ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64

The Base64 index table:

Value	Char		Value	Char		Value	Char		Value	Char
0	A		16	Q		32	g		48	w
1	B		17	R		33	h		49	x
2	C		18	S		34	i		50	y
3	D		19	T		35	j		51	z
4	E		20	U		36	k		52	0
5	F		21	V		37	l		53	1
6	G		22	W		38	m		54	2
7	H		23	X		39	n		55	3
8	I		24	Y		40	o		56	4
9	J		25	Z		41	p		57	5
10	K		26	a		42	q		58	6
11	L		27	b		43	r		59	7
12	M		28	c		44	s		60	8
13	N		29	d		45	t		61	9
14	O		30	e		46	u		62	+
15	P		31	f		47	v		63	/

A quote from Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan (be aware of spaces between lines):

Man is distinguished, not only by his reason, but by this singular passion from
other animals, which is a lust of the mind, that by a perseverance of delight
in the continued and indefatigable generation of knowledge, exceeds the short
vehemence of any carnal pleasure.

is represented as a byte sequence of 8-bit-padded ASCII characters encoded in MIME's Base64 scheme as follows:

TWFuIGlzIGRpc3Rpbmd1aXNoZWQsIG5vdCBvbmx5IGJ5IGhpcyByZWFzb24sIGJ1dCBieSB0aGlz
IHNpbmd1bGFyIHBhc3Npb24gZnJvbSBvdGhlciBhbmltYWxzLCB3aGljaCBpcyBhIGx1c3Qgb2Yg
dGhlIG1pbmQsIHRoYXQgYnkgYSBwZXJzZXZlcmFuY2Ugb2YgZGVsaWdodCBpbiB0aGUgY29udGlu
dWVkIGFuZCBpbmRlZmF0aWdhYmxlIGdlbmVyYXRpb24gb2Yga25vd2xlZGdlLCBleGNlZWRzIHRo
ZSBzaG9ydCB2ZWhlbWVuY2Ugb2YgYW55IGNhcm5hbCBwbGVhc3VyZS4=

In the above quote, the encoded value of Man is TWFu. Encoded in ASCII, the characters M, a, and n are stored as the bytes 77, 97, and 110, which are the 8-bit binary values 01001101, 01100001, and 01101110. These three values are joined together into a 24-bit string, producing 010011010110000101101110. Groups of 6 bits (6 bits have a maximum of 2⁶ = 64 different binary values) are converted into individual numbers from left to right (in this case, there are four numbers in a 24-bit string), which are then converted into their corresponding Base64 character values.

Text content	M								a								n
ASCII	77 (0x4d)								97 (0x61)								110 (0x6e)
Bit pattern	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0
Index	19						22						5						46
Base64-encoded	T						W						F						u

As this example illustrates, Base64 encoding converts three octets into four encoded characters.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME#Content-Transfer-Encoding

http://php.net/manual/en/function.base64-encode.php

base64_encode

(PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7)

base64_encode — Encodes data with MIME base64

Description¶

string base64_encode ( string $data )

Encodes the given data with base64.

This encoding is designed to make binary data survive transport through transport layers that are not 8-bit clean, such as mail bodies.

Base64-encoded data takes about 33% more space than the original data.

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64

在MIME格式的电子邮件中，base64可以用来将binary的字节序列数据编码成ASCII字符序列构成的文本。使用时，在传输编码方式中指定base64。使用的字符包括大小写字母各26个，加上10个数字，和加号“+”，斜杠“/”，一共64个字符，等号“=”用来作为后缀用途。

完整的base64定义可见RFC 1421和RFC 2045。编码后的数据比原始数据略长，为原来的43。在电子邮件中，根据RFC 822规定，每76个字符，还需要加上一个回车换行。可以估算编码后数据长度大约为原长的135.1%。

转换的时候，将三个byte的数据，先后放入一个24bit的缓冲区中，先来的byte占高位。数据不足3byte的话，于缓冲器中剩下的bit用0补足。然后，每次取出6（因为26=64）个bit，按照其值选择ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/中的字符作为编码后的输出。不断进行，直到全部输入数据转换完成。

当原数据长度不是3的整数倍时, 如果最后剩下一个输入数据，在编码结果后加2个“=”；如果最后剩下两个输入数据，编码结果后加1个“=”；如果没有剩下任何数据，就什么都不要加，这样才可以保证数据还原的正确性。

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart on the right.^[8] The characters encoded are numbers 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, basic punctuation symbols, control codes that originated with Teletype machines, and a space. For example, lowercase j would become binary 1101010 and decimal 106. ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters: 33 are non-printing control characters (many now obsolete)^[9] that affect how text and space are processed^[10] and 95 printable characters, including the space (which is considered an invisible graphic^[1]:223[11]).