都是干货---真正的了解scrapy框架
去重规则
在爬虫应用中,我们可以在request对象中设置参数dont_filter = True 来阻止去重。而scrapy框架中是默认去重的,那内部是如何去重的。
from scrapy.dupefilter import RFPDupeFilter
请求进来以后,会先执行from_settings方法,从settings文件中找一个DUPEFILTER_DEBUG的配置,再执行init初始化方法,生成一个集合 self.fingerprints = set(),然后在执行request_seen方法,所以我们可以自定制去重规则,只要继承BaseDupeFilter即可
class RFPDupeFilter(BaseDupeFilter):
"""Request Fingerprint duplicates filter""" def __init__(self, path=None, debug=False):
self.file = None
self.fingerprints = set()
self.logdupes = True
self.debug = debug
self.logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
if path:
self.file = open(os.path.join(path, 'requests.seen'), 'a+')
self.file.seek(0)
self.fingerprints.update(x.rstrip() for x in self.file) @classmethod
def from_settings(cls, settings):
debug = settings.getbool('DUPEFILTER_DEBUG')
return cls(job_dir(settings), debug) def request_seen(self, request):
fp = self.request_fingerprint(request)
if fp in self.fingerprints:
return True
self.fingerprints.add(fp)
if self.file:
self.file.write(fp + os.linesep) def request_fingerprint(self, request):
return request_fingerprint(request) def close(self, reason):
if self.file:
self.file.close() def log(self, request, spider):
if self.debug:
msg = "Filtered duplicate request: %(request)s"
self.logger.debug(msg, {'request': request}, extra={'spider': spider})
elif self.logdupes:
msg = ("Filtered duplicate request: %(request)s"
" - no more duplicates will be shown"
" (see DUPEFILTER_DEBUG to show all duplicates)")
self.logger.debug(msg, {'request': request}, extra={'spider': spider})
self.logdupes = False spider.crawler.stats.inc_value('dupefilter/filtered', spider=spider)
scrapy框架默认的去重类RFPDupeFilter
scrapy默认使用 scrapy.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter 进行去重,相关配置有:
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DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'scrapy.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter' DUPEFILTER_DEBUG = False JOBDIR = "保存范文记录的日志路径,如:/root/" # 最终路径为 /root/requests.seen |
使用redis的集合自定制去重规则:
import redis
from scrapy.dupefilter import BaseDupeFilter
from scrapy.utils.request import request_fingerprint class Myfilter(BaseDupeFilter):
def __init__(self,key):
self.conn = None
self.key = key @classmethod
def from_settings(cls, settings):
key = settings.get('DUP_REDIS_KEY')
return cls(key) def open(self):
self.conn = redis.Redis(host='127.0.0.1',port=6379) def request_seen(self, request):
fp = request_fingerprint(request)
ret = self.conn.sadd(self.key,fp)
return ret == 0
基于redis自定制去重
备注:利用scrapy的封装的request_fingerprint 进行对每个request对象进行加密,变成固长,方便存储。
定制完去重规则后,如何生效,只需更改配置文件即可:
settings.py文件中设置 DUPEFILTER_CLASS
=
'自定制去重规则的类的路径'
由此可见,去重规则是由两个因素决定的,一个是request对象中的dont_filter参数,一个是去重类。那这两个因素又是如何处理的? 这是由调度器中的enqueue_request方法决定的
# scrapy下的core文件中的scheduler.py文件 class Scheduler(object): def enqueue_request(self, request):
if not request.dont_filter and self.df.request_seen(request):
self.df.log(request, self.spider)
return False
dqok = self._dqpush(request)
if dqok:
self.stats.inc_value('scheduler/enqueued/disk', spider=self.spider)
else:
self._mqpush(request)
self.stats.inc_value('scheduler/enqueued/memory', spider=self.spider)
self.stats.inc_value('scheduler/enqueued', spider=self.spider)
return True
调度器
1.使用队列(广度优先)
2.使用栈(深度优先)
3.使用优先级的队列(利用redis的有序集合)
下载中间件
在request对象请求下载的过程中,会穿过一系列的中间件,这一系列的中间件,在请求下载时,会穿过每一个下载中间件的process_request方法,下载完之后返回时,会穿过process_response方法。那这些中间件有什么用处呢?
