SQL语句之数据定义语言(DDL)详解
操作对象:数据库
1)创建数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> help create database
Name: 'CREATE DATABASE'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [IF NOT EXISTS] db_name
[create_specification] ...
create_specification:
[DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name(指定字符集)
| [DEFAULT] COLLATE [=] collation_name(指定排序规则)
查看系统默认支持的字符集和排序规则:
MariaDB [(none)]> show character set;
MariaDB [(none)]> show collation;
我们可以在创建数据库的时候,指定字符集和排序规则,如果不指定,则默认使用mysql服务器级别指定的字符集和排序规则
案例:
创建discuz数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> create database discuz default character set utf8;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
2)修改数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> help alter database
Name: 'ALTER DATABASE'
Description:
Syntax:
ALTER {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [db_name]
alter_specification ...(修改数据库的字符集和排序规则)
ALTER {DATABASE | SCHEMA} db_name
UPGRADE DATA DIRECTORY NAME
alter_specification:
[DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name
| [DEFAULT] COLLATE [=] collation_name
(注意:一般工作中,很少用到)
3)删除数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> help drop database
Name: 'DROP DATABASE'
Description:
Syntax:
DROP {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [IF EXISTS] db_name
案例:
MariaDB [(none)]> drop database discuz;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
操作对象:表
1)创建表
三种方式创建表
MariaDB [(none)]> help create table
Name: 'CREATE TABLE'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
(create_definition,...)
[table_options]
[partition_options]
Or:
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
[(create_definition,...)]
[table_options]
[partition_options]
select_statement
Or:
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
{ LIKE old_tbl_name | (LIKE old_tbl_name) }
create_definition:
col_name column_definition(1)
| [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY [index_type] (index_col_name,...)
[index_option] ...
| {INDEX|KEY} [index_name] [index_type] (index_col_name,...)
[index_option] ...
| [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] UNIQUE [INDEX|KEY]
[index_name] [index_type] (index_col_name,...)
[index_option] ...
| {FULLTEXT|SPATIAL} [INDEX|KEY] [index_name] (index_col_name,...)----------全文,稀疏索引 FUNLLTEXT INDEX (col1,col2)
[index_option] ...
| [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY ------------外键
[index_name] (index_col_name,...) reference_definition
| CHECK (expr)
column_definition:(1)
data_type(2) [NOT NULL | NULL] [DEFAULT default_value] ----------------NOT NULL | NULL, DEFAULT 默认值,所有类型都可以用的
[AUTO_INCREMENT] [UNIQUE [KEY] | [PRIMARY] KEY]-----------------AUTO_INCREMENT自动增长,UNIQUE KEY唯一键,PRIMARY KEY主键
[COMMENT 'string']
[COLUMN_FORMAT {FIXED|DYNAMIC|DEFAULT}]
[STORAGE {DISK|MEMORY|DEFAULT}]
[reference_definition](3)
data_type:(2)
数值类型
| TINYINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]-------------UNSIGNED无符号,取值:0-255
| SMALLINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]-----------UNSIGNED无符号,取值:0-65535
| INT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]--------------UNSIGNED无符号,取值:0 ~ 4294967295
| BIGINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
| REAL[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
| DOUBLE[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]------------双精度,length总长度,decimals小数点后占几位
| FLOAT[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]---------------单精度,length总长度,decimals小数点后占几位
| DECIMAL[(length[,decimals])] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
| NUMERIC[(length[,decimals])] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
日期类型
| DATE----------日期
| TIME----------时间
| TIMESTAMP---------------时间戳,从1970年1月1日0分0秒,到当前时间,所经过的秒数(相对时间)
| DATETIME---------日期时间型(绝对时间)
| YEAR------------记录年
字符串类型
| CHAR[(length)]--------------定长
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| VARCHAR(length)----------变长
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| BINARY[(length)]
| VARBINARY(length)
| TINYBLOB
| BLOB
| MEDIUMBLOB
| LONGBLOB
| TINYTEXT [BINARY]
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| TEXT [BINARY]
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| MEDIUMTEXT [BINARY]
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| LONGTEXT [BINARY]
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| ENUM(value1,value2,value3,...)----------------枚举类型
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| SET(value1,value2,value3,...)
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| spatial_type
reference_definition:(3)
REFERENCES tbl_name (index_col_name,...)
[MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE]
[ON DELETE reference_option]
[ON UPDATE reference_option(4)]
reference_option:(4)
RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION
table_option:
ENGINE [=] engine_name------------------------MariaDB [testdb]> show engines;
| AUTO_INCREMENT [=] value
| AVG_ROW_LENGTH [=] value
| [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name
| CHECKSUM [=] {0 | 1}
| [DEFAULT] COLLATE [=] collation_name
| COMMENT [=] 'string'
| CONNECTION [=] 'connect_string'
| DATA DIRECTORY [=] 'absolute path to directory'
| DELAY_KEY_WRITE [=] {0 | 1}
| INDEX DIRECTORY [=] 'absolute path to directory'
| INSERT_METHOD [=] { NO | FIRST | LAST }
| KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value
| MAX_ROWS [=] value
| MIN_ROWS [=] value
| PACK_KEYS [=] {0 | 1 | DEFAULT}
| PASSWORD [=] 'string'
| ROW_FORMAT [=] {DEFAULT|DYNAMIC|FIXED|COMPRESSED|REDUNDANT|COMPACT}
| TABLESPACE tablespace_name [STORAGE {DISK|MEMORY|DEFAULT}]
| UNION [=] (tbl_name[,tbl_name]...)
