0-如何正确使用 Django的User Model

本篇主要讨论一下User Model的使用技巧. 注意, 由于Django 1.5之后user model带来了很大的变化, 本篇内容只针对django 1.5之后的版本.

1. 确定 User Model

我们推荐以下方式来确定某一django项目使用的user model:

# 使用默认User model时
>>> from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
>>> get_user_model()
<class 'django.contrib.auth.models.User'>

# 使用自定义User model时
>>> from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
>>> get_user_model()
<class 'xxx.models.UserProfile'>

# get_user_model()实际获取的是settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL指定的User model

2. 使用settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL

自从django 1.5之后, 用户可以自定义User model了, 如果需要外键使用user model, 官方推荐的方法如下:

在settings中设置AUTH_USER_MODEL:

    # settings.py
    # 格式为 "<django_app名>.<model名>"
    AUTH_USER_MODEL = "myapp.NewUser"

在models.py中使用

    # models.py
    from django.conf import settings
    from django.db import models

    class Article(models.Model):
        author = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
        title = models.CharField(max_length=)

还有需要注意的是, 不要在外键中使用get_user_model().

3. 自定义 User Model

方法1: 扩展 AbstractUser类（推荐）

如果你对django自带的User model刚到满意, 又希望额外的field的话, 你可以扩展AbstractUser类:

   # myapp/models.py
    from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
    from django.db import models

    class NewUser(AbstractUser):
        new_field = models.CharField(max_length=)

不要忘了在settings.py中设置:

 AUTH_USER_MODEL = "myapp.NewUser"

方法2: 扩展 AbstractBaseUser类

AbstractBaseUser中只含有3个field: password, last_login和is_active. 如果你对django user model默认的first_name, last_name不满意, 或者只想保留默认的密码储存方式, 则可以选择这一方式.

方法3: 使用OneToOneField

如果你想建立一个第三方模块发布在PyPi上, 这一模块需要根据用户储存每个用户的额外信息. 或者我们的django项目中希望不同的用户拥有不同的field, 有些用户则需要不同field的组合, 且我们使用了方法1或方法2:

    # profiles/models.py
    from django.conf import settings
    from django.db import models

    from flavors.models import Flavor

    class EasterProfile(models.Model):
        user = models.OneToOneField(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
        favorite_ice_cream = models.ForeignKey(Flavor, null=True, blank=True)

    class ScooperProfile(models.Model):
        user = models.OneToOneField(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
        scoops_scooped = models.IntergerField(default=)

    class InventorProfile(models.Model):
        user = models.OneToOneField(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
        flavors_invented = models.ManyToManyField(Flavor, null=True, blank=True)

使用以上方法, 我们可以使用user.easterprofile.favorite_ice_cream获取相应的profile.

使用这一方法的坏处可能就是增加了代码的复杂性.

原文链接: http://www.weiguda.com/blog/28/

另外一篇参考文章 Django 重写用户模型

django——重写用户模型

Django内建的User模型可能不适合某些类型的项目。例如，在某些网站上使用邮件地址而不是用户名作为身份的标识可能更合理。

1.修改配置文件，覆盖默认的User模型

Django允许你通过修改setting.py文件中的 AUTH_USER_MODEL 设置覆盖默认的User模型，其值引用一个自定义的模型。

AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'myapp.MyUser'

上面的值表示Django应用的名称（必须位于INSTALLLED_APPS中）和你想使用的User模型的名称。

注意：
1.在创建任何迁移或者第一次运行 manager.py migrate 前设置 AUTH_USER_MODEL。
设置AUTH_USER_MODEL对你的数据库结构有很大的影响。它改变了一些会使用到的表格，并且会影响到一些外键和多对多关系的构造。在你有表格被创建后更改此设置是不被 makemigrations 支持的，并且会导致你需要手动修改数据库结构，从旧用户表中导出数据，可能重新应用一些迁移。

警告 ：
1.确保 AUTH_USER_MODEL 引用的模型在所属app中第一个迁移文件中被创建
由于Django的可交换模型的动态依赖特性的局限，你必须确保 AUTH_USER_MODEL 引用的模型在所属app中第一个迁移文件中被创建（通常命名为 0001_initial），否则你会碰到错误。