作用:统一对所有的request对象进行下载前或下载后的处理
我们可以自定制中间件,在请求时,可以添加一些请求头,在返回时,获得cookie
自定制下载中间件时,需要在settings.py配置文件中配置才会生效。
# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'myspider.middlewares.MyspiderDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
}
如果想在下载时更换url,可以在process_request中设置,一般不会这么做
class MyspiderDownloaderMiddleware(object): def process_request(self, request, spider):
request._set_url(‘更改的url’)
return None
我们可以在请求的中间件中添加请求头,也可以添加cookie,但是,scrapy框架为我们写好了很多东西,我们只需要用即可,自定制的中间件添加scrapy中没有的就行。那么scrapy为我们提供了那些下载中间件呢?
比如:我们请求头中常携带的useragent(在useragent.py中做了处理),还有redirect.py 中,处理了重定向的设置,我们在请求时,会出现重定向的情况,scrapy框架为我们做了重定向处理。
class BaseRedirectMiddleware(object): enabled_setting = 'REDIRECT_ENABLED' def __init__(self, settings):
if not settings.getbool(self.enabled_setting):
raise NotConfigured self.max_redirect_times = settings.getint('REDIRECT_MAX_TIMES')
self.priority_adjust = settings.getint('REDIRECT_PRIORITY_ADJUST') @classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
return cls(crawler.settings)
我们可以在settings配置文件中设置最大重定向的次数来阻止重定向 (REDIRECT_MAX_TIMES)
下载中间件中也为我们处理了cookie。
cookie中间件中,实例化时,创建了一个默认的字典defaultdict(特点:创建默认字典时,传入什么,生成键值对时,值就是什么类型,比如 ret =defaultdict(list) s = ret[1] 此时的ret是一个key为1,值为[]的默认字典)。
在请求进来时,在请求requests对象中取一个cookiejar的值:cookiejarkey = request.meta.get("cookiejar"),并把这个值,直接赋值给了实例化时创建的字典, jar = self.jars[cookiejarkey],此时的 self.jars = {cookiejarkey:CookieJar对象},然后从这个CookieJar中取值。请求时携带取得值。
下载完成后,响应时,会从响应中取到cookie的值jar.extract_cookies(response, request) ,然后添加到cookiejar中
class CookiesMiddleware(object):
"""This middleware enables working with sites that need cookies""" def __init__(self, debug=False):
self.jars = defaultdict(CookieJar)
self.debug = debug @classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
if not crawler.settings.getbool('COOKIES_ENABLED'):
raise NotConfigured
return cls(crawler.settings.getbool('COOKIES_DEBUG')) def process_request(self, request, spider):
if request.meta.get('dont_merge_cookies', False):
return cookiejarkey = request.meta.get("cookiejar")
jar = self.jars[cookiejarkey]
cookies = self._get_request_cookies(jar, request)
for cookie in cookies:
jar.set_cookie_if_ok(cookie, request) # set Cookie header
request.headers.pop('Cookie', None)
jar.add_cookie_header(request)
self._debug_cookie(request, spider)
def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
if request.meta.get('dont_merge_cookies', False):
return response # extract cookies from Set-Cookie and drop invalid/expired cookies
cookiejarkey = request.meta.get("cookiejar")
jar = self.jars[cookiejarkey]
jar.extract_cookies(response, request)
self._debug_set_cookie(response, spider) return response
cookiemiddleware
因此,我们可以在发送请求时,在请求携带的参数中设置meta参数 meta={"cookiejar":任意值} ,下次请求时,直接在请求中也携带同样的meta即可。如果不想携带本次的cookie,也可以重新设置值 meta={"cookiejar":任意值1} ,那后面的请求就可以依据自己的需求,想携带谁就携带谁。
scrapy为我们提供了很多的内置中间件,但是我们自定制中间件时,需要在配置文件中配置,但是,在配置文件中,我们并看到这些scrapy自带的中间件,因为这些中间件的配置在scrapy的默认配置文件中。
打开这个默认的配置文件,可以看到scrapy默认的中间件以及优先级的数值
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES_BASE = {
