第六模块：WEB框架开发 第1章·Django框架开发88~128
- 88-Ajax简介
- 89-Ajax的简单实现
- 90-基于Ajax的传递数据
- 91-基于Ajax的登录验证
- 92-基于Form表单的文件上传
- 93-请求头之contentType
- 94-Ajax传递json数据
- 95-基于Ajax的文件上传
- 96-分页器1
- 97-分页器2
- 98-分页器3
- 99-分页器4
- 100-form组件的校验功能
- 101-form组件的渲染标签功能1
- 102-form组件的渲染标签功能2
- 103-form组件的渲染错误信息
- 104-form组件的参数配置
- 105-form组件检验的局部钩子
- 106-组件之全局钩子校验
- 107-HTTP协议的无状态保存
- 108-Cookie简介
- 109-Cookie的设置与读取
- 110-设置Cookie的超时参数
- 111-设置Cookie的有效路径
- 112-Cookie应用之保存上次访问时间
- 113-session的流程简介
- 114-session之保存登录状态
- 115-session应用之保存上次登录时间
- 116-session的更新操作
- 117-基于session的注销功能
- 118-session的总结
- 119-用户认证组件简介
- 120-基于用户认证组件的登录验证信息存储
- 121-基于用户认证组件的注销功能
- 122-基于用户认证组件的注册用户功能
- 123-基于用户认证组件的认证装饰器
- 124-中间件的实现流程
- 125-中间件的process_request和process_response方法
- 126-中间件之process_view方法
- 127-中间件之process_exception
- 128-中间之应用
88-Ajax简介
1、什么是Ajax？
AJAX（Asynchronous Javascript And XML）翻译成中文就是“异步Javascript和XML”。即使用Javascript语言与服务器进行异步交互，传输的数据为XML（当然，传输的数据不只是XML,现在更多使用json数据）；
同步交互：客户端发出一个请求后，需要等待服务器响应结束后，才能发出第二个请求；
异步交互：客户端发出一个请求后，无需等待服务器响应结束，就可以发出第二个请求；
AJAX除了异步的特点外，还有一个就是：浏览器页面局部刷新；（这一特点给用户的感受是在不知不觉中完成请求和响应过程）；
2、Ajax的使用场景；
3、Ajax的优点；
AJAX使用Javascript技术向服务器发送异步请求；
Ajax无须刷新整个页面；
89-Ajax的简单实现
1、创建Django项目-AjaxDemo；
2、配置urls.py;
"""AjaxDemo URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('index/', views.index),
path('test_ajax/', views.test_ajax),
]
3、编写视图函数views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here. def index(request):
return render(request,"index.html") def test_ajax(request):
return HttpResponse("Hello cuixiaozhao!")
4、编写templates下的index.html文件；
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.js"></script>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<h3>This is Index</h3>
<button class="Ajax">Ajax</button>
<p class="content"></p>
</body>
<script>
$(".Ajax").click(function () {
//alert("This is Ajax") //发送Ajax请求；
$.ajax({
url:"/test_ajax/",//请求的URL；
type:"get",//请求方式post；
success:function (data) {//回调函数，某个事件执行完之后，再去执行的函数；
console.log(data);
$(".content").html(data)
}
})
})
</script>
</html>
5、引入CDN类型的jQuery文件；
<script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.js"></script>
各版本的jQuery的CDN地址；https://www.bootcdn.cn/jquery/
6、编写Ajax请求的js；
<script>
$(".Ajax").click(function () {
//alert("This is Ajax") //发送Ajax请求；
$.ajax({
url:"/test_ajax/",//请求的URL；
type:"get",//请求方式post；
success:function (data) {//回调函数，某个事件执行完之后，再去执行的函数；
console.log(data);
$(".content").html(data)
}
})
})
</script>
7、进行验证；
90-基于Ajax的传递数据
1、基于Ajax的传递数据；
2、将settings.py中的 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware'，先注释掉；
urls.py;
"""AjaxDemo URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('index/', views.index),
path('test_ajax/', views.test_ajax),
path('cal/', views.cal),
]
views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here. def index(request):
print(request.GET)
return render(request,"index.html") def test_ajax(request):
return HttpResponse("Hello cuixiaozhao!") def cal(request):
print(request.POST)
n1 = int(request.POST.get("n1"))
n2 = int(request.POST.get("n2"))
ret = n1 + n2
return HttpResponse(ret)
index.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.js"></script>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<h3>This is Index</h3>
<button class="Ajax">Ajax</button>
<p class="content"></p>
<hr> <input type="text" id="num1">+<input type="text" id="num2">=<input id="ret" type="text" ><button class="cal">计算</button>
</body>
<script>
$(".Ajax").click(function () {
//alert("This is Ajax") //发送Ajax请求；
$.ajax({
url:"/test_ajax/",//请求的URL；
type:"get",//请求方式post；
data:{age:26,sex:2},
success:function (data) {//回调函数，某个事件执行完之后，再去执行的函数；
console.log(data);
$(".content").html(data)
}
})
}) //Ajax计算求值；
$(".cal").click(function () {
$.ajax({
url:"/cal/",
type:"post",
data:{
"n1":$("#num1").val(),
"n2":$("#num2").val(),
},
success:function (data) {
console.log(data);
$("#ret").val(data);
}
})
})
</script>
</html>
操作日志：
Performing system checks... System check identified no issues (0 silenced). You have 15 unapplied migration(s). Your project may not work properly until you apply the migrations for app(s): admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions.
Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them.
August 20, 2018 - 16:51:22
Django version 2.1, using settings 'AjaxDemo.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
<QueryDict: {}>
[20/Aug/2018 16:51:45] "GET /index/ HTTP/1.1" 200 798
[20/Aug/2018 16:51:46] "GET /test_ajax/?age=26&sex=2 HTTP/1.1" 200 18
91-基于Ajax的登录验证
1、基于Ajax的登录验证；
2、views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here.
from app01.models import User def index(request):
print(request.GET)
return render(request,"index.html") def test_ajax(request):
return HttpResponse("Hello cuixiaozhao!") def cal(request):
print(request.POST)
n1 = int(request.POST.get("n1"))
n2 = int(request.POST.get("n2"))
ret = n1 + n2
return HttpResponse(ret) def login(request):
# print(request.POST)
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd")
user = User.objects.filter(name=user,pwd=pwd).first() res = {"User":None,"msg":None} if user:
res["user"] = user.name
else:
res["msg"] = "Username or Password is Wrong!"
import json
#引入json的目的，是因为http协议传输过程中，必须使用字符串；如此引入了"序列化"以及"反序列化"的概念；
return HttpResponse(json.dumps(res))
3、urls.py;
"""AjaxDemo URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('index/', views.index),
path('test_ajax/', views.test_ajax),
path('cal/', views.cal),
path('login/', views.login),
]
4、index.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.js"></script>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<h3>This is Index</h3>
<button class="Ajax">Ajax</button>
<p class="content"></p>
<hr>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br> <input type="text" id="num1">+<input type="text" id="num2">=<input id="ret" type="text" ><button class="cal">计算</button>
<hr>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<from action="">
用户名:<input type="text" id="user">
密码:<input type="password" id="pwd">
<input type="button" value="submit" class="login_btn"><span class="error"></span>
</from> <script>
$(".Ajax").click(function () {
//alert("This is Ajax") //发送Ajax请求；
$.ajax({
url:"/test_ajax/",//请求的URL；
type:"get",//请求方式post；
data:{age:26,sex:2},
success:function (data) {//回调函数，某个事件执行完之后，再去执行的函数；
console.log(data);
$(".content").html(data)
}
})
}) //Ajax计算求值；
$(".cal").click(function () {
$.ajax({
url:"/cal/",
type:"post",
data:{
"n1":$("#num1").val(),
"n2":$("#num2").val(),
},
success:function (data) {
console.log(data);
$("#ret").val(data);
}
})
}) //Ajax的登录验证；
$(".login_btn").click(function () {
$.ajax({
url:"/login/",
type:"post",
data:{
"user":$("#user").val(),
"pwd":$("#pwd").val(),
},
success:function (data) {
console.log(data);//json字符串；
console.log(typeof data);
var data = JSON.parse(data)//反序列化，object{}
console.log(data);//json字符串；
console.log(typeof data);
if (data.user){
location.href = "http://www.cnblogs.com/tqtl991/"
}else {
$(".error").html(data.msg).css({"color":"red","margin-left":"10px"})
}
}
})
})
</script>
</body> </html>
92-基于Form表单的文件上传
1、urls.py;
"""AjaxDemo URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('index/', views.index),
path('test_ajax/', views.test_ajax),
path('cal/', views.cal),
path('login/', views.login),
path('file_put/', views.file_put),
]
2、views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here.
from app01.models import User def index(request):
print(request.GET)
return render(request,"index.html") def test_ajax(request):
return HttpResponse("Hello cuixiaozhao!") def cal(request):
print(request.POST)
n1 = int(request.POST.get("n1"))
n2 = int(request.POST.get("n2"))
ret = n1 + n2
return HttpResponse(ret) def login(request):
# print(request.POST)
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd")
user = User.objects.filter(name=user,pwd=pwd).first() res = {"User":None,"msg":None} if user:
res["user"] = user.name
else:
res["msg"] = "Username or Password is Wrong!"