The easiest way to construct a compliant custom User model is to inherit fromAbstractBaseUser. AbstractBaseUser provides the core implementation of a Usermodel, including hashed passwords and tokenized password resets. You must then provide some key implementation details:

2.引用User模型

在 AUTH_USER_MODEL 设置为自定义用户模型时，如果你直接引用User（例如：通过一个外键引用它），你的代码将不能工作。你应该使用django.contrib.auth.get_user_model()来引用用户模型————指定的自定义用户模型或者User

from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model

User = get_user_model()

当你定义一个外键或者到用户模型的多对多关系是，你应该使用AUTH_USER_MODEL设置来指定自定义的模型。

from django.conf import settings
from django.db import models

class Article(models.Model):
    author = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)

一般来说，在导入时候执行的代码中，你应该使用 AUTH_USER_MODEL 设置引用用户模型。get_user_model() 只在Django已经导入所有的模型后才工作。

3.指定自定义的用户模型

3.1 Django 期望你自定义的 User model 满足一些最低要求：

1. 模型必须有一个唯一的字段可被用于识别目的。可以是一个用户名，电子邮件地址，或任何其它独特属性。
2. 定制一个User Model最简单的方式是构造一个兼容的用户模型继承于AbstractBaseUser。
   AbstractBaseUser提供了User类最核心的实现，包括哈希的passwords和 标识的密码重置。

3.2 下面为一些AbstractBaseUser的子类必须定义的关键的字段和方法：

USERNAME_FIELD
必须设置。 设置认证标识，设置成标识的字段 unique=True

class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
    identifier = models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)
       ...
    USERNAME_FIELD = 'identifier'

REQUIRED_FIELDS
必须设置。当通过createsuperuser管理命令创建一个用户时，用于提示的一个字段名称列表。

class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
    ...
    date_of_birth = models.DateField()
    height = models.FloatField()
    ...
    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['date_of_birth', 'height']

列表中不应该包含USERNAME_FIELD字段和password字段。

is_active
必须定义。 一个布尔属性，标识用户是否是 "active" 的。AbstractBaseUser默认为 Ture。

get_full_name()
必须定义。 long格式的用户标识。

get_short_name()
必须定义。 short格式的用户标识。

3.3 下面为一些AbstractBaseUser的子类可以使用的方法：

get_username()
返回 USERNAME_FIELD 的值。

is_anonymous()
一直返回 False。用来区分 AnonymousUser。

is_authenticated()
一直返回 Ture。用来告诉用户已被认证。

set_password(raw_password)
设置密码。按照给定的原始字符串设置用户的密码，taking care of the password hashing。 不保存 AbstractBaseUser 对象。如果没有给定密码，密码就会被设置成不使用，同用set_unusable_password()。

check_password(raw_password)
检查密码是否正确。 给定的密码正确返回 True。

set_unusable_password()
设置user无密码。 不同于密码为空，如果使用 check_password()，则不会返回True。不保存AbstractBaseUser 对象。

has_usable_password()
如果设置了set_unusable_password()，返回False。

get_session_auth_hash()
返回密码字段的HMAC。 Used for Session invalidation on password change.

3.4 为你的User模型自定义一个管理器

如果你的User模型定义了这些字段：username, email, is_staff, is_active, is_superuser, last_login, and date_joined跟默认的User没什么区别, 那么你还不如仅仅替换Django的UserManager就行了; 总之,如果你的User定义了不同的字段, 你就要去自定义一个管理器，它继承自BaseUserManager并提供两个额外的方法:

create_user(username_field, password=None, other_fields)**
接受username field和required字段来创建用户。例如，如果使用email作为username field， date_of_birth作为required field：

def create_user(self, email, date_of_birth, password=None):
    # create user here
    ...

create_superuser(username_field, password, other_fields)**
接受username field和required字段来创建superuser。例如，如果使用email作为username field， date_of_birth作为required field：

def create_superuser(self, email, date_of_birth, password):
    # create superuser here
    ...

create_superuser中的password是必需的

4.扩展Django默认的User

如果你完全满意Django的用户模型和你只是想添加一些额外的属性信息,你只需继承 django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser 然后添加自定义的属性。AbstractUser 作为一个抽象模型提供了默认的User的所有的实现（AbstractUser provides the full implementation of the default User as an abstract model.）。

5.自定义用户与内置身份验证表单

Django内置的forms和views和相关联的user model有一些先决条件。如果你的user model没有遵循同样的条件，则需要定义一个替代的form，通过form成为身份验证views配置的一部分。

UserCreationForm
依赖于User Model. 扩展User时必须重写。

UserChangeForm
依赖于User Model. 扩展User时必须重写。

AuthenticationForm
Works with any subclass of AbstractBaseUser, and will adapt to use the field defined in USERNAME_FIELD.