# Engine side
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.robotstxt.RobotsTxtMiddleware': 100,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpauth.HttpAuthMiddleware': 300,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.downloadtimeout.DownloadTimeoutMiddleware': 350,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.defaultheaders.DefaultHeadersMiddleware': 400,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': 500,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.retry.RetryMiddleware': 550,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.ajaxcrawl.AjaxCrawlMiddleware': 560,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.redirect.MetaRefreshMiddleware': 580,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcompression.HttpCompressionMiddleware': 590,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.redirect.RedirectMiddleware': 600,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.cookies.CookiesMiddleware': 700,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware': 750,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.stats.DownloaderStats': 850,
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcache.HttpCacheMiddleware': 900,
# Downloader side
}
scrapy内置的下载中间件的配置信息
所以,但我们自定制对应的中间件时,请求时一定要比默认的对应的中间件的数值大,返回响应时一定要比默认的对应的中间件的数值小,否则默认的中间件会覆盖掉自定制的中间件(执行顺序:请求时从小到大,响应时从大到小),从而无法生效。
当然,这些中间件也是有返回值,请求中间件 process_request 返回None表示继续执行后续的中间件,返回response(怎么返回response?伪造一个,可以自己使用requests模块访问一个其他url,返回response,或者from scrapy.http import Response 实例化一个response对象即可)就会跳过后续的请求中间件,直接执行所有的响应中间件(是所有,不同于django的中间件)。也可以返回一个request对象,表示放弃此次请求,并将返回的request对象添加到调度器中。也可以抛出一个异常。
返回响应时, process_response 必须要有返回值,正常情况下返回response,也可以返回一个request对象,也可以抛出异常。
下载中间件中也可以设置代理。
爬虫中间件
爬虫应用将item对象或者request对象依次穿过爬虫中间件的process_spider_output方法传给引擎进行分发,下载完成后依次穿过爬虫中间件的process_spider_input方法。
返回值:process_spider_output方法必须返回None或者抛出一个异常
同样的,我们自定义爬虫中间件也要在配置文件中配置
# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'myspider.middlewares.MyspiderSpiderMiddleware': 543,
}
那么爬虫中间件有什么作用呢?我们爬取的深度(DEPTH_LIMIT参数)和优先级是如何实现的呢?就是通过内置的爬虫中间件实现的。
scrapy框架为我们内置的一些爬虫中件间:
那爬虫爬取的深度限制和优先级是如何实现的呢? 通过depth.py 这个文件
爬虫执行到深度中间件时,会先调用from_crawler方法,这个方法会先去settings文件中获取几个参数:DEPTH_LIMIT(爬取深度)、DEPTH_PRIORITY(优先级)、DEPTH_STATS_VERBOSE(是否收集最后一层),然后通过process_spider_output 方法中判断有没有设置过depth,如果没有就给当前的request对象设置depth=0参数,然后通过每层自加一 depth = response.meta['depth'] + 1实现层级的控制
class DepthMiddleware(object): def __init__(self, maxdepth, stats=None, verbose_stats=False, prio=1):
self.maxdepth = maxdepth
self.stats = stats
self.verbose_stats = verbose_stats
self.prio = prio @classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
settings = crawler.settings
maxdepth = settings.getint('DEPTH_LIMIT')
verbose = settings.getbool('DEPTH_STATS_VERBOSE')
prio = settings.getint('DEPTH_PRIORITY')
return cls(maxdepth, crawler.stats, verbose, prio) def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):
def _filter(request):
if isinstance(request, Request):
depth = response.meta['depth'] + 1
request.meta['depth'] = depth
if self.prio:
request.priority -= depth * self.prio
if self.maxdepth and depth > self.maxdepth:
logger.debug(
"Ignoring link (depth > %(maxdepth)d): %(requrl)s ",
{'maxdepth': self.maxdepth, 'requrl': request.url},
extra={'spider': spider}
)
return False
elif self.stats:
if self.verbose_stats:
self.stats.inc_value('request_depth_count/%s' % depth,
spider=spider)
self.stats.max_value('request_depth_max', depth,
spider=spider)
return True # base case (depth=0)
if self.stats and 'depth' not in response.meta:
response.meta['depth'] = 0
if self.verbose_stats:
self.stats.inc_value('request_depth_count/0', spider=spider) return (r for r in result or () if _filter(r))
depthmiddleware
备注:response.request 表示当前响应是由那个request对象发起的
response.meta 等同于 response.request.meta 可以获取到当前响应对应的request对象的meta属性
没有meta属性时,会默认携带一些参数:比如当前页面下载的时间。
{'download_timeout': 180.0, 'download_slot': 'dig.chouti.com', 'download_latency': 0.5455923080444336}
同时,request的优先级,通过自身的priority的值自减depth的值得到request.priority -= depth * self.prio
如果 配置值DEPTH_PRIORITY设置为1,则请求的优先级会递减(0,-1,-2,...)