import json
#引入json的目的，是因为http协议传输过程中，必须使用字符串；如此引入了"序列化"以及"反序列化"的概念；
return HttpResponse(json.dumps(res)) def file_put(request):
if request.method == "POST":
print(request.POST)
print(request.FILES)
file_obj = request.FILES.get("avatar")
with open(file_obj.name,"wb") as f:
for line in file_obj:
f.write(line) return HttpResponse("OK")
return render(request,"file_put.html")
3、file_put.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<h3>基于Form表单的文件上传</h3>
<form action="" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
用户名:<input type="text" name="user">
头像:<input type="file" name="avatar">
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
4、注意打开文件的方式；
def file_put(request):
if request.method == "POST":
print(request.POST)
print(request.FILES)#先获取了文件这个对象；
file_obj = request.FILES.get("avatar")
with open(file_obj.name,"wb") as f:#通过file_obj.name拿到原有本文的文件名，而不是自己指定。记得以“wb”的模式打开；
for line in file_obj:
f.write(line) return HttpResponse("OK")
return render(request,"file_put.html")
93-请求头之contentType
1、请求头之ContentType；
2、file_put.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.js"></script>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<h3>简单的form</h3>
<form action="" method="post" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded">
用户名:<input type="text" name="user">
密码:<input type="password" name="pwd">
<input type="submit">
</form> <hr>
<h3>基于Form表单的文件上传</h3>
<form action="" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
用户名:<input type="text" name="user">
头像:<input type="file" name="avatar">
<input type="submit">
</form> <h3>基于Ajax文件上传</h3>
<form action="" method="post">
用户名:<input type="text" name="user">
<input type="button" class="btn" value="Ajax">
</form>
<script>
$(".btn").click(function () {
$.ajax({
url:"",
type:"post",
data:{
a:1,
b:2, },
success:function (data) {
console.log(data) }
})
})
</script>
</body>
</html>
views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here.
from app01.models import User def index(request):
print(request.GET)
return render(request,"index.html") def test_ajax(request):
return HttpResponse("Hello cuixiaozhao!") def cal(request):
print(request.POST)
n1 = int(request.POST.get("n1"))
n2 = int(request.POST.get("n2"))
ret = n1 + n2
return HttpResponse(ret) def login(request):
# print(request.POST)
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd")
user = User.objects.filter(name=user,pwd=pwd).first() res = {"User":None,"msg":None} if user:
res["user"] = user.name
else:
res["msg"] = "Username or Password is Wrong!"
import json
#引入json的目的，是因为http协议传输过程中，必须使用字符串；如此引入了"序列化"以及"反序列化"的概念；
return HttpResponse(json.dumps(res)) def file_put(request):
if request.method == "POST":
print(request.POST)
print(request.FILES)
# file_obj = request.FILES.get("avatar")
# with open(file_obj.name,"wb") as f:
# for line in file_obj:
# f.write(line) return HttpResponse("OK")
return render(request,"file_put.html") """
请求首行：
请求头：
请求头：
请求头：
........
请求头：ContentType:urlencode
请求体(a=1&b=2&c=3):
"""
94-Ajax传递json数据
1、Ajax传递json数据；
views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here.
from app01.models import User def index(request):
print(request.GET)
return render(request,"index.html") def test_ajax(request):
return HttpResponse("Hello cuixiaozhao!") def cal(request):
print(request.POST)
n1 = int(request.POST.get("n1"))
n2 = int(request.POST.get("n2"))
ret = n1 + n2
return HttpResponse(ret) def login(request):
# print(request.POST)
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd")
user = User.objects.filter(name=user,pwd=pwd).first() res = {"User":None,"msg":None} if user:
res["user"] = user.name
else:
res["msg"] = "Username or Password is Wrong!"
import json
#引入json的目的，是因为http协议传输过程中，必须使用字符串；如此引入了"序列化"以及"反序列化"的概念；
return HttpResponse(json.dumps(res)) def file_put(request):
if request.method == "POST":
print("body",request.body)#请求报文中的请求体！
print("POST",request.POST)
print(request.FILES)
# file_obj = request.FILES.get("avatar")
# with open(file_obj.name,"wb") as f:
# for line in file_obj:
# f.write(line) return HttpResponse("OK")
return render(request,"file_put.html") """
请求首行：
请求头：
请求头：
请求头：
........
请求头：ContentType:json#urlencode
请求体{"a":1,"b":2}:#a=1&b=2&c=3
"""
file_put.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.js"></script>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<h3>简单的form</h3>
<form action="" method="post" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded">
用户名:<input type="text" name="user">
密码:<input type="password" name="pwd">
<input type="submit">
</form> <hr>
<h3>基于Form表单的文件上传</h3>
<form action="" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
用户名:<input type="text" name="user">
头像:<input type="file" name="avatar">
<input type="submit">
</form> <h3>基于Ajax文件上传</h3>
<form action="" method="post">
用户名:<input type="text" name="user">
<input type="button" class="btn" value="Ajax">
</form>
<script>
$(".btn").click(function () {
$.ajax({
url:"",
type:"post",
contentType:"application/json",
data:JSON.stringify({
a:1,
b:2, }),
success:function (data) {
console.log(data) }
})
})
</script>
</body>
</html>
操作日志：
"D:\Program\PyCharm 2018.1.4\bin\runnerw.exe" C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\AjaxDemo\venv\Scripts\python.exe C:/Users/TQTL911/PycharmProjects/AjaxDemo/manage.py runserver 8000
Performing system checks... System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
August 21, 2018 - 09:37:03
Django version 2.1, using settings 'AjaxDemo.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
<QueryDict: {}>
[21/Aug/2018 09:37:05] "GET /index/ HTTP/1.1" 200 2383
Not Found: /favicon.ico
[21/Aug/2018 09:37:05] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 2509
[21/Aug/2018 09:37:07] "POST /login/ HTTP/1.1" 200 55
[21/Aug/2018 09:37:26] "GET /file_put/ HTTP/1.1" 200 1227
[21/Aug/2018 09:37:30] "POST /file_put/ HTTP/1.1" 200 2
b'{"a":1,"b":2}'
<QueryDict: {}>
<MultiValueDict: {}>
[21/Aug/2018 09:37:56] "GET /file_put/ HTTP/1.1" 200 1227
b'{"a":1,"b":2}'
[21/Aug/2018 09:38:28] "POST /file_put/ HTTP/1.1" 200 2
<QueryDict: {}>
<MultiValueDict: {}>
Performing system checks... System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
August 21, 2018 - 09:40:11
Django version 2.1, using settings 'AjaxDemo.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
95-基于Ajax的文件上传
1、基于Ajax的文件上传；
views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here.
from app01.models import User def index(request):
print(request.GET)
return render(request,"index.html") def test_ajax(request):
return HttpResponse("Hello cuixiaozhao!") def cal(request):
print(request.POST)
n1 = int(request.POST.get("n1"))
n2 = int(request.POST.get("n2"))
ret = n1 + n2
return HttpResponse(ret) def login(request):
# print(request.POST)
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd")
user = User.objects.filter(name=user,pwd=pwd).first() res = {"User":None,"msg":None} if user:
res["user"] = user.name
else:
res["msg"] = "Username or Password is Wrong!"
import json
#引入json的目的，是因为http协议传输过程中，必须使用字符串；如此引入了"序列化"以及"反序列化"的概念；
return HttpResponse(json.dumps(res)) def file_put(request):
if request.method == "POST":
print("body",request.body)#请求报文中的请求体！
print("POST",request.POST)
print(request.FILES)
# file_obj = request.FILES.get("avatar")
# with open(file_obj.name,"wb") as f:
# for line in file_obj:
# f.write(line) return HttpResponse("OK")
return render(request,"file_put.html") """
请求首行：
请求头：
请求头：
请求头：
........
请求头：ContentType:json#urlencode
请求体{"a":1,"b":2}:#a=1&b=2&c=3
"""
file_put.py;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.js"></script>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<h3>简单的form</h3>
<form action="" method="post" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded">
用户名:<input type="text" name="user">
密码:<input type="password" name="pwd">
<input type="submit">
</form> <hr>
<h3>基于Form表单的文件上传</h3>
<form action="" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
用户名:<input type="text" name="user">
头像:<input type="file" name="avatar">
<input type="submit">
</form>
<hr>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<!--
<h3>Ajax传递json数据</h3>
<form action="" method="post">
用户名:<input type="text" name="user">
<input type="button" class="btn" value="Ajax">
</form>
-->
<hr>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<h2>基于Ajax的文件上传</h2>
<form action="" method="post">
用户名:<input type="text" id="user">
头像:<input type="text" id="avatar">
<input type="file" class="btn" value="Ajax">
<input type="button" class="btn" value="Ajax">
</form> <script>
//Ajax传递json数据；
/* $(".btn").click(function () {
$.ajax({
url:"",
type:"post",
contentType:"application/json",
data:JSON.stringify({
a:1,
b:2, }),
success:function (data) {
console.log(data) }
})
})
*/ //基于Ajax上传文件；
$(".btn").click(function () {
var formdata = new FormData();
formdata.append("user",$("#user").val());
formdata.append("avatar",$("#avatar")[0].files[0]); $.ajax({
url:"",
type:"post",
ContentType:false,
processData:false,
data:formdata,
success:function (data) {
console.log(data)
}
})
})
</script>
</body>
</html>
96-分页器1
1、Django中的分页器初识；
Django 提供了几个类, 可以帮助我们管理分页数据 - 也就是说，通过 "上一个 / 下一个" 链接分割多个页面的数据, 这些类放在 `django/core/ paginator.py`中。
2、创建PageDemo的Django项目并配置应用app01；
3、配置urls.py;
"""PageDemo URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('index/', views.index),
]
4、编写视图函数views.py;
- for循环导入数据（不建议）；
- 通过bulk_create()方法一次性批量插入数据；
- 通过django.core.paginator导入Paginator,EmptyPage模块；
- Paginator下的count()方法；
- Paginator下的num_pages()方法；
- Paginator下的page_range()方法；
- try except 异常捕获的引入；
5、templates下新增index.html文件；
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
{% for book in current_page %}
<li>{{ book.title }}:{{ book.price }}</li>
{% endfor %} </ul>
</body>
</html>
6、创建models.py文件；
from django.db import models # Create your models here.
class Book(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=32)
price = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=2,max_digits=8)
7、执行数据库迁移操作；
python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate
Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17134.1]
(c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。 (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\PageDemo>python manage.py makemigrations
Migrations for 'app01':
app01\migrations\0001_initial.py
- Create model Book (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\PageDemo>python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Apply all migrations: admin, app01, auth, contenttypes, sessions
Running migrations:
Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK
Applying admin.0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices... OK
Applying app01.0001_initial... OK
Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK
Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length... OK
Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\PageDemo>^A
8、进行项目启动；
9、访问index.html页面；
10、链接sqllite数据库并查看数据；
操作日志；
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
August 21, 2018 - 11:16:16
Django version 2.1, using settings 'PageDemo.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
分页器的count: 100
C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\PageDemo\app01\views.py:26: UnorderedObjectListWarning: Pagination may yield inconsistent results with an unordered object_list: <class 'app01.models.Book'> QuerySet.