总之:
create table 表名 (字段1 datatype 修饰符,字段2 datatype 修饰符......)table_option
例1
MariaDB [testdb]> create table tbl1 (id int not null,name varchar(100) not null,age tinyint);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec)
例2
MariaDB [testdb]> create table products (prod_id char(10) not null,vend_id char(10) not null,prod_name varchar(254) not null,prod_price decimal(8,2) not null,prod_desc varchar(1000));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
查看表结构
MariaDB [testdb]> desc products;
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| prod_id | char(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| vend_id | char(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| prod_name | varchar(254) | NO | | NULL | |
| prod_price | decimal(8,2) | NO | | NULL | |
| prod_desc | varchar(1000) | YES | | NULL | |
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查看创建表时使用的命令:
MariaDB [testdb]> show create table tb2;
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| tb2 | CREATE TABLE `tb2` (
`id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL,
`name` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
`age` tinyint(3) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`,`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
MariaDB [testdb]> show create table students;
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| students | CREATE TABLE `students` (
`id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL,
`name` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
`age` tinyint(3) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
查看表状态的
MariaDB [testdb]> show table status like 'students'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Name: students
Engine: InnoDB
Version: 10
Row_format: Compact
Rows: 0
Avg_row_length: 0
Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
Index_length: 0
Data_free: 0
Auto_increment: NULL
Create_time: 2017-11-16 15:41:18
Update_time: NULL
Check_time: NULL
Collation: latin1_swedish_ci
Checksum: NULL
Create_options:
Comment:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2)删除表
MariaDB [testdb]> help drop table
Name: 'DROP TABLE'
Description:
Syntax:
DROP [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF EXISTS]
tbl_name [, tbl_name] ...
[RESTRICT | CASCADE]
MariaDB [testdb]> drop table tbl1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.03 sec)
注意:数据库、表删除是不可逆的
3)修改表
MariaDB [testdb]> help alter table
Name: 'ALTER TABLE'
Description:
Syntax:
ALTER [ONLINE | OFFLINE] [IGNORE] TABLE tbl_name
[alter_specification [, alter_specification] ...]
[partition_options]
alter_specification:
table_options
添加字段:add
添加一个字段:
| ADD [COLUMN] col_name column_definition-------------------添加一个字段
[FIRST | AFTER col_name ]
| ADD [COLUMN] (col_name column_definition,...)------------------添加多个字段
| ADD {INDEX|KEY} [index_name]----------------------添加索引
[index_type] (index_col_name,...) [index_option] ...
| ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY
[index_type] (index_col_name,...) [index_option] ...
| ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]]
UNIQUE [INDEX|KEY] [index_name]
[index_type] (index_col_name,...) [index_option] ...
| ADD FULLTEXT [INDEX|KEY] [index_name]
(index_col_name,...) [index_option] ...
| ADD SPATIAL [INDEX|KEY] [index_name]
(index_col_name,...) [index_option] ...
| ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]]
FOREIGN KEY [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
reference_definition
修改字段:
案例:
MariaDB [testdb]> alter table students change id sid smallint unsigned not null;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 1
| ALTER [COLUMN] col_name {SET DEFAULT literal | DROP DEFAULT}----------修改表字段的default字符集
| CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name new_col_name column_definition------------------change把列名改名,并设置列的新选项
[FIRST|AFTER col_name]
| MODIFY [COLUMN] col_name column_definition---------------modify把一个字段的老定义改成新定义
[FIRST | AFTER col_name]
删除字段:drop
| DROP [COLUMN] col_name-------删除某个键
| DROP PRIMARY KEY--------删除主键
| DROP {INDEX|KEY} index_name----------删除唯一键名
| DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_symbol---------删除外键
| MAX_ROWS = rows
| DISABLE KEYS
| ENABLE KEYS
| RENAME [TO|AS] new_tbl_name
| ORDER BY col_name [, col_name] ...
| CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET charset_name [COLLATE collation_name]
| [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name [COLLATE [=] collation_name]
| DISCARD TABLESPACE
| IMPORT TABLESPACE
| FORCE
| ADD PARTITION (partition_definition)
| DROP PARTITION partition_names
| TRUNCATE PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
| COALESCE PARTITION number
| REORGANIZE PARTITION [partition_names INTO (partition_definitions)]
| ANALYZE PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
| CHECK PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
| OPTIMIZE PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
| REBUILD PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
| REPAIR PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
| PARTITION BY partitioning_expression
| REMOVE PARTITIONING
index_col_name:
col_name [(length)] [ASC | DESC]
index_type:
USING {BTREE | HASH}
index_option:
KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value
| index_type
| WITH PARSER parser_name
| COMMENT 'string'
table_options:
table_option [[,] table_option] ... (see CREATE TABLE options)
partition_options:
(see CREATE TABLE options)
为表增加一个字段
MariaDB [testdb]> ALTER TABLE products ADD vend_phone CHAR(20);
删除一个表的某个字段
MariaDB [testdb]> alter table products drop vend_phone ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.07 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 1
添加一个唯一键
MariaDB [testdb]> alter table students add unique key(name);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
MariaDB [testdb]> desc students
-> ;
+--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| sid | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | |
查看表中的索引
MariaDB [testdb]> show index from students;
+----------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+----------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| students | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | sid | A | 0 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| students | 0 | name | 1 | name | A | 0 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| students | 1 | age | 1 | age | A | 0 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | |
+----------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
创建索引
MariaDB [testdb]> help create index
Name: 'CREATE INDEX'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE [ONLINE|OFFLINE] [UNIQUE|FULLTEXT|SPATIAL] INDEX index_name
[index_type]
ON tbl_name (index_col_name,...)
[index_option] ...
index_col_name:
col_name [(length)] [ASC | DESC]
index_type:
USING {BTREE | HASH}
index_option:
KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value
| index_type
| WITH PARSER parser_name
| COMMENT 'string'
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