如果 配置值DEPTH_PRIORITY设置为-1,则请求的优先级会递增(0,1,2,...)
通过这种方式,通过改变配置的正负值,来实现优先级的控制(是深度优先(从大到小),还是广度优先(从小到大)) scrapy中DEPTH_LIMIT 和 DEPTH_PRIORITY的默认值
scrapy框架中默认的爬虫中间件的配置信息
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES_BASE = {
# Engine side
'scrapy.spidermiddlewares.httperror.HttpErrorMiddleware': 50,
'scrapy.spidermiddlewares.offsite.OffsiteMiddleware': 500,
'scrapy.spidermiddlewares.referer.RefererMiddleware': 700,
'scrapy.spidermiddlewares.urllength.UrlLengthMiddleware': 800,
'scrapy.spidermiddlewares.depth.DepthMiddleware': 900,
# Spider side
}
scrapy框架内置的爬虫中间件的默认配置信息
备注:scrapy框架完美的遵循了开放封闭原则(源码封闭,配置文件开放)
自定制命令
有两种自定义命令的方式
执行单个爬虫时,直接写一个python脚本(.py文件)即可,这是scrapy框架默认支持的
通过脚本执行单个爬虫脚本
import sys
from scrapy.cmdline import execute if __name__ == '__main__':
# 方式一
#可以直接写 脚本的目录下终端运行 --> python 脚本名
# execute(["scrapy","crawl","chouti","--nolog"]) # #也可以借助sys.argv 在命令行中传参数会被argv捕获(argv为一个列表,第一个参数为脚本的路径,后面是传的参数)
# # 比如 运行命令 : python 脚本 参数(chouti)
# print(sys.argv)
execute(['scrapy','crawl',sys.argv[1],'--nolog'])
单个爬虫
如果我们希望可以同时执行多个爬虫时,就需要自定制命令
自定制命令的步骤:
- 在spiders同级创建任意目录,如:commands
- 在其中创建 crawlall.py 文件 (此处文件名就是自定义的命令) 备注:py文件什么名字,自定义命令就是什么名字
from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand
from scrapy.utils.project import get_project_settings class Command(ScrapyCommand): requires_project = True def syntax(self):
return '[options]' def short_desc(self):
return 'Runs all of the spiders' # 返回对该命令的描述信息,可以通过scrapy --help 查看 def run(self, args, opts):
# 自定制命令默认执行的方法,可以通过判断等定制内容
# 执行所有的爬虫
spider_list = self.crawler_process.spiders.list()
for name in spider_list:
self.crawler_process.crawl(name, **opts.__dict__)
self.crawler_process.start()crawlall.py
- 在settings.py 中添加配置 COMMANDS_MODULE = '项目名称.目录名称'
- 在项目目录执行命令:scrapy crawlall
自定制扩展
自定义扩展是利用信号在指定位置注册指定操作
自定义扩展是基于scrapy中的信号的
from scrapy import signals class MyExtension(object):
def __init__(self):
pass @classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
# 可以在配置文件中指定参数
# val = crawler.settings.getint('MMMM')
# ext = cls(val) ext = cls() crawler.signals.connect(ext.func_open, signal=signals.spider_opened) # 表示执行到爬虫开始时(spider_opened),开始执行func_open这个函数
crawler.signals.connect(ext.func_close, signal=signals.spider_closed) # 结束时,执行func_close 函数 return ext def func_open(self, spider):
print('open') def func_close(self, spider):
print('close')
自定义扩展
同样的我们自定义扩展后也要在配置文件中配置才能生效
# Enable or disable extensions
# See https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
EXTENSIONS = {
# 'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
'xxx.xxx.xxxx': 500,
}
自定义扩展是在scrapy指定的位置实现的,那scrapy又给我们提供了哪些可扩展的地方?