分页器的num_pages: 13
paginator = Paginator(book_list,8)
分页器的page_range: range(1, 14)
分页器的object_list <QuerySet [<Book: Book object (1)>, <Book: Book object (2)>, <Book: Book object (3)>, <Book: Book object (4)>, <Book: Book object (5)>, <Book: Book object (6)>, <Book: Book object (7)>, <Book: Book object (8)>]>
Book object (1)
Book object (2)
Book object (3)
Book object (4)
Book object (5)
Book object (6)
Book object (7)
Book object (8)
[21/Aug/2018 11:32:37] "GET /index/ HTTP/1.1" 200 463
97-分页器2
1、分页器实现显示页码；
2、引入CDN类型的Bootstrap；
使用 BootCDN 提供的免费 CDN 加速服务（同时支持 http 和 https 协议）
Bootstrap 中文网 为 Bootstrap 专门构建了免费的 CDN 加速服务，访问速度更快、加速效果更明显、没有速度和带宽限制、永久免费。BootCDN 还对大量的前端开源工具库提供了 CDN 加速服务，请进入BootCDN 主页查看更多可用的工具库。
<!-- 最新版本的 Bootstrap 核心 CSS 文件 -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous"> <!-- 可选的 Bootstrap 主题文件（一般不用引入） -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap-theme.min.css" integrity="sha384-rHyoN1iRsVXV4nD0JutlnGaslCJuC7uwjduW9SVrLvRYooPp2bWYgmgJQIXwl/Sp" crossorigin="anonymous"> <!-- 最新的 Bootstrap 核心 JavaScript 文件 -->
<script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-Tc5IQib027qvyjSMfHjOMaLkfuWVxZxUPnCJA7l2mCWNIpG9mGCD8wGNIcPD7Txa" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
3、添加Bootstrap下的分页组件；
<nav aria-label="Page navigation">
<ul class="pagination">
<li>
<a href="#" aria-label="Previous">
<span aria-hidden="true">«</span>
</a>
</li>
<li><a href="#">1</a></li>
<li><a href="#">2</a></li>
<li><a href="#">3</a></li>
<li><a href="#">4</a></li>
<li><a href="#">5</a></li>
<li>
<a href="#" aria-label="Next">
<span aria-hidden="true">»</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
4、针对分页的内容进行循环遍历；
index.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Django中的分页器</title>
<!-- 最新版本的 Bootstrap 核心 CSS 文件 -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous">
</head>
<body>
<ul>
{% for book in current_page %}
<li>{{ book.title }}:{{ book.price }}</li>
{% endfor %} </ul> <nav aria-label="Page navigation">
<ul class="pagination">
<li>
<a href="#" aria-label="Previous"><span aria-hidden="true">上一页</span></a>
</li>
{% for item in paginator.page_range %}
{% if current_page_num == item %}
<li class="active"><a href="?page={{ item }}">{{ item }}</a></li>
{% else %}
<li ><a href="?page={{ item }}">{{ item }}</a></li>
{% endif %} {% endfor %} <li>
<a href="#" aria-label="Next"><span aria-hidden="true">下一页</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav> </body>
</html>
views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render # Create your views here. from app01.models import *
#引入Django中的分页器；
from django.core.paginator import Paginator,EmptyPage
def index(request):
""
'''
# #循环插入，不可取，效率低下，数据库压力过大！；
# for i in range(10):
# Book.objects.create(title="Book_%s"%i,price=i*i)
#批量插入；
book_list = []
for i in range(100):
book = Book(title="book_%s"%i,price=i*i)
book_list.append(book)
#一次性批量插入；
Book.objects.bulk_create(book_list)
:param request:
:return:
'''
book_list = Book.objects.all()
#分页器；
paginator = Paginator(book_list,8)
print("分页器的count:",paginator.count)#数据总数；
print("分页器的num_pages:",paginator.num_pages)#总页数；
print("分页器的page_range:",paginator.page_range)#页码的列表；
#加入异常捕获；
try:
current_page_num = int(request.GET.get("page",1))
current_page = paginator.page(current_page_num)
#page1 = paginator.page(2)
#page1 = paginator.page(3) #显示某一页具体数据的两种方式；
print("分页器的object_list",current_page.object_list)
#进入循环打印；
for i in current_page:
print(i)
except EmptyPage as e:
#捕获到异常后，定位至第一页面，但是要提起导入EmptyPage模块；
current_page = paginator.page(1) return render(request,"index.html",locals())
5、已选中的页签，进行加深显示；
98-分页器3
1、Django分页器3；
2、添加分页器的如下属性：
- ?page = {{ current_page_num|add:-1 }}
- ?page={{ current_page.previous_page_number}}
3、index.html：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Django中的分页器</title>
<!-- 最新版本的 Bootstrap 核心 CSS 文件 -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous">
</head>
<body>
<ul>
{% for book in current_page %}
<li>{{ book.title }}:{{ book.price }}</li>
{% endfor %} </ul> <nav aria-label="Page navigation">
<ul class="pagination">
{% if current_page.has_previous %}
<li>
<!--<a href="?page={{ current_page_num|add:-1 }}" aria-label="Previous"><span aria-hidden="true">上一页</span></a>-->
<a href="?page={{ current_page.previous_page_number}}" aria-label="Previous"><span aria-hidden="true">上一页</span></a>
</li>
{% else %}
<li class="disabled">
<a href="" aria-label="Previous"><span aria-hidden="true">上一页</span></a>
</li>
{% endif %} {% for item in paginator.page_range %}
{% if current_page_num == item %}
<li class="active"><a href="?page={{ item }}">{{ item }}</a></li>
{% else %}
<li ><a href="?page={{ item }}">{{ item }}</a></li>
{% endif %} {% endfor %} {% if current_page.has_next %}
<li >
<a href="?page={{ current_page.next_page_number}}" aria-label="Next"><span aria-hidden="true">下一页</span></a>
</li>
{% else %}
<li class="disabled">
<a href="" aria-label="Next"><span aria-hidden="true">下一页</span></a>
</li>
{% endif %} </ul>
</nav> </body>
</html>
99-分页器4
1、Django下的分页器4；
2、index.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Django中的分页器</title>
<!-- 最新版本的 Bootstrap 核心 CSS 文件 -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous">
</head>
<body>
<ul>
{% for book in current_page %}
<li>{{ book.title }}:{{ book.price }}</li>
{% endfor %} </ul> <nav aria-label="Page navigation">
<ul class="pagination">
{% if current_page.has_previous %}
<li>
<!--<a href="?page={{ current_page_num|add:-1 }}" aria-label="Previous"><span aria-hidden="true">上一页</span></a>-->
<a href="?page={{ current_page.previous_page_number}}" aria-label="Previous"><span aria-hidden="true">上一页</span></a>
</li>
{% else %}
<li class="disabled">
<a href="" aria-label="Previous"><span aria-hidden="true">上一页</span></a>
</li>
{% endif %} {% for item in page_range %}
{% if current_page_num == item %}
<li class="active"><a href="?page={{ item }}">{{ item }}</a></li>
{% else %}
<li ><a href="?page={{ item }}">{{ item }}</a></li>
{% endif %} {% endfor %} {% if current_page.has_next %}
<li >
<a href="?page={{ current_page.next_page_number}}" aria-label="Next"><span aria-hidden="true">下一页</span></a>
</li>
{% else %}
<li class="disabled">
<a href="" aria-label="Next"><span aria-hidden="true">下一页</span></a>
</li>
{% endif %} </ul>
</nav> </body>
</html>
3、views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render # Create your views here. from app01.models import *
#引入Django中的分页器；
from django.core.paginator import Paginator,EmptyPage
def index(request):
""
'''
# #循环插入，不可取，效率低下，数据库压力过大！；
# for i in range(10):
# Book.objects.create(title="Book_%s"%i,price=i*i)
#批量插入；
book_list = []
for i in range(100):
book = Book(title="book_%s"%i,price=i*i)
book_list.append(book)
#一次性批量插入；
Book.objects.bulk_create(book_list)
:param request:
:return:
'''
book_list = Book.objects.all()
#分页器；
paginator = Paginator(book_list,3)
print("分页器的count:",paginator.count)#数据总数；
print("分页器的num_pages:",paginator.num_pages)#总页数；
print("分页器的page_range:",paginator.page_range)#页码的列表；
#加入异常捕获；
#进行页码的判断；
current_page_num = int(request.GET.get("page", 1)) if paginator.num_pages >11:
if current_page_num-5 <1:
page_range = range(1,12)
elif current_page_num +5 >paginator.num_pages:
page_range = range(paginator.num_pages-10,paginator.num_pages +1)
else:
page_range = range(current_page_num-5,current_page_num+6)
else:
page_range = paginator.page_range
try: current_page = paginator.page(current_page_num)
#page1 = paginator.page(2)
#page1 = paginator.page(3) #显示某一页具体数据的两种方式；
print("分页器的object_list",current_page.object_list)
#进入循环打印；
for i in current_page:
print(i)
except EmptyPage as e:
#捕获到异常后，定位至第一页面，但是要提起导入EmptyPage模块；
current_page = paginator.page(1) return render(request,"index.html",locals())
100-form组件的校验功能
1、form组件初识；
服务端假设所有用户提交的数据都是不可信任的，所以Django框架内置了form组件来验证用户提交的信息；
form组件的2大功能：
1、验证（显示错误信息）；
2、保留用户上次输入的信息；
3、可以生成html标签；
2、创建Django项目-FormDemo并添加应用app01；
3、配合路由urls.py;
"""FormsDemo URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('reg/', views.reg),
]
4、views.py添加视图函数；
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here. #创建form组件；
from django import forms class UserForm(forms.Form):
name = forms.CharField(min_length=4)
pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=4)
r_pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=4)
email = forms.EmailField()
tel = forms.CharField() #视图函数；
def reg(request):
if request.method == "POST":
#print(request.POST)
#form = UserForm({"name":"zhao","email":"123@qq.com","xxxx":"cuixiaozhao"})
form = UserForm(request.POST)
print(form.is_valid())#返回布尔值，True或者False； if form.is_valid():
print(form.cleaned_data)#只打印帮我们校验的字段和值；{'name': 'yuan', 'email': '123@qq.com'}
else:
print(form.cleaned_data)
print(form.errors)#<ul class="errorlist"><li>name<ul class="errorlist"><li>Ensure this value has at least 4 characters (it has 3).</li></ul></li></ul> # print(form.errors.get("name"))
# print(type(form.errors.get("name")))
# print(type(form.errors.get("name"))[0])
"""
<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
<class 'django.forms.utils.Error
"""
'''
if 所有字段校验成功:
form.is_valid()
form.cleaned_data :{"name":"yuan","email":"123@qq.com"}
form.errors
'''
return HttpResponse("OK")
return render(request,"reg.html")
5、models.py添加表结构；
from django.db import models # Create your models here.
