Java HashMap源码分析

貌似HashMap跟ConcurrentHashMap是面试经常考的东西，抽空来简单分析下它的源码

构造函数

/**
     * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the default initial capacity
     * (16) and the default load factor (0.75).
     */
    public HashMap() {
        this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
    }
 
/**
     * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
     * capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
     *
     * @param  initialCapacity the initial capacity.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative.
     */
    public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
        this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
    }
 
/**
     * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
     * capacity and load factor.
     *
     * @param  initialCapacity the initial capacity
     * @param  loadFactor      the load factor
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative
     *         or the load factor is nonpositive
     */
    public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
                                               initialCapacity);
        if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
            initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
                                               loadFactor);
        this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
        this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
    }

第二个构造函数是调用了第三个构造函数，第三个构造函数是用用户给定的初始容量和装填因子，初始化threshold和装填因子两个变量，而threshold在代码中的描述如下：

/**
     * The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor).
     *
     * @serial
     */
    // (The javadoc description is true upon serialization.
    // Additionally, if the table array has not been allocated, this
    // field holds the initial array capacity, or zero signifying
    // DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY.)
    int threshold;

从英语的字面意思上看，是指下一次map resize之后的大小，而计算的方法是通过tableSizeFor得到

/**
     * Returns a power of two size for the given target capacity.
     */
    static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) {
        int n = cap - 1;
        n |= n >>> 1;
        n |= n >>> 2;
        n |= n >>> 4;
        n |= n >>> 8;
        n |= n >>> 16;
        return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;
    }

tableSizeFor方法，是将给定的初始容量格式化成2的幂的方法，比如输入4，得到4，输入7得到8。

常用的关于HashMap的操作，主要是put(增，改),get（查）,remove（删），isEmpty（查）

依次来看，首先观察下HashMap是怎么往里面（put）加入数据的：

/**
     * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
     * If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
     * value is replaced.
     *
     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
     * @param value value to be associated with the specified key
     * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
     *         <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
     *         (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
     *         previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
     */
    public V put(K key, V value) {
        return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
    }
 
    /**
     * Implements Map.put and related methods
     *
     * @param hash hash for key
     * @param key the key
     * @param value the value to put
     * @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value
     * @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
     * @return previous value, or null if none
     */
    final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
                   boolean evict) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
        if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
            n = (tab = resize()).length;
        if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
            tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
        else {
            Node<K,V> e; K k;
            if (p.hash == hash &&
                ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                e = p;
            else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
                e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
            else {
                for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
                    if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                        p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
                        if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                            treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                        break;
                    }
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                        ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                        break;
                    p = e;
                }
            }
            if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
                V oldValue = e.value;
                if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
                    e.value = value;
                afterNodeAccess(e);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        ++modCount;
        if (++size > threshold)
            resize();
        afterNodeInsertion(evict);
        return null;
    }

先来读一下put的函数说明，它是把特定的值（value）和特定的键（key）关联在map中，如果map中之前就已经包含了key，那么之前key对应的值就会被替代

返回的值表示：key之前对应的value值或者null。其中返回null值，有两种情况，1.之前在map中没有这个key存在 2.这个key值之前对应的value值就是null。

具体的代码实现，是调用了putVal方法，因此，接下来查看下putVal方法。

在看putVal方法的时候，先仔细观察下putVal方法的函数签名，前面两个是key和key对应的hash值，第三个表示要put的value，第四个是是否不更改已经存在的值，第五个是是否是

creation模式。前面三个好理解， 根据我们之前，对put方法的解读，我们可以了解到put是要干这么一件事：如果key存在，那我改value；如果key，不存在，我往里面加这个value。总之，要把给定KV 加进map里的,因此，第四个传的肯定是false,第五个是true。回过头来看put调用putVal方法给的值，就没有疑问了。

接着看putVal方法的具体实现：

putVal实现上，第一行代码就出现了Node，第一眼就蒙了，别急，接着看下Node的定义

/**
     * Basic hash bin node, used for most entries.  (See below for
     * TreeNode subclass, and in LinkedHashMap for its Entry subclass.)
     */
    static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
        final int hash;
        final K key;
        V value;
        Node<K,V> next;
 
        Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
            this.hash = hash;
            this.key = key;
            this.value = value;
            this.next = next;
        }
 
        public final K getKey()        { return key; }
        public final V getValue()      { return value; }
        public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }
 
        public final int hashCode() {
            return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
        }
 
        public final V setValue(V newValue) {
            V oldValue = value;
            value = newValue;
            return oldValue;
        }
 
        public final boolean equals(Object o) {
            if (o == this)
                return true;
            if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
                Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
                if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
                    Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
                    return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
    }