PasswordResetForm
Assumes that the user model has a field named email that can be used to identify the user and a boolean field named is_active to prevent password resets for inactive users.

SetPasswordForm
Works with 任何AbstractBaseUser子类

PasswordChangeForm
Works with 任何AbstractBaseUser子类

AdminPasswordChangeForm
Works with 任何AbstractBaseUser子类

6.自定义用户和django.contrib.admin

如果你想让你自定义的User模型也可以在站点管理上工作，那么你的模型应该再定义一些额外的属性和方法。 这些方法允许管理员去控制User到管理内容的访问:

is_staff
是否允许user访问admin界面

is_active
用户是否活跃。

has_perm(perm, obj=None):
user是否拥有perm权限。

has_module_perms(app_label):
user是否拥有app中访问models的权限

你同样也需要注册你自定义的用户模型到admin。如果你的自定义用户模型扩展于django.contrib.auth.models.AbscustomauthtractUser，你可以用django的 django.contrib.auth.admin.UserAdmin 类。如果你的用户模型扩展于 AbstractBaseUser，你需要自定义一个ModelAdmin类。他可能继承于默认的django.contrib.auth.admin.UserAdmin。然而，你也需要覆写一些django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser 字段的定义不在你自定义用户模型中的。

7.自定义用户和权限

如果想让在自定义用户模型中包含Django的权限控制框架变得简单，Django提供了PermissionsMixin。这是一个抽象的类，你可以为你的自定义用户模型中的类的层次结构中包含它。它提供给你所有Django权限类所必须的的方法和字段

7.1 如果要定制User的权限系统，最简单的方法是继承PermissionsMixin

源码：

class PermissionsMixin(models.Model):
    """
    A mixin class that adds the fields and methods necessary to support
    Django's Group and Permission model using the ModelBackend.
    """
    is_superuser = models.BooleanField(_('superuser status'), default=False,
        help_text=_('Designates that this user has all permissions without '
                    'explicitly assigning them.'))
    groups = models.ManyToManyField(Group, verbose_name=_('groups'),
        blank=True, help_text=_('The groups this user belongs to. A user will '
                                'get all permissions granted to each of '
                                'their groups.'),
        related_name="user_set", related_query_name="user")
    user_permissions = models.ManyToManyField(Permission,
        verbose_name=_('user permissions'), blank=True,
        help_text=_('Specific permissions for this user.'),
        related_name="user_set", related_query_name="user")

    class Meta:
        abstract = True

    def get_group_permissions(self, obj=None):
        """
        Returns a list of permission strings that this user has through their
        groups. This method queries all available auth backends. If an object
        is passed in, only permissions matching this object are returned.
        """
        permissions = set()
        for backend in auth.get_backends():
            if hasattr(backend, "get_group_permissions"):
                permissions.update(backend.get_group_permissions(self, obj))
        return permissions

    def get_all_permissions(self, obj=None):
        return _user_get_all_permissions(self, obj)

    def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):
        """
        Returns True if the user has the specified permission. This method
        queries all available auth backends, but returns immediately if any
        backend returns True. Thus, a user who has permission from a single
        auth backend is assumed to have permission in general. If an object is
        provided, permissions for this specific object are checked.
        """

        # Active superusers have all permissions.
        if self.is_active and self.is_superuser:
            return True

        # Otherwise we need to check the backends.
        return _user_has_perm(self, perm, obj)

    def has_perms(self, perm_list, obj=None):
        """
        Returns True if the user has each of the specified permissions. If
        object is passed, it checks if the user has all required perms for this
        object.
        """
        for perm in perm_list:
            if not self.has_perm(perm, obj):
                return False
        return True

    def has_module_perms(self, app_label):
        """
        Returns True if the user has any permissions in the given app label.
        Uses pretty much the same logic as has_perm, above.
        """
        # Active superusers have all permissions.
        if self.is_active and self.is_superuser:
            return True

        return _user_has_module_perms(self, app_label)