class UserInfo(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
pwd = models.CharField(max_length=32)
email = models.EmailField()
tel = models.CharField(max_length=32)
6、执行迁移数据库命令操作；
Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17134.1]
(c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。 (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\FormsDemo>python manage.py makemigrations
Migrations for 'app01':
app01\migrations\0001_initial.py
- Create model UserInfo (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\FormsDemo>python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Apply all migrations: admin, app01, auth, contenttypes, sessions
Running migrations:
Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK
Applying admin.0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices... OK
Applying app01.0001_initial... OK
Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK
Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length... OK
Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\FormsDemo>'
7、使用Pycharm自带Database客户端工具链接sqllite数据库；
8、在模板路径templates下添加reg.html；
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<p>用户名: <input type="text" name="name"></p>
<p>密码：<input type="password" name="pwd"></p>
<p>确认密码：<input type="password" name="r_pwd"></p>
<p>邮箱：<input type="email" name="email"></p>
<p>手机号：<input type="e" name="tel"></p>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
9、进行form组件的提交验证；
10、form组件的注意点；
- 导入forms模块；
- 创建自定义form类，比如UserInfo；
- is_valid(）方法初识；
- form.cleaned_data初识；
- form.errors初识；
101-form组件的渲染标签功能1
1、form组件之渲染标签功能1；
2、views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here. #创建form组件；
from django import forms class UserForm(forms.Form):
name = forms.CharField(min_length=4)
pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=4)
r_pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=4)
email = forms.EmailField()
tel = forms.CharField() #视图函数；
def reg(request):
if request.method == "POST":
#print(request.POST)
#form = UserForm({"name":"zhao","email":"123@qq.com","xxxx":"cuixiaozhao"})
form = UserForm(request.POST)
print(form.is_valid())#返回布尔值，True或者False； if form.is_valid():
print(form.cleaned_data)#只打印帮我们校验的字段和值；{'name': 'yuan', 'email': '123@qq.com'}
else:
print(form.cleaned_data)
print(form.errors)#<ul class="errorlist"><li>name<ul class="errorlist"><li>Ensure this value has at least 4 characters (it has 3).</li></ul></li></ul> # print(form.errors.get("name"))
# print(type(form.errors.get("name")))
# print(type(form.errors.get("name"))[0])
"""
<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
<class 'django.forms.utils.Error
"""
'''
if 所有字段校验成功:
form.is_valid()
form.cleaned_data :{"name":"yuan","email":"123@qq.com"}
form.errors
'''
return HttpResponse("OK") #实例化form对象；
form = UserForm()
return render(request,"reg.html",locals())
3、reg.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<p>用户名: <input type="text" name="name"></p>
<p>密码：<input type="password" name="pwd"></p>
<p>确认密码：<input type="password" name="r_pwd"></p>
<p>邮箱：<input type="email" name="email"></p>
<p>手机号：<input type="e" name="tel"></p>
<input type="submit">
</form> <br>
<hr>
<h3>form组件的渲染方式1</h3>
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<p>用户名:
{{ form.name }}
</p>
<p>密码:
{{ form.pwd }}
</p>
<p>确认密码:
{{ form.r_pwd }}
</p>
<p>邮箱:
{{ form.email }}
</p>
<p>手机号:
{{ form.tel }}
</p>
<input type="submit"> </form>
</body>
</html>
102-form组件的渲染标签功能2
1、form组件之渲染标签功能2；
2、reg.html;
- for循环之field.label
- form.as_p或者form.as_ul等方法介绍（不推荐使用哈，在测试环节可以用，应为它缺乏灵活性）；
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<p>用户名: <input type="text" name="name"></p>
<p>密码：<input type="password" name="pwd"></p>
<p>确认密码：<input type="password" name="r_pwd"></p>
<p>邮箱：<input type="email" name="email"></p>
<p>手机号：<input type="e" name="tel"></p>
<input type="submit">
</form> <br>
<hr>
<h3>form组件的渲染方式1</h3>
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<p>用户名:
{{ form.name }}
</p>
<p>密码:
{{ form.pwd }}
</p>
<p>确认密码:
{{ form.r_pwd }}
</p>
<p>邮箱:
{{ form.email }}
</p>
<p>手机号:
{{ form.tel }}
</p>
<input type="submit"> </form>
<br>
<hr> <h2>form组件的渲染方式2</h2>
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
{% for field in form %}
<div>
<lable for="">{{ field.label }}</lable>
{{ field }}
</div>
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit">
</form>
<br>
<hr> <h1>form组件的渲染方式3-不推荐使用的哦！</h1> <form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<!--缺乏灵活性！-->
{{ form.as_p }}
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
103-form组件的渲染错误信息
1、form组件的渲染错误信息提示；
2、reg.html;
<span>{{ form.name.errors.0 }}</span>
<h3>form组件的渲染方式1</h3>
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<p>用户名:
{{ form.name }} <span>{{ form.name.errors.0 }}</span>
</p>
<p>密码:
{{ form.pwd }} <span>{{ form.pwd.errors.0 }}</span>
</p>
<p>确认密码:
{{ form.r_pwd }} <span>{{ form.r_pwd.errors.0 }}</span>
</p>
<p>邮箱:
{{ form.email }} <span>{{ form.email.errors.0 }}</span>
</p>
<p>手机号:
{{ form.tel }} <span>{{ form.tel.errors.0 }}</span>
</p>
<input type="submit"> </form>
104-form组件的参数配置
1、form组件的参数配置；
2、views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here. #创建form组件；
from django import forms
#
from django.forms import widgets class UserForm(forms.Form):
name = forms.CharField(min_length=4,label="用户名",error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空"},widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"}))
pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=4,label="密码",widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"}),error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空"})
r_pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=4,label="确认密码",widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"}),error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空","invalid":"格式错误！"})
email = forms.EmailField(label="邮箱",error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空"},widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"}))
tel = forms.CharField(label="手机号",error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空"},widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"})) #视图函数；
def reg(request):
if request.method == "POST":
#print(request.POST)
#form = UserForm({"name":"zhao","email":"123@qq.com","xxxx":"cuixiaozhao"})
form = UserForm(request.POST)
print(form.is_valid())#返回布尔值，True或者False； if form.is_valid():
print(form.cleaned_data)#只打印帮我们校验的字段和值；{'name': 'yuan', 'email': '123@qq.com'}
else:
print(form.cleaned_data)
print(form.errors)#<ul class="errorlist"><li>name<ul class="errorlist"><li>Ensure this value has at least 4 characters (it has 3).</li></ul></li></ul> # print(form.errors.get("name"))
# print(type(form.errors.get("name")))
# print(type(form.errors.get("name"))[0])
"""
<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
<class 'django.forms.utils.Error
"""
'''
if 所有字段校验成功:
form.is_valid()
form.cleaned_data :{"name":"yuan","email":"123@qq.com"}
form.errors
'''
return HttpResponse("OK") #实例化form对象；
form = UserForm()
return render(request,"reg.html",locals())
3、reg.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<!-- 最新版本的 Bootstrap 核心 CSS 文件 -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous">
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6 col-lg-offset-3">
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<p>用户名: <input type="text" name="name"></p>
<p>密码：<input type="password" name="pwd"></p>
<p>确认密码：<input type="password" name="r_pwd"></p>
<p>邮箱：<input type="email" name="email"></p>
<p>手机号：<input type="e" name="tel"></p>
<input type="submit">
</form> <br>
<hr>
<h3>form组件的渲染方式1</h3>
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<p>用户名:
{{ form.name }} <span>{{ form.name.errors.0 }}</span>
</p>
<p>密码:
{{ form.pwd }} <span>{{ form.pwd.errors.0 }}</span>
</p>
<p>确认密码:
{{ form.r_pwd }} <span>{{ form.r_pwd.errors.0 }}</span>
</p>
<p>邮箱:
{{ form.email }} <span>{{ form.email.errors.0 }}</span>
</p>
<p>手机号:
{{ form.tel }} <span>{{ form.tel.errors.0 }}</span>
</p>
<input type="submit"> </form>
<br>
<hr> <h2>form组件的渲染方式2</h2>
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
{% for field in form %}
<div>
<lable for="">{{ field.label }}</lable>
{{ field }}
</div>
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit">
</form>
<br>
<hr> <h1>form组件的渲染方式3-不推荐使用的哦！</h1> <form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<!--缺乏灵活性！-->
{{ form.as_p }}
<input type="submit">
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div> </body>
</html>
error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空"}添加错误提示消息；widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"})添加Bootstrap下的form-control属性；widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"})添加Bootstrap下的form-control属性；
105-form组件检验的局部钩子
1、form组件之局部钩子；
106-组件之全局钩子校验
1、钩子校验；
2、myforms.py;
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# __Author__:TQTL911
# Version:python3.6.6
# Time:2018/8/21 20:05 from django import forms from django.forms import widgets
from app01.models import UserInfo
from django.core.exceptions import NON_FIELD_ERRORS,ValidationError class UserForm(forms.Form):
name = forms.CharField(min_length=4,label="用户名",error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空"},widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"}))
pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=4,label="密码",widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"}),error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空"})
r_pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=4,label="确认密码",widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"}),error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空","invalid":"格式错误！"})
email = forms.EmailField(label="邮箱",error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空"},widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"}))
tel = forms.CharField(label="手机号",error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空"},widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"})) #钩子
def clean_name(self):
val = self.cleaned_data.get("name")
ret = UserInfo.objects.filter(name=val)
if not ret:
return val
else:
raise ValidationError("该用户已经注册") def clean_tel(self):
val = self.cleaned_data.get("tel")
if len(val) ==11:
return val
else:
raise ValidationError("手机号不能小于11位") def clean(self):
pwd = self.cleaned_data.get("pwd")
r_pwd = self.cleaned_data.get("r_pwd") if pwd and r_pwd:
if pwd == r_pwd:
return self.cleaned_data
else:
raise ValidationError("两次密码不一致！")
else:
return self.cleaned_data
3、views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here.