解释:engine_stared 和 engine_stopped 是引擎的开始和结束 ,是整个爬虫爬取任务最开始和结束的地方
spider_opend 和 spider_closed 是爬虫开始和结束
spider_idle 表示爬虫空闲 spider_error 表示爬虫错误
request_scheduled 表示调度器开始调度的时候 request_dropped 表示请求舍弃
response_received 表示响应接收到 response_downloaded 表示下载完毕
代理
实现有三种方式:
基于环境变量 (给当前进程中的所有的请求加代理)
借助os模块中的environ方法,print(os.environ) 得到的是当前进程中的共享的变量,可以通过设置key,val实现。
在爬虫程序刚开始启动之前设置环境变量:
启动脚本中设置
import os
os.environ['http_proxy'] = '代理http:xxx.com'
os.environ['https_proxy'] = '代理https:xxx.com'
或者start_requests方法中:
def start_requests(self):
import os
os.environ['http_proxy'] = 'http:xxx.com'
yield Request(url='xxx')
基于request的meta参数 (给单个请求加代理)
在request参数中设置 meta={'proxy':'代理http:xxx.com'}
基于下载中间件
怎么使用呢?先看源码中怎么实现的
请求到达HttpProxyMiddleware中间件后,先执行from_crawler方法,从配置文件中查看是否有HTTPPROXY_ENABLED参数
这个参数表示是否开启代理,然后实例化时,创建了一个空字典 self.proxies = {} ,并循环getproxies,这个getproxies是什么?
class HttpProxyMiddleware(object): def __init__(self, auth_encoding='latin-1'):
self.auth_encoding = auth_encoding
self.proxies = {}
for type, url in getproxies().items():
self.proxies[type] = self._get_proxy(url, type)
getproxies = getproxies_environment 等于一个函数
def getproxies_environment(): proxies = {} for name, value in os.environ.items():
name = name.lower()
if value and name[-6:] == '_proxy':
proxies[name[:-6]] = value if 'REQUEST_METHOD' in os.environ:
proxies.pop('http', None)
for name, value in os.environ.items():
if name[-6:] == '_proxy':
name = name.lower()
if value:
proxies[name[:-6]] = value
else:
proxies.pop(name[:-6], None)
return proxies
这个函数中,循环环境变量的值,并从中找一个以_proxy结尾 的key,然后进行字符串的切割,并将处理后的值放入示例化的proxies字典中。比如:我们设置了环境变量 os.environ["http_proxy"] = 'http:xxx.com',那么处理后的proxies字典中的结果为{"http":"http:xxx.com"} 。因此我们可以采用这种方式,实现添加代理,那我们在一开始就要设置好全局变量,在start_requests方法中就要设置,或者在脚本启动之前也可以。
执行process_request方法时,会先从request的meta参数中找 ‘proxy’ ,如果存在,则使用,不存在,就从self.proxies这个字典中找,这个字典的值来自于全局环境变量。
因此,request中meta参数的优先级高于全局环境变量的。
def process_request(self, request, spider):
# ignore if proxy is already set
if 'proxy' in request.meta:
if request.meta['proxy'] is None:
return
# extract credentials if present
creds, proxy_url = self._get_proxy(request.meta['proxy'], '')
request.meta['proxy'] = proxy_url
if creds and not request.headers.get('Proxy-Authorization'):
request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = b'Basic ' + creds
return
elif not self.proxies:
return
if scheme in self.proxies:
self._set_proxy(request, scheme)
class HttpProxyMiddleware(object): def __init__(self, auth_encoding='latin-1'):
self.auth_encoding = auth_encoding
self.proxies = {}
for type, url in getproxies().items():
self.proxies[type] = self._get_proxy(url, type) @classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
if not crawler.settings.getbool('HTTPPROXY_ENABLED'):
raise NotConfigured
auth_encoding = crawler.settings.get('HTTPPROXY_AUTH_ENCODING')
return cls(auth_encoding) def _basic_auth_header(self, username, password):
user_pass = to_bytes(
'%s:%s' % (unquote(username), unquote(password)),
encoding=self.auth_encoding)
return base64.b64encode(user_pass).strip() def _get_proxy(self, url, orig_type):
proxy_type, user, password, hostport = _parse_proxy(url)
proxy_url = urlunparse((proxy_type or orig_type, hostport, '', '', '', '')) if user:
creds = self._basic_auth_header(user, password)
else:
creds = None return creds, proxy_url def process_request(self, request, spider):