4.3.2 Django内置的User对象就继承了AbstractBaseUser和PermissionsMixin：

源码：

class AbstractUser(AbstractBaseUser, PermissionsMixin):
    """
    An abstract base class implementing a fully featured User model with
    admin-compliant permissions.
    Username, password and email are required. Other fields are optional.
    """
    username = models.CharField(_('username'), max_length=, unique=True,
        help_text=_('Required. 30 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and '
                    '@/./+/-/_ only.'),
        validators=[
            validators.RegexValidator(r'^[\w.@+-]+$',
                                      _('Enter a valid username. '
                                        'This value may contain only letters, numbers '
                                        'and @/./+/-/_ characters.'), 'invalid'),
        ],
        error_messages={
            'unique': _("A user with that username already exists."),
        })
    first_name = models.CharField(_('first name'), max_length=, blank=True)
    last_name = models.CharField(_('last name'), max_length=, blank=True)
    email = models.EmailField(_('email address'), blank=True)
    is_staff = models.BooleanField(_('staff status'), default=False,
        help_text=_('Designates whether the user can log into this admin '
                    'site.'))
    is_active = models.BooleanField(_('active'), default=True,
        help_text=_('Designates whether this user should be treated as '
                    'active. Unselect this instead of deleting accounts.'))
    date_joined = models.DateTimeField(_('date joined'), default=timezone.now)

    objects = UserManager()

    USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['email']

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = _('user')
        verbose_name_plural = _('users')
        abstract = True

    def get_full_name(self):
        """
        Returns the first_name plus the last_name, with a space in between.
        """
        full_name = '%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
        return full_name.strip()

    def get_short_name(self):
        "Returns the short name for the user."
        return self.first_name

    def email_user(self, subject, message, from_email=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Sends an email to this User.
        """
        send_mail(subject, message, from_email, [self.email], **kwargs)

class User(AbstractUser):
    """
    Users within the Django authentication system are represented by this
    model.
    Username, password and email are required. Other fields are optional.
    """
    class Meta(AbstractUser.Meta):
        swappable = 'AUTH_USER_MODEL'

4.3.3 PermissionsMixin提供的这些方法和属性：

is_superuser
布尔类型。 Designates that this user has all permissions without explicitly assigning them.

get_group_permissions(obj=None)
Returns a set of permission strings that the user has, through their groups.

If obj is passed in, only returns the group permissions for this specific object.

get_all_permissions(obj=None)
Returns a set of permission strings that the user has, both through group and user permissions.

If obj is passed in, only returns the permissions for this specific object.

has_perm(perm, obj=None)
Returns True if the user has the specified permission, where perm is in the format "<app label>.<permission codename>" (see permissions). If the user is inactive, this method will always return False.

If obj is passed in, this method won’t check for a permission for the model, but for this specific object.

has_perms(perm_list, obj=None)
Returns True if the user has each of the specified permissions, where each perm is in the format "<app label>.<permission codename>". If the user is inactive, this method will always return False.

If obj is passed in, this method won’t check for permissions for the model, but for the specific object.

has_module_perms(package_name)
Returns True if the user has any permissions in the given package (the Django app label). If the user is inactive, this method will always return False.

5.官方提供的一个完整的例子

这是一个管理器允许的自定义user这个用户模型使用邮箱地址作为用户名，并且要求填写出生年月。it provides no permission checking, beyond a simple admin flag on the user account. This model would be compatible with all the built-in auth forms and views, except for the User creation forms. This example illustrates how most of the components work together, but is not intended to be copied directly into projects for production use.

# models.py

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import (
    BaseUserManager, AbstractBaseUser
)

class MyUserManager(BaseUserManager):
    def create_user(self, email, date_of_birth, password=None):
        """
        Creates and saves a User with the given email, date of
        birth and password.
        """
        if not email:
            raise ValueError('Users must have an email address')

        user = self.model(
            email=self.normalize_email(email),
            date_of_birth=date_of_birth,
        )

        user.set_password(password)
        user.save(using=self._db)
        return user

    def create_superuser(self, email, date_of_birth, password):
        """
        Creates and saves a superuser with the given email, date of
        birth and password.
        """
        user = self.create_user(email,
            password=password,
            date_of_birth=date_of_birth
        )
        user.is_admin = True
        user.save(using=self._db)
        return user

class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
    email = models.EmailField(
        verbose_name='email address',
        max_length=,
        unique=True,
    )
    date_of_birth = models.DateField()
    is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
    is_admin = models.BooleanField(default=False)

    objects = MyUserManager()

    USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'
    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['date_of_birth']

    def get_full_name(self):
        # The user is identified by their email address
        return self.email

    def get_short_name(self):
        # The user is identified by their email address
        return self.email

    def __str__(self):              # __unicode__ on Python
        return self.email

    def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):
        "Does the user have a specific permission?"
        # Simplest possible answer: Yes, always
        return True

    def has_module_perms(self, app_label):
        "Does the user have permissions to view the app `app_label`?"
        # Simplest possible answer: Yes, always
        return True

    @property
    def is_staff(self):
        "Is the user a member of staff?"
        # Simplest possible answer: All admins are staff
        return self.is_admin

可以看到manager定义了create_user()和create_superuser()方法，MyUser定义了USERNAME_FIELD,REQUIRED_FIELDS字段和get_full_name(),get_short_name()方法，为了能与admin一起使用，还定义了is_active,is_staff,has_perm(),has_module_perms()

要在admin中注册自定义的MyUser，还需要在app的admin.py中重写UserCreationForm和UserChangeForm：

# admin.py
from django import forms
from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib.auth.models import Group
from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin
from django.contrib.auth.forms import ReadOnlyPasswordHashField

from customauth.models import MyUser

class UserCreationForm(forms.ModelForm):
    """A form for creating new users. Includes all the required
    fields, plus a repeated password."""
    password1 = forms.CharField(label='Password', widget=forms.PasswordInput)
    password2 = forms.CharField(label='Password confirmation', widget=forms.PasswordInput)

    class Meta:
        model = MyUser
        fields = ('email', 'date_of_birth')

    def clean_password2(self):
        # Check that the two password entries match
        password1 = self.cleaned_data.get("password1")
        password2 = self.cleaned_data.get("password2")
        if password1 and password2 and password1 != password2:
            raise forms.ValidationError("Passwords don't match")
        return password2

    def save(self, commit=True):
        # Save the provided password in hashed format
        user = super(UserCreationForm, self).save(commit=False)
        user.set_password(self.cleaned_data["password1"])
        if commit:
            user.save()
        return user

class UserChangeForm(forms.ModelForm):
    """A form for updating users. Includes all the fields on
    the user, but replaces the password field with admin's
    password hash display field.
    """
    password = ReadOnlyPasswordHashField()

    class Meta:
        model = MyUser
        fields = ('email', 'password', 'date_of_birth', 'is_active', 'is_admin')

    def clean_password(self):
        # Regardless of what the user provides, return the initial value.
        # This is done here, rather than on the field, because the
        # field does not have access to the initial value
        return self.initial["password"]

class MyUserAdmin(UserAdmin):
    # The forms to add and change user instances
    form = UserChangeForm
    add_form = UserCreationForm

    # The fields to be used in displaying the User model.
    # These override the definitions on the base UserAdmin
    # that reference specific fields on auth.User.
    list_display = ('email', 'date_of_birth', 'is_admin')
    list_filter = ('is_admin',)
    fieldsets = (
        (None, {'fields': ('email', 'password')}),
        ('Personal info', {'fields': ('date_of_birth',)}),
        ('Permissions', {'fields': ('is_admin',)}),
    )
    # add_fieldsets is not a standard ModelAdmin attribute. UserAdmin
    # overrides get_fieldsets to use this attribute when creating a user.
    add_fieldsets = (
        (None, {
            'classes': ('wide',),
            'fields': ('email', 'date_of_birth', 'password1', 'password2')}
        ),
    )
    search_fields = ('email',)
    ordering = ('email',)
    filter_horizontal = ()

# Now register the new UserAdmin...
admin.site.register(MyUser, MyUserAdmin)
# ... and, since we're not using Django's built-in permissions,
# unregister the Group model from admin.
admin.site.unregister(Group)

最后，别忘了在settings.py中定义AUTH_USER_MODEL:

AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'customauth.MyUser'

作者：常大鹏链接：http://www.jianshu.com/p/b993f4feff83來源：简书著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权，非商业转载请注明出处。