#创建form组件； from app01.myforms import *
#视图函数；
def reg(request):
if request.method == "POST":
print(request.POST)
#form = UserForm({"name":"zhao","email":"123@qq.com","xxxx":"cuixiaozhao"})
form = UserForm(request.POST)#form表单的name属性值应该与forms组件字段名称一致 print(form.is_valid())#返回布尔值，True或者False； if form.is_valid():
print(form.cleaned_data)#只打印帮我们校验的字段和值；{'name': 'yuan', 'email': '123@qq.com'}
else:
print(form.cleaned_data)
#print(form.errors)#<ul class="errorlist"><li>name<ul class="errorlist"><li>Ensure this value has at least 4 characters (it has 3).</li></ul></li></ul>
# print(form.errors.get("name"))
# print(type(form.errors.get("name")))
# print(type(form.errors.get("name"))[0])
"""
<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
<class 'django.forms.utils.Error
""" errors = form.errors.get("__all__")
return render(request,"reg.html",locals()) '''
if 所有字段校验成功:
form.is_valid()
form.cleaned_data :{"name":"yuan","email":"123@qq.com"}
form.errors
'''
#实例化form对象；
form = UserForm()
return render(request,"reg.html",locals())
4、reg.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<!-- 最新版本的 Bootstrap 核心 CSS 文件 -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous">
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6 col-lg-offset-3"> {# <h3>form组件的渲染方式1</h3>#}
{# <form action="" method="post">#}
{# {% csrf_token %}#}
{# <p>用户名:#}
{# {{ form.name.label }} <span>{{ form.name.errors.0 }}</span>#}
{# </p>#}
{# <p>密码:#}
{# {{ form.pwd.label }} <span>{{ form.pwd.errors.0 }}</span>#}
{# </p>#}
{# <p>确认密码:#}
{# {{ form.r_pwd }} <span>{{ form.r_pwd.errors.0 }}</span>#}
{# </p>#}
{# <p>邮箱:#}
{# {{ form.email }} <span>{{ form.email.errors.0 }}</span>#}
{# </p>#}
{# <p>手机号:#}
{# {{ form.tel }} <span>{{ form.tel.errors.0 }}</span>#}
{# </p>#}
{# <input type="submit">#}
{# </form>#} <h3>forms组件渲染方式1</h3>
<form action="" method="post" novalidate> {% csrf_token %}
<p>{{ form.name.label }}
{{ form.name }} <span class="pull-right error">{{ form.name.errors.0 }}</span>
</p>
<p>{{ form.pwd.label }}
{{ form.pwd }} <span class="pull-right error">{{ form.pwd.errors.0 }}</span>
</p>
<p>确认密码
{{ form.r_pwd }} <span class="pull-right error">{{ form.r_pwd.errors.0 }}</span><span class="pull-right error">{{ errors.0 }}</span>
</p>
<p>邮箱 {{ form.email }} <span class="pull-right error">{{ form.email.errors.0 }}</span></p>
<p>手机号 {{ form.tel }} <span class="pull-right error">{{ form.tel.errors.0 }}</span></p>
<input type="submit"> </form> </div>
</div>
</div> </body>
</html>
107-HTTP协议的无状态保存
1、什么是HTTP协议的无状态保存？
无状态是指协议对于事务处理没有记忆功能。缺少状态意味着，假如后面的处理需要前面的信息，则前面的信息必须重传，这样可能导致每次连接传送的数据量增大。另一方面，在服务器不需要前面信息时，应答就较快。直观地说，就是每个请求都是独立的，与前面的请求和后面的请求都是没有直接联系的。
还是看百度百科的详细解释吧！https://baike.baidu.com/item/HTTP%E6%97%A0%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE/5808645
108-Cookie简介
1、什么是会话呢？
1）什么是会话跟踪技术？
我们需要先了解一下什么是会话！可以把会话理解为客户端与服务器之间的一次会晤，在一次会晤中可能会包含多次请求和响应。例如你给10086打个电话，你就是客户端，而10086服务人员就是服务器了。从双方接通电话那一刻起，会话就开始了，到某一方挂断电话表示会话结束。在通话过程中，你会向10086发出多个请求，那么这多个请求都在一个会话中。
在JavaWeb中，客户向某一服务器发出第一个请求开始，会话就开始了，直到客户关闭了浏览器会话结束。 在一个会话的多个请求中共享数据，这就是会话跟踪技术。例如在一个会话中的请求如下： 请求银行主页；
- 请求登录（请求参数是用户名和密码）；
- 请求转账（请求参数是与转账相关的数据）；
- 请求信用卡还款（请求参数与还款相关的数据）；
在这上会话中当前用户信息必须在这个会话中共享的，因为登录的是张三，那么在转账和还款时一定是相对张三的转账和还款！
小结：这就说明我们必须在一个会话过程中有共享数据的能力。
2）会话路径技术使用Cookie或者session完成
我们知道HTTP协议是无状态协议，也就是说每个请求都是独立的！无法记录前一次请求的状态。但HTTP协议中可以使用Cookie来完成会话跟踪！在Web开发中，使用session来完成会话跟踪，session底层依赖Cookie技术。
2、cookie是什么？
cookie即具体一个浏览器针对一个服务器存储的key-value{key:value}；
Cookie翻译成中文是小甜点，小饼干的意思。在HTTP中它表示服务器送给客户端浏览器的小甜点。其实Cookie是key-value结构，类似于一个python中的字典。随着服务器端的响应发送给客户端浏览器。然后客户端浏览器会把Cookie保存起来，当下一次再访问服务器时把Cookie再发送给服务器。 Cookie是由服务器创建，然后通过响应发送给客户端的一个键值对。客户端会保存Cookie，并会标注出Cookie的来源（哪个服务器的Cookie）。当客户端向服务器发出请求时会把所有这个服务器Cookie包含在请求中发送给服务器，这样服务器就可以识别客户端了！
109-Cookie的设置与读取
1、新建CookieSession的Django项目；
2、设置urls.py下的path访问路径;
"""CookieSession URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path from app01 import views urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('login/', views.login),
path('index/', views.index),
]
3、编写views.py视图函数；
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect # Create your views here.
from app01.models import UserInfo def login(request):
if request.method == "POST":
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") user = UserInfo.objects.filter(user=user,pwd=pwd).first()
if user:
#登录成功
"""
响应体：
return HttpResponse
return render()
return credits()
"""
response = HttpResponse("登录成功！")
response.set_cookie("is_login",True)
response.set_cookie("username",user.user)
return response
return render(request,"login.html") def index(request):
is_login = request.COOKIES.get("is_login")
if is_login:
username = request.COOKIES.get("username")
return render(request,"index.html",{"username":username})
else:
return redirect("/login/")
return render(request,"index.html")
4、配置templates下的login、index等html文件；
login.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
用户名:<input type="text" name="user">
密码:<input type="password" name="pwd">
<input type="submit" value="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
index.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<h3>Hi,{{ username }}</h3>
</body>
</html>
5、创建models.py下的表UserInfo并新增两条数据；
6、进行cookie的设置；
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect # Create your views here.
from app01.models import UserInfo def login(request):
if request.method == "POST":
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") user = UserInfo.objects.filter(user=user,pwd=pwd).first()
if user:
#登录成功
"""
响应体：
return HttpResponse
return render()
return credits()
"""
response = HttpResponse("登录成功！")
response.set_cookie("is_login",True)
response.set_cookie("username",user.user)
return response
return render(request,"login.html") def index(request):
is_login = request.COOKIES.get("is_login")
if is_login:
username = request.COOKIES.get("username")
return render(request,"index.html",{"username":username})
else:
return redirect("/login/")
return render(request,"index.html")
110-设置Cookie的超时参数
1、max_age = None,(单位15秒)；
2、expires = None；
views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect # Create your views here.
from app01.models import UserInfo def login(request):
if request.method == "POST":
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") user = UserInfo.objects.filter(user=user,pwd=pwd).first()
if user:
#登录成功
"""
响应体：
return HttpResponse
return render()
return credits()
"""
response = HttpResponse("登录成功！")
#response.set_cookie("is_login",True,max_age=15)
response.set_cookie("is_login",True)
import datetime
date = datetime.datetime(year=2018, month=8,day=21,hour=12,minute=48,second=10)
response.set_cookie("username",user.user,expires=date)
return response
return render(request,"login.html") def index(request):
print("index",request.COOKIES)
is_login = request.COOKIES.get("is_login")
if is_login:
username = request.COOKIES.get("username")
return render(request,"index.html",{"username":username})
else:
return redirect("/login/")
return render(request,"index.html")
111-设置Cookie的有效路径
1、对视图函数设置有效路径path；
views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect # Create your views here.
from app01.models import UserInfo def login(request):
if request.method == "POST":
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") user = UserInfo.objects.filter(user=user,pwd=pwd).first()
if user:
#登录成功
"""
响应体：
return HttpResponse
return render()
return credits()
"""
response = HttpResponse("登录成功！")
#response.set_cookie("is_login",True,max_age=15)
response.set_cookie("is_login",True)
import datetime
#date = datetime.datetime(year=2019, month=8,day=21,hour=12,minute=48,second=10)
#response.set_cookie("username",user.user,expires=date) #设置COOKIE的有效路径！
response.set_cookie("username",user.user,path="/index/")
return response
return render(request,"login.html") def index(request):
print("index",request.COOKIES)
is_login = request.COOKIES.get("is_login")
if is_login:
username = request.COOKIES.get("username")
return render(request,"index.html",{"username":username})
else:
return redirect("/login/")
def test(request):
print("test:",request.COOKIES)
return HttpResponse("test!")