# ignore if proxy is already set
if 'proxy' in request.meta:
if request.meta['proxy'] is None:
return
# extract credentials if present
creds, proxy_url = self._get_proxy(request.meta['proxy'], '')
request.meta['proxy'] = proxy_url
if creds and not request.headers.get('Proxy-Authorization'):
request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = b'Basic ' + creds
return
elif not self.proxies:
return parsed = urlparse_cached(request)
scheme = parsed.scheme # 'no_proxy' is only supported by http schemes
if scheme in ('http', 'https') and proxy_bypass(parsed.hostname):
return if scheme in self.proxies:
self._set_proxy(request, scheme) def _set_proxy(self, request, scheme):
creds, proxy = self.proxies[scheme]
request.meta['proxy'] = proxy
if creds:
request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = b'Basic ' + creds
HttpProxMiddleWare
小结:request的meta参数和全局环境变量的方式设置代理 适用于下载量比较小的场景,当下载量很大时,由于频繁的使用一个或几个就会容易被封。
所以,当请求量很大时,就需要用到第三种方式了,自定制一个下载中间件,每次随机从所有的代理中取出一个取执行,这样就会没有规律性,就不容易被封。
import random
import base64 class ProxyMiddleware(object):
def process_request(self, request, spider):
PROXIES = [
{'ip_port': '111.11.228.75:80', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '120.198.243.22:80', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '111.8.60.9:8123', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '101.71.27.120:80', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '122.96.59.104:80', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '122.224.249.122:8088', 'user_pass': ''},
]
proxy = random.choice(PROXIES)
if proxy['user_pass'] is not None:
request.meta['proxy'] = bytes("http://%s" % proxy['ip_port'],encoding='utf8')
encoded_user_pass = base64.encodebytes(bytes(proxy['user_pass'],encoding='utf8'))
request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = bytes('Basic ' + encoded_user_pass,encoding='utf8') else: request.meta['proxy'] = bytes("http://%s" % proxy['ip_port'],encoding='utf8')
自定制下载中间件
设置后要在settings.py 中配置
scrapy中settings.py文件解析
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # Scrapy settings for step8_king project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
# http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
# http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
# http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html # 1. 爬虫名称
BOT_NAME = 'step8_king' # 2. 爬虫应用路径
SPIDER_MODULES = ['step8_king.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'step8_king.spiders' # Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
# 3. 客户端 user-agent请求头
# USER_AGENT = 'step8_king (+http://www.yourdomain.com)' # Obey robots.txt rules
# 4. 禁止爬虫配置
# ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False # Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
# 5. 并发请求数
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 4 # Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
# 6. 延迟下载秒数
# DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 2 # The download delay setting will honor only one of:
# 7. 单域名访问并发数,并且延迟下次秒数也应用在每个域名
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 2
# 单IP访问并发数,如果有值则忽略:CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN,并且延迟下次秒数也应用在每个IP
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 3 # Disable cookies (enabled by default)
