     *
     * @see java.text.Collator#compare(String, String)
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public static final Comparator<String> CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER
            = new CaseInsensitiveComparator();

    private static class CaseInsensitiveComparator
            implements Comparator<String>, java.io.Serializable {
        // use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.2.2 for interoperability
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 8575799808933029326L;

        public int compare(String s1, String s2) {
            int n1 = s1.length();
            int n2 = s2.length();
            int min = Math.min(n1, n2);
            for (int i = 0; i < min; i++) {
                char c1 = s1.charAt(i);
                char c2 = s2.charAt(i);
                if (c1 != c2) {
                    c1 = Character.toUpperCase(c1);
                    c2 = Character.toUpperCase(c2);
                    if (c1 != c2) {
                        c1 = Character.toLowerCase(c1);
                        c2 = Character.toLowerCase(c2);
                        if (c1 != c2) {
                            // No overflow because of numeric promotion
                            return c1 - c2;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return n1 - n2;
        }

        /**
         * Replaces the de-serialized object.
         */
        private Object readResolve() {
            return CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a canonical representation for the string object.
     * <p>
     * A pool of strings, initially empty, is maintained privately by the
     * class {@code String}.
     * <p>
     * When the intern method is invoked, if the pool already contains a
     * string equal to this {@code String} object as determined by
     * the {@link #equals(Object)} method, then the string from the pool is
     * returned. Otherwise, this {@code String} object is added to the
     * pool and a reference to this {@code String} object is returned.
     * <p>
     * It follows that for any two strings {@code s} and {@code t},
     * {@code s.intern() == t.intern()} is {@code true}
     * if and only if {@code s.equals(t)} is {@code true}.
     * <p>
     * All literal strings and string-valued constant expressions are
     * interned. String literals are defined in section 3.10.5 of the
     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>.
     *
     * @return a string that has the same contents as this string, but is
     * guaranteed to be from a pool of unique strings.
     */
    public native String intern();
}

String的内存分配实质就是char[] ，并且是不可变的char[]，因为value变量声明为final，并且没有对外set方法，而且String还被声明为final，这样杜绝了初始化之后再被修改的可能性。这种不可变性的好处之后再表，这里先按下。

从String自带的几个方法里面，最为有意思的是intern()方法，先看一下源码注释。

/**
     * Returns a canonical representation for the string object.
     * <p>
     * A pool of strings, initially empty, is maintained privately by the
     * class {@code String}.
     * <p>
     * When the intern method is invoked, if the pool already contains a
     * string equal to this {@code String} object as determined by
     * the {@link #equals(Object)} method, then the string from the pool is
     * returned. Otherwise, this {@code String} object is added to the
     * pool and a reference to this {@code String} object is returned.
**/

简单地来看，就是一个string的缓存池，跟Integer的IntegerCache是一个意思，不过由于String的可变性比Integer大很多，实现方式也由java实现改为native实现。（不知道怎么吐槽好，java无法直接调用底层，也非自举，如果需要进一步了解native方法的实现，还得看c++的源码，真是一言难尽）