112-Cookie应用之保存上次访问时间
1、通过浏览器清除Cookies；Ctrl+Shift+Delete组合键；
2、显示上次访问网站的时间；
views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect # Create your views here.
from app01.models import UserInfo def login(request):
if request.method == "POST":
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") user = UserInfo.objects.filter(user=user,pwd=pwd).first()
if user:
#登录成功
"""
响应体：
return HttpResponse
return render()
return credits()
"""
response = HttpResponse("登录成功！")
#response.set_cookie("is_login",True,max_age=15)
response.set_cookie("is_login",True)
import datetime
#date = datetime.datetime(year=2019, month=8,day=21,hour=12,minute=48,second=10)
#response.set_cookie("username",user.user,expires=date) #设置COOKIE的有效路径！
response.set_cookie("username",user.user,path="/index/")
return response
return render(request,"login.html") def index(request):
print("index",request.COOKIES)
is_login = request.COOKIES.get("is_login")
if is_login: username = request.COOKIES.get("username")
#在Username之后设置cookies存储上次登录的时间；
import datetime
#将时间格式化转换为自定义格式；
now = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
last_time = request.COOKIES.get("last_visit_time","")
response = render(request,"index.html",{"username":username,"last_time":last_time})
response.set_cookie("last_visit_time",now)
return response
else:
return redirect("/login/")
def test(request):
print("test:",request.COOKIES)
return HttpResponse("test!")
index.htmll;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<p>上次登录时间:{{ now }}</p>
<h3>Hi,{{ last_time }}</h3>
</body>
</html>
3、显示上次浏览的商品的消息；
113-session的流程简介
1、session简介；
Session是服务器端技术，利用这个技术，服务器在运行时可以为每一个用户的浏览器创建一个其独享的session对象，由于 session为用户浏览器独享，所以用户在访问服务器的web资源时 ，可以把各自的数据放在各自的session中，当用户再去访问该服务器中的其它web资源时，其它web资源再从用户各自的session中 取出数据为用户服务。
2、session解析流程图；
114-session之保存登录状态
1、session之保存登录状态；
三大步：
- 1、成随机字符串；43djklf342dfjklsjkfa
- 2、response.set_cookie("sessionid",d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy)
- 3、在Django-session表中创建一条记录；
session-key session-data
d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy {"is_login":True,"username":"yuan"}
2、views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect # Create your views here.
from app01.models import UserInfo def login(request):
if request.method == "POST":
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") user = UserInfo.objects.filter(user=user,pwd=pwd).first()
if user:
#登录成功
"""
响应体：
return HttpResponse
return render()
return credits()
"""
response = HttpResponse("登录成功！")
#response.set_cookie("is_login",True,max_age=15)
response.set_cookie("is_login",True)
import datetime
#date = datetime.datetime(year=2019, month=8,day=21,hour=12,minute=48,second=10)
#response.set_cookie("username",user.user,expires=date) #设置COOKIE的有效路径！
response.set_cookie("username",user.user,path="/index/")
return response
return render(request,"login.html") def index(request):
print("index",request.COOKIES)
is_login = request.COOKIES.get("is_login")
if is_login: username = request.COOKIES.get("username")
#在Username之后设置cookies存储上次登录的时间；
import datetime
#将时间格式化转换为自定义格式；
now = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
last_time = request.COOKIES.get("last_visit_time","")
response = render(request,"index.html",{"username":username,"last_time":last_time})
response.set_cookie("last_visit_time",now)
return response
else:
return redirect("/login/")
def test(request):
print("test:",request.COOKIES)
return HttpResponse("test!") def login_session(request):
if request.method == "POST":
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") user = UserInfo.objects.filter(user=user,pwd=pwd).first() if user:
request.session["is_login"] = True
request.session["username"] = user.user
'''
1、成随机字符串；43djklf342dfjklsjkfa
2、response.set_cookie("sessionid",d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy)
3、在Django-session表中创建一条记录；
session-key session-data
d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy {"is_login":True,"username":"yuan"}
'''
return HttpResponse("登录成功！") return render(request,"login.html") def index_session(request):
print("is_login:",request.session.get("is_login")) '''
1、request.COOKIE.get("session")#d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy
2、django-session表中过滤记录；
在django-session表中创建一条记录； session-key session-data
d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy {"is_login":True,"username":"yuan"}
obj-django-session.objects.fileter(session-key=d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy).first() 3、obj.session-data.get("is_login")
'''
is_login = request.session.get("is_login")
if not is_login:
return redirect("/login_session/")
username = request.session.get("username") return render(request,"index.html",{"username":username})
3、index.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<p>上次登录时间:{{ now }}</p>
<h3>Hi,{{ username }}</h3>
</body>
</html>
115-session应用之保存上次登录时间
1、基于session实现保存上次登录的时间；
2、views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect # Create your views here.
from app01.models import UserInfo def login(request):
if request.method == "POST":
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") user = UserInfo.objects.filter(user=user,pwd=pwd).first()
if user:
#登录成功
"""
响应体：
return HttpResponse
return render()
return credits()
"""
response = HttpResponse("登录成功！")
#response.set_cookie("is_login",True,max_age=15)
response.set_cookie("is_login",True)
import datetime
#date = datetime.datetime(year=2019, month=8,day=21,hour=12,minute=48,second=10)
#response.set_cookie("username",user.user,expires=date) #设置COOKIE的有效路径！
response.set_cookie("username",user.user,path="/index/")
return response
return render(request,"login.html") def index(request):
print("index",request.COOKIES)
is_login = request.COOKIES.get("is_login")
if is_login: username = request.COOKIES.get("username")
#在Username之后设置cookies存储上次登录的时间；
import datetime
#将时间格式化转换为自定义格式；
now = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
last_time = request.COOKIES.get("last_visit_time","")
response = render(request,"index.html",{"username":username,"last_time":last_time})
response.set_cookie("last_visit_time",now)
return response
else:
return redirect("/login/")
def test(request):
print("test:",request.COOKIES)
return HttpResponse("test!") def login_session(request):
if request.method == "POST":
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") user = UserInfo.objects.filter(user=user,pwd=pwd).first() if user:
import datetime
# 将时间格式化转换为自定义格式；
now = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
request.session["is_login"] = True
request.session["username"] = user.user #通过session设置上次登录时间；
request.session["last_visit_time"] = now '''
1、成随机字符串；43djklf342dfjklsjkfa
2、response.set_cookie("sessionid",d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy)
3、在Django-session表中创建一条记录；
session-key session-data
d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy {"is_login":True,"username":"yuan"}
'''
return HttpResponse("登录成功！") return render(request,"login.html") def index_session(request):
print("is_login:",request.session.get("is_login")) '''
1、request.COOKIE.get("session")#d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy
2、django-session表中过滤记录；
在django-session表中创建一条记录； session-key session-data
d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy {"is_login":True,"username":"yuan"}
obj-django-session.objects.fileter(session-key=d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy).first() 3、obj.session-data.get("is_login")
'''
is_login = request.session.get("is_login")
if not is_login:
return redirect("/login_session/")
username = request.session.get("username")
last_visit_time = request.session.get("last_visit_time") return render(request,"index.html",{"username":username,"last_visit_time":last_visit_time})
3、index.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<p>上次登录时间:{{ now }}</p>
<h3>Hi,{{ username }}</h3>
<h3>Hi,上次访问时间：{{ last_visit_time }}</h3>
</body>
</html>
116-session的更新操作
1、session的更新操作；
2、分为如下几种情况：
- 初次登录，比如Chrome；
- 相同用户再次登录，Chrome；
- 不同用户，再次登录，Chrome；
117-基于session的注销功能
- 通过del request.session["is_login"]方法删除session信息，但是不推荐；
- request.session.flush()方式进行清除session记录，Django-session表中的记录也删除；
1、views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect # Create your views here.