# 8. 是否支持cookie,cookiejar进行操作cookie
# COOKIES_ENABLED = True
# COOKIES_DEBUG = True # Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
# 9. Telnet用于查看当前爬虫的信息,操作爬虫等...
# 使用telnet ip port ,然后通过命令操作
# TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = True
# TELNETCONSOLE_HOST = '127.0.0.1'
# TELNETCONSOLE_PORT = [6023,] # 10. 默认请求头
# Override the default request headers:
# DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
# 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
# 'Accept-Language': 'en',
# } # Configure item pipelines
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
# 11. 定义pipeline处理请求
# ITEM_PIPELINES = {
# 'step8_king.pipelines.JsonPipeline': 700,
# 'step8_king.pipelines.FilePipeline': 500,
# } # 12. 自定义扩展,基于信号进行调用
# Enable or disable extensions
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
# EXTENSIONS = {
# # 'step8_king.extensions.MyExtension': 500,
# } # 13. 爬虫允许的最大深度,可以通过meta查看当前深度;0表示无深度
# DEPTH_LIMIT = 3 # 14. 爬取时,0表示深度优先Lifo(默认);1表示广度优先FiFo # 后进先出,深度优先
# DEPTH_PRIORITY = 0
# SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.PickleLifoDiskQueue'
# SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.LifoMemoryQueue'
# 先进先出,广度优先 # DEPTH_PRIORITY = 1
# SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.PickleFifoDiskQueue'
# SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.FifoMemoryQueue' # 15. 调度器队列
# SCHEDULER = 'scrapy.core.scheduler.Scheduler'
# from scrapy.core.scheduler import Scheduler # 16. 访问URL去重
# DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'step8_king.duplication.RepeatUrl' # Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html """
17. 自动限速算法
from scrapy.contrib.throttle import AutoThrottle
自动限速设置
1. 获取最小延迟 DOWNLOAD_DELAY
2. 获取最大延迟 AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY
3. 设置初始下载延迟 AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY
4. 当请求下载完成后,获取其"连接"时间 latency,即:请求连接到接受到响应头之间的时间
5. 用于计算的... AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY
target_delay = latency / self.target_concurrency
new_delay = (slot.delay + target_delay) / 2.0 # 表示上一次的延迟时间
new_delay = max(target_delay, new_delay)
new_delay = min(max(self.mindelay, new_delay), self.maxdelay)
slot.delay = new_delay
""" # 开始自动限速
# AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
# 初始下载延迟
# AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
# 最大下载延迟
# AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 10
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to each remote server
# 平均每秒并发数
# AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0 # Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
# 是否显示
# AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = True # Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings """
18. 启用缓存
目的用于将已经发送的请求或相应缓存下来,以便以后使用 from scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcache import HttpCacheMiddleware
from scrapy.extensions.httpcache import DummyPolicy
from scrapy.extensions.httpcache import FilesystemCacheStorage
"""
# 是否启用缓存策略
# HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True # 缓存策略:所有请求均缓存,下次在请求直接访问原来的缓存即可
# HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.DummyPolicy"
# 缓存策略:根据Http响应头:Cache-Control、Last-Modified 等进行缓存的策略
# HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.RFC2616Policy" # 缓存超时时间
# HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0 # 缓存保存路径
# HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache' # 缓存忽略的Http状态码
# HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = [] # 缓存存储的插件
# HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage' """
19. 代理,需要在环境变量中设置
from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy import HttpProxyMiddleware 方式一:使用默认
os.environ
{
http_proxy:http://root:woshiniba@192.168.11.11:9999/
https_proxy:http://192.168.11.11:9999/
}
方式二:使用自定义下载中间件 def to_bytes(text, encoding=None, errors='strict'):
if isinstance(text, bytes):
return text
if not isinstance(text, six.string_types):
raise TypeError('to_bytes must receive a unicode, str or bytes '
'object, got %s' % type(text).__name__)
if encoding is None:
encoding = 'utf-8'
return text.encode(encoding, errors) class ProxyMiddleware(object):
def process_request(self, request, spider):
PROXIES = [
{'ip_port': '111.11.228.75:80', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '120.198.243.22:80', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '111.8.60.9:8123', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '101.71.27.120:80', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '122.96.59.104:80', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '122.224.249.122:8088', 'user_pass': ''},
]
proxy = random.choice(PROXIES)
if proxy['user_pass'] is not None:
request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes("http://%s" % proxy['ip_port'])
encoded_user_pass = base64.encodestring(to_bytes(proxy['user_pass']))
request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = to_bytes('Basic ' + encoded_user_pass)
print "**************ProxyMiddleware have pass************" + proxy['ip_port']
else:
print "**************ProxyMiddleware no pass************" + proxy['ip_port']
request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes("http://%s" % proxy['ip_port']) DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'step8_king.middlewares.ProxyMiddleware': 500,
} """ """
20. Https访问