from app01.models import UserInfo def login(request):
if request.method == "POST":
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") user = UserInfo.objects.filter(user=user,pwd=pwd).first()
if user:
#登录成功
"""
响应体：
return HttpResponse
return render()
return credits()
"""
response = HttpResponse("登录成功！")
#response.set_cookie("is_login",True,max_age=15)
response.set_cookie("is_login",True)
import datetime
#date = datetime.datetime(year=2019, month=8,day=21,hour=12,minute=48,second=10)
#response.set_cookie("username",user.user,expires=date) #设置COOKIE的有效路径！
response.set_cookie("username",user.user,path="/index/")
return response
return render(request,"login.html") def index(request):
print("index",request.COOKIES)
is_login = request.COOKIES.get("is_login")
if is_login: username = request.COOKIES.get("username")
#在Username之后设置cookies存储上次登录的时间；
import datetime
#将时间格式化转换为自定义格式；
now = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
last_time = request.COOKIES.get("last_visit_time","")
response = render(request,"index.html",{"username":username,"last_time":last_time})
response.set_cookie("last_visit_time",now)
return response
else:
return redirect("/login/")
def test(request):
print("test:",request.COOKIES)
return HttpResponse("test!") def login_session(request):
if request.method == "POST":
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") user = UserInfo.objects.filter(user=user,pwd=pwd).first() if user:
import datetime
# 将时间格式化转换为自定义格式；
now = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
request.session["is_login"] = True
request.session["username"] = user.user #通过session设置上次登录时间；
request.session["last_visit_time"] = now '''
1、成随机字符串；43djklf342dfjklsjkfa
2、response.set_cookie("sessionid",d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy)
3、在Django-session表中创建一条记录；
session-key session-data
d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy {"is_login":True,"username":"yuan"}
'''
return HttpResponse("登录成功！") return render(request,"login.html") def index_session(request):
print("is_login:",request.session.get("is_login")) '''
1、request.COOKIE.get("session")#d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy
2、django-session表中过滤记录；
在django-session表中创建一条记录； session-key session-data
d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy {"is_login":True,"username":"yuan"}
obj-django-session.objects.fileter(session-key=d4tqdx057mtw7izkf1l2wb4cnizt7qqy).first() 3、obj.session-data.get("is_login")
'''
is_login = request.session.get("is_login")
if not is_login:
return redirect("/login_session/")
username = request.session.get("username")
last_visit_time = request.session.get("last_visit_time") return render(request,"index.html",{"username":username,"last_visit_time":last_visit_time}) def logout(request):
#del request.session["is_login"]
#推荐使用如下方法;
request.session.flush()
return redirect("/login/")
'''
1、request.COOKIE.get("sessionid")
2、django-session.objects.filter(session-key=randon_str).delete()
3、response.delete_cookie("sessionid)
'''
2、index.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<p>上次登录时间:{{ now }}</p>
<h3>Hi,{{ username }}</h3>
<h3>Hi,上次访问时间：{{ last_visit_time }}</h3>
<a href="/logout/">注销</a>
</body>
</html>
3、session基于settings.py中的配置；
Django默认支持Session，并且默认是将Session数据存储在数据库中，即：django_session 表中。
常见的参数说明：
SESSION_ENGINE='django.contrib.sessions.backends.db'# 引擎（默认）；SESSION_COOKIE_NAME ＝"sessionid"# Session的cookie保存在浏览器上时的key，即：sessionid＝随机字符串（默认）；SESSION_COOKIE_PATH ＝"/"# Session的cookie保存的路径（默认）；SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN=None# Session的cookie保存的域名（默认）；SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE=False# 是否Https传输cookie（默认）；SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY=True# 是否Session的cookie只支持http传输（默认）；SESSION_COOKIE_AGE=1209600# Session的cookie失效日期（2周）（默认）；SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE=False# 是否关闭浏览器使得Session过期（默认）；SESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUEST=False# 是否每次请求都保存Session，默认修改之后才保存（默认）；
4、Django中session的语法；
1、设置Sessions值
request.session['session_name'] ="admin"
2、获取Sessions值
session_name = request.session["session_name"]
3、删除Sessions值
del request.session["session_name"]
4、flush()
删除当前的会话数据并删除会话的Cookie。
这用于确保前面的会话数据不可以再次被用户的浏览器访问 5、get(key, default=None) fav_color = request.session.get('fav_color', 'red') 6、pop(key) fav_color = request.session.pop('fav_color') 7、keys() 8、items() 9、setdefault() 10 用户session的随机字符串
request.session.session_key # 将所有Session失效日期小于当前日期的数据删除
request.session.clear_expired() # 检查 用户session的随机字符串 在数据库中是否
request.session.exists("session_key") # 删除当前用户的所有Session数据
request.session.delete("session_key") request.session.set_expiry(value)
* 如果value是个整数，session会在些秒数后失效。
* 如果value是个datatime或timedelta，session就会在这个时间后失效。
* 如果value是0,用户关闭浏览器session就会失效。
* 如果value是None,session会依赖全局session失效策略。
118-session的总结
1、session的总结；
1 response.set_cookie(key,value) 2 request.COOKIE.get(key) 3 request.session[key]=value
''' if request.COOKIE.get("sessionid"):
更新 在django—session表中创建一条记录:
session-key session-data
ltv8zy1kh5lxj1if1fcs2pqwodumr45t 更新数据 else: 1 生成随机字符串 ltv8zy1kh5lxj1if1fcs2pqwodumr45t
2 response.set_cookie("sessionid",ltv8zy1kh5lxj1if1fcs2pqwodumr45t)
3 在django—session表中创建一条记录:
session-key session-data
ltv8zy1kh5lxj1if1fcs2pqwodumr45t {"is_login":True,"username":"yuan"} ''' 4 reqeust.session[key] ''' 1 request.COOKIE.get("session") # ltv8zy1kh5lxj1if1fcs2pqwodumr45t 2 django-session表中过滤纪录: 在django—session表中创建一条记录:
session-key session-data
ltv8zy1kh5lxj1if1fcs2pqwodumr45t {"is_login":True,"username":"yuan"} obj=django—session.objects .filter(session-key=ltv8zy1kh5lxj1if1fcs2pqwodumr45t).first() 3 obj.session-data.get("is_login")
''' 5 request.session.flush() '''
1 randon_str=request.COOKIE.get("sessionid") 2 django-session.objects.filter(session-key=randon_str).delete() 3 response.delete_cookie("sessionid",randon_str) '''
119-用户认证组件简介
1、用户认证组件介绍；
在进行用户登陆验证的时候，如果是自己写代码，就必须要先查询数据库，看用户输入的用户名是否存在于数据库中；如果用户存在于数据库中，然后再验证用户输入的密码，这样一来就要自己编写大量的代码。事实上，Django已经提供了内置的用户认证功能。
在使用"python manage.py makemigrationss"和"python manage.py migrate"迁移完成数据库之后，根据配置文件settings.py中的数据库段生成的数据表中已经包含了6张进行认证的数据表，分别是：
- auth_user；
- auth_group；
- auth_group_permissions；
- auth_permission；
- auth_user_groups；
- auth_user_user_permissions；
进行用户认证的数据表为auth_user；
要使用Django自带的认证功能，首先要导入auth模块；
2、用户认证组件相关；
3、创建超级用户；
Python manage.py createsuperuser
Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.17134.1]
(c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。 (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\AuthDemo>python manage.py makemigrations
No changes detected (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\AuthDemo>python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions
Running migrations:
Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK
Applying admin.0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices... OK
Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK
Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length... OK
Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\AuthDemo>python manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leave blank to use 'tqtl911'): cuixiaozhao
Email address:
Password:
Password (again):
This password is too short. It must contain at least 8 characters.
This password is too common.
This password is entirely numeric.
Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: n
Password:
Operation cancelled. (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\AuthDemo>python manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leave blank to use 'tqtl911'): cxz
Email address: tqtl@tqtl.org
Password:
Password (again):
This password is too common.
Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: y
Superuser created successfully. (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\AuthDemo>^A
120-基于用户认证组件的登录验证信息存储
1、创建Django项目-AuthDemo并添加应用app01；
2、配置urls.py;
"""AuthDemo URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('login/', views.login),
path('index/', views.index),
]
3、编写视图函数login、index等；
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect,HttpResponse # Create your views here.
#导入用户认证模块
from django.contrib import auth
from django.contrib.auth.models import User#User指代的就是django下的auth_user表； def login(request):
if request.method == "POST":
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd")
#如果验证成功，就返回User对象，否则返回None；
user = auth.authenticate(username = user, password = pwd)
if user:
auth.login(request,user)#request.user：当前登录对象；
return redirect("/index/") return render(request,"login.html",) def index(request): print("request.user:",request.user.username)
print("request.user:",request.user.id)
print("request.user:",request.user.is_anonymous)
'''
request.user:
request.user: None
request.user: True
''' #判断是否登录；
if request.user.is_anonymous:
return redirect("/login/")
return render(request,"index.html")
#username = request.user.username
#return render(request,"index.html",{"username":username})
4、创建超级用户；
python manage.py createsuperuser cxz
rosoft Windows [版本 10.0.17134.1]
(c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。 (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\AuthDemo>python manage.py makemigrations
No changes detected (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\AuthDemo>python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions
Running migrations:
Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK
Applying admin.0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices... OK
Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK
Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length... OK
Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\AuthDemo>python manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leave blank to use 'tqtl911'): cuixiaozhao
Email address:
Password:
Password (again):
This password is too short. It must contain at least 8 characters.
This password is too common.
This password is entirely numeric.
Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: n
Password:
Operation cancelled. (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\AuthDemo>python manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leave blank to use 'tqtl911'): cxz
Email address: tqtl@tqtl.org
Password:
Password (again):
This password is too common.
Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: y
Superuser created successfully. (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\AuthDemo>python manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leave blank to use 'tqtl911'): ljp
Email address: ljp@tqtl.org
Password:
Password (again):
This password is too common.
Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: y
Superuser created successfully. (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\AuthDemo>python manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leave blank to use 'tqtl911'): cxs
Email address: cxs@tqtl.org
Password:
Password (again):
This password is too common.
Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: n
Password:
Password (again):
Error: Your passwords didn't match.
Password:
Password (again):
Superuser created successfully. (venv) C:\Users\TQTL911\PycharmProjects\AuthDemo>
5、编写templates模本html文件；
index.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>120-基于用户认证组件的登陆验证信息存储</title>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hi,{{ request.user.username }},Welcome to visit our website.</h1>
</body>
</html>
login.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>120-基于用户认证组件的登陆验证信息存储</title>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
用户名： <input type="text" name="user">
密码：<input type="password" name="pwd">
<input type="submit" value="submit" >
</form>
</body>
</html>
6、启动Django项目并登陆验证；
121-基于用户认证组件的注销功能
1、logout功能实现；
def logout(request):
auth.logout(request)
return redirect("/login/")
2、index.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>120-基于用户认证组件的登陆验证信息存储</title>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hi,{{ request.user.username }},Welcome to visit our website.</h1>
<a href="/logout/">注销</a>
</body>
</html>
122-基于用户认证组件的注册用户功能
1、基于用户认证组件的注册用户功能；
2、views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect,HttpResponse # Create your views here.
#导入用户认证模块
from django.contrib import auth
from django.contrib.auth.models import User#User指代的就是django下的auth_user表； def login(request):
if request.method == "POST":
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd")
#如果验证成功，就返回User对象，否则返回None；
user = auth.authenticate(username = user, password = pwd)
if user:
auth.login(request,user)#request.user：当前登录对象；
return redirect("/index/") return render(request,"login.html",) def index(request):
print("request.user:",request.user.username)
print("request.user:",request.user.id)
print("request.user:",request.user.is_anonymous)
'''
request.user:
request.user: None
request.user: True
'''
#判断是否登录；
#if request.user.is_anonymous:
if not request.user.is_authenticated:
return redirect("/login/")
return render(request,"index.html")
#username = request.user.username
#return render(request,"index.html",{"username":username}) def logout(request):
auth.logout(request)
return redirect("/login/") def reg(request):
if request.method == "POST":
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") #User.objects.create(username= user,password=pwd)#不能使用该方式插入数据，因为此方法密码是明文传输的；
User.objects.create_user(username = user,password=pwd)
return redirect("/login/")
return render(request,"reg.html")
3、urls.py;
"""AuthDemo URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('login/', views.login),
path('index/', views.index),
path('logout/', views.logout),
path('reg/', views.reg),
]
4、reg.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>122-基于用户认证组件的注册用户功能</title>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<h3>注册</h3>
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
用户名： <input type="text" name="user">
密码：<input type="password" name="pwd">
<input type="submit" value="submit" > </form>
</body>
</html>
5、小结；
用户认证组件：
- 功能：使用session记录登陆验证状态；
- 前提：用户表，使用Django自带的auth_user；
- 创建超级用户：Python manage.py createsuperuser;
- API:
- from django.contrib import auth
- 如果验证成功则返回user对象，否则返回None；user = auth.authenticate(username =user,password = pwd)
- auth.login(request,user)#request.user 当前登陆对象
- auth.logout(request)
- from django.contrib,auth.models import User#User = auth_user表；
- request.user.is_authenticated()
- user = User.objects.create_user(Username = ' ',password = ' ',email = ' ' )
- 补充
- 匿名用户对象
- class models.AnonymousUser
- django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser 类实现了django.contrib.auth.models.User接口，但是有如下几个不同点：
- id 永远为None；
- username永远为空字符串；
- get_username()永远返回空字符串；
- is_staff和is_superuser 永远为False；
- is_active 永远为False；
- groups和user_permissions永远为空；
- is_anonymous()返回True而不是False；
- is_authenticated()、check_password()、save()和delete()引发NotImplementedError
- 在Django1.8中，新增AnonymousUser.get_username()以更好地模拟django.contrib.auth.models.User
123-基于用户认证组件的认证装饰器
1、用户认证组件装饰器初识；
用户无序再在函数中写代码逻辑，通过顶部引入装饰器，来添加功能；
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
2、settings.py；
3、views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect,HttpResponse # Create your views here.
#导入用户认证模块
from django.contrib import auth
from django.contrib.auth.models import User#User指代的就是django下的auth_user表；
#导入django的装饰器；
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
def login(request):
if request.method == "POST":
user = request.POST.get("user")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd")
#如果验证成功，就返回User对象，否则返回None；
user = auth.authenticate(username = user, password = pwd)
if user:
auth.login(request,user)#request.user：当前登录对象；
next_url = request.GET.get("next","/index/")
return redirect(next_url) return render(request,"login.html",)
@login_required
def index(request):
print("request.user:",request.user.username)
print("request.user:",request.user.id)
print("request.user:",request.user.is_anonymous)
'''
request.user:
request.user: None
request.user: True
'''
#判断是否登录；
#if request.user.is_anonymous: # if not request.user.is_authenticated:
# return redirect("/login/")
return render(request,"index.html") # username = request.user.username
# return render(request,"index.html",{"username":username}) def logout(request):
auth.logout(request)
return redirect("/login/") def reg(request):
# if request.method == "POST":
# user = request.POST.get("user")
# pwd = request.POST.get("pwd")
#
# #User.objects.create(username= user,password=pwd)#不能使用该方式插入数据，因为此方法密码是明文传输的；
# User.objects.create_user(username = user,password=pwd)
# return redirect("/login/")
return render(request,"reg.html") @login_required
def order(request):
# if not request.user.is_authenticated:
# return redirect("/login/")
return render(request,"order.html")
4、urls.py;
"""AuthDemo URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('login/', views.login),
path('index/', views.index),
path('order/', views.order),
path('logout/', views.logout),
path('reg/', views.reg),
]
5、order.html;
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>order</title>
<style type="text/css"> </style>
</head>
<body>
<h3>order</h3>
</body>
</html>
6、跳转的URL详情；
http://127.0.0.1:8000/login/?next=/order/
http://127.0.0.1:8000/login/?next=/index/
124-中间件的实现流程
1、Django中中间件的概念；
中间件顾名思义，是介于request与response处理之间的一道处理过程，相对比较轻量级，并且在全局上改变django的输入与输出。因为改变的是全局，所以需要谨慎实用，用不好会影响到性能。
Django的中间件的定义：
Middleware is a framework of hooks into Django’s request/response processing. <br>It’s a light, low-level “plugin” system for globally altering Django’s input or output.
2、Django中默认的Middleware；
3、请求流程图，如下：
125-中间件的process_request和process_response方法
1、应用app01下新增my_middleware.py文件；
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# __Author__:TQTL911
# Version:python3.6.6
# Time:2018/8/22 15:20 #导入MiddlewareMixin中间件；
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin class CustomerMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request):
print("CustomMiddleWare process_request......")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("CustomMiddleWare process_response......")
return response
class CustomerMiddleware2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request):
print("CustomMiddleWare process_request222......")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("CustomMiddleWare process_response222......")
return response
class CustomerMiddleware3(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request):
print("CustomMiddleWare process_request3333......")
2、settings.py中配置引入自定义“中间件”；
3、urls.py配置路径；
"""MiddlewareDemo URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('index/', views.index),
path('index_new/', views.index_new),
]
4、编写视图函数views.py;
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect,HttpResponse # Create your views here. def index(request):
return HttpResponse("Index") def index_new(request):
return HttpResponse("Index_new")
5、进行验证；
You have 15 unapplied migration(s). Your project may not work properly until you apply the migrations for app(s): admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions.
Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them.
August 22, 2018 - 15:33:20
Django version 2.1, using settings 'MiddlewareDemo.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
CustomMiddleWare process_request......
[22/Aug/2018 15:33:22] "GET /index_new/ HTTP/1.1" 200 9
CustomMiddleWare process_request222......
CustomMiddleWare process_request3333......
CustomMiddleWare process_response222......
CustomMiddleWare process_response......
Performing system checks... System check identified no issues (0 silenced). You have 15 unapplied migration(s). Your project may not work properly until you apply the migrations for app(s): admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions.
Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them.
August 22, 2018 - 15:39:35
Django version 2.1, using settings 'MiddlewareDemo.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
126-中间件之process_view方法
1、process-view的执行顺序；
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# __Author__:TQTL911
# Version:python3.6.6
# Time:2018/8/22 15:20 #导入MiddlewareMixin中间件；
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse class CustomerMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request):
print("CustomMiddleWare process_request......")
#return HttpResponse("forbidden")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("CustomMiddleWare process_response......")
return response
def process_view(self,request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
#print("=====>",callback(callback_args))
print("process_view") class CustomerMiddleware2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request):
print("CustomMiddleWare process_request222......")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("CustomMiddleWare process_response222......")
return response
def process_view(self,request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
print("22222process_view") class CustomerMiddleware3(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request):
print("CustomMiddleWare process_request3333......")
操作日志：
System check identified no issues (0 silenced). You have 15 unapplied migration(s). Your project may not work properly until you apply the migrations for app(s): admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions.
Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them.
August 22, 2018 - 15:49:19
Django version 2.1, using settings 'MiddlewareDemo.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
CustomMiddleWare process_request......
[22/Aug/2018 15:50:51] "GET /index_new/ HTTP/1.1" 200 9
CustomMiddleWare process_request222......
CustomMiddleWare process_request3333......
process_view
22222process_view
CustomMiddleWare process_response222......
CustomMiddleWare process_response......
127-中间件之process_exception
1、Django中间件之process_exception；
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# __Author__:TQTL911
# Version:python3.6.6
# Time:2018/8/22 15:20 #导入MiddlewareMixin中间件；
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse class CustomerMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request):
print("CustomMiddleWare process_request......")
#return HttpResponse("forbidden")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("CustomMiddleWare process_response......")
return response
def process_view(self,request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
#print("=====>",callback(callback_args))
print("process_view")
def process_exception(self,request, exception):
print("CustomMiddleware exception11111") class CustomerMiddleware2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request):
print("CustomMiddleWare process_request222......")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("CustomMiddleWare process_response222......")
return response
def process_view(self,request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
print("22222process_view")
def process_exception(self,request, exception):
print("CustomMiddleware exception22222") class CustomerMiddleware3(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request):
print("CustomMiddleWare process_request3333......")
128-中间之应用
1、做IP访问频率的限制（比如防爬虫）；
2、URL访问过滤；
3、middleware是一把双刃剑，具体使用装饰器还是middleware要结合具体业务场景；
mymiddleware.py;
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse,redirect
from AuthDemo import settings class AuthMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
white_list = settings.WHITE_LIST if request.path in white_list:
return None if not request.user.is_authenticated:
return redirect("/login/")
settings.py中引入白名单；
WHITE_LIST = ['/login/','/reg/','logout']
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