Https访问时有两种情况:
1. 要爬取网站使用的可信任证书(默认支持)
DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory"
DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory.ScrapyClientContextFactory" 2. 要爬取网站使用的自定义证书
DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory"
DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY = "step8_king.https.MySSLFactory" # https.py
from scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory import ScrapyClientContextFactory
from twisted.internet.ssl import (optionsForClientTLS, CertificateOptions, PrivateCertificate) class MySSLFactory(ScrapyClientContextFactory):
def getCertificateOptions(self):
from OpenSSL import crypto
v1 = crypto.load_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open('/Users/wupeiqi/client.key.unsecure', mode='r').read())
v2 = crypto.load_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open('/Users/wupeiqi/client.pem', mode='r').read())
return CertificateOptions(
privateKey=v1, # pKey对象
certificate=v2, # X509对象
verify=False,
method=getattr(self, 'method', getattr(self, '_ssl_method', None))
)
其他:
相关类
scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http.HttpDownloadHandler
scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory
scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory.ScrapyClientContextFactory
相关配置
DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY
DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY """ """
21. 爬虫中间件
class SpiderMiddleware(object): def process_spider_input(self,response, spider):
'''
下载完成,执行,然后交给parse处理
:param response:
:param spider:
:return:
'''
pass def process_spider_output(self,response, result, spider):
'''
spider处理完成,返回时调用
:param response:
:param result:
:param spider:
:return: 必须返回包含 Request 或 Item 对象的可迭代对象(iterable)
'''
return result def process_spider_exception(self,response, exception, spider):
'''
异常调用
:param response:
:param exception:
:param spider:
:return: None,继续交给后续中间件处理异常;含 Response 或 Item 的可迭代对象(iterable),交给调度器或pipeline
'''
return None def process_start_requests(self,start_requests, spider):
'''
爬虫启动时调用
:param start_requests:
:param spider:
:return: 包含 Request 对象的可迭代对象
'''
return start_requests 内置爬虫中间件:
'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.httperror.HttpErrorMiddleware': 50,
'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.offsite.OffsiteMiddleware': 500,
'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.referer.RefererMiddleware': 700,
'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.urllength.UrlLengthMiddleware': 800,
'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.depth.DepthMiddleware': 900, """
# from scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.referer import RefererMiddleware
# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
# 'step8_king.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware': 543,
} """
22. 下载中间件
class DownMiddleware1(object):
def process_request(self, request, spider):
'''
请求需要被下载时,经过所有下载器中间件的process_request调用
:param request:
:param spider:
:return:
None,继续后续中间件去下载;
Response对象,停止process_request的执行,开始执行process_response
Request对象,停止中间件的执行,将Request重新调度器
raise IgnoreRequest异常,停止process_request的执行,开始执行process_exception
'''
pass def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
'''
spider处理完成,返回时调用
:param response:
:param result:
:param spider:
:return:
Response 对象:转交给其他中间件process_response
Request 对象:停止中间件,request会被重新调度下载
raise IgnoreRequest 异常:调用Request.errback
'''
print('response1')
return response def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
'''
当下载处理器(download handler)或 process_request() (下载中间件)抛出异常
:param response:
:param exception:
:param spider:
:return:
None:继续交给后续中间件处理异常;
Response对象:停止后续process_exception方法
Request对象:停止中间件,request将会被重新调用下载
'''
return None 默认下载中间件
{
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.robotstxt.RobotsTxtMiddleware': 100,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpauth.HttpAuthMiddleware': 300,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.downloadtimeout.DownloadTimeoutMiddleware': 350,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': 400,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.retry.RetryMiddleware': 500,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.defaultheaders.DefaultHeadersMiddleware': 550,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.redirect.MetaRefreshMiddleware': 580,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpcompression.HttpCompressionMiddleware': 590,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.redirect.RedirectMiddleware': 600,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.cookies.CookiesMiddleware': 700,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware': 750,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.chunked.ChunkedTransferMiddleware': 830,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.stats.DownloaderStats': 850,
'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpcache.HttpCacheMiddleware': 900,
} """
# from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpauth import HttpAuthMiddleware
# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
# DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
# 'step8_king.middlewares.DownMiddleware1': 100,
# 'step8_king.middlewares.DownMiddleware2': 500,
# }
settings
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