Node的说明，没看太懂，但它实现的代码很简单，实现了Entry接口，然后是一个链表结构，里面还存在一个next节点

现在回过头看putVal的内容，

Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
        if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
            n = (tab = resize()).length;
        if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
            tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);

第一行，申明这种局部变量，紧接着，将table 赋值给tab 判断是否为null，table是一个成员变量，存储Node节点，定义如下：

/**
     * The table, initialized on first use, and resized as
     * necessary. When allocated, length is always a power of two.
     * (We also tolerate length zero in some operations to allow
     * bootstrapping mechanics that are currently not needed.)
     */
    transient Node<K,V>[] table;

说的是table在第一次使用的时候，初始化，resized为必需的空间，长度始终是2的幂。然后这个变量不可被序列化。第一次调用的时候table等于null，因而tab等于null，所以重新使用resize方法将值赋给tab，并将长度赋值给n.

接着来看resize方法，

/**
     * Initializes or doubles table size.  If null, allocates in
     * accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.
     * Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the
     * elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move
     * with a power of two offset in the new table.
     *
     * @return the table
     */
    final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
        Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
        int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
        int oldThr = threshold;
        int newCap, newThr = 0;
        if (oldCap > 0) {
            if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
                threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                return oldTab;
            }
            else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
                     oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
                newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
        }
        else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
            newCap = oldThr;
        else {               // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
            newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
            newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
        }
        if (newThr == 0) {
            float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
            newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
                      (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
        }
        threshold = newThr;
        @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
            Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
        table = newTab;
        if (oldTab != null) {
            for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
                Node<K,V> e;
                if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
                    oldTab[j] = null;
                    if (e.next == null)
                        newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
                    else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
                        ((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
                    else { // preserve order
                        Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
                        Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
                        Node<K,V> next;
                        do {
                            next = e.next;
                            if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
                                if (loTail == null)
                                    loHead = e;
                                else
                                    loTail.next = e;
                                loTail = e;
                            }
                            else {
                                if (hiTail == null)
                                    hiHead = e;
                                else
                                    hiTail.next = e;
                                hiTail = e;
                            }
                        } while ((e = next) != null);
                        if (loTail != null) {
                            loTail.next = null;
                            newTab[j] = loHead;
                        }
                        if (hiTail != null) {
                            hiTail.next = null;
                            newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return newTab;
    }

resize方法是初始化table或者double table的大小，如果table为null，那么就用初始容量来赋值给threshold

oldCap的值等于table的长度，oldThr的值等于threshold,我们使用完构造函数初始化的时候，table是null的，因而oldCap为0;而无參构造函数没处理threshold，因而值为0，有參构造函数，将它变成赋值为一个[1,MAXIMUM_CAPACITY]的值。因而，在无參构造函数的时候——————》newCap会被赋值默认初始容量，newThr会被赋值给(默认初始容量与装填因子的乘积)；在有參构造函数的时候－－－－－》只会更改newCap赋值为threshold的值。这两步都更改了newCap的值，如果newThr没有被更改，即threshold>0,将newCap和装填因子的乘积赋给newThr，对边界判定，再重新赋值给threshold。（无參的时候，是将容量复制给threshold,现在在reSize的时候改回来了）如果当table不为空threshold也大于0的时候，边界判定，如果OK，newCap扩大一倍，newThr扩大一倍。最后，再把之前的结果，加入到新newTab中，将oldTab中的元素置为null。

OK先到这里，回到putVal方法tab resize之后，变成16个（初始容量）的Node数组，n等于初始容量。紧接着，看table[(n-1)&hash]是否为空，等于null，将其放置在这个位置上，不为空，那么就需要解决冲突，将其放入到合适的位置。里面有一个变量modCount，定义如下

/**
     * The number of times this HashMap has been structurally modified
     * Structural modifications are those that change the number of mappings in
     * the HashMap or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g.,
     * rehash).  This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of
     * the HashMap fail-fast.  (See ConcurrentModificationException).
     */
    transient int modCount;

表示的是结构修改的次数,好像是用来检测并发修改异常？另外有一点需要注意下当一个bin（桶）装的数据太多的时候，会把Node转成TreeNode, TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8(常量)

else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
                e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
else {
         for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
                    if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                        p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
                        if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                            treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                        break;
                     }

结合上面转成TreeNode的场景，从下面treeifyBin的代码清楚的看到，它会将对应的桶的节点转成TreeNode，先不看TreeNode的定义，从下面转化的代码，可以猜测到TreeNode除了KV属性，还包括prev(字面意思前一个)，next（下一个），而且显然，他也要继承Node。

/**
     * Replaces all linked nodes in bin at index for given hash unless
     * table is too small, in which case resizes instead.
     */
    final void treeifyBin(Node<K,V>[] tab, int hash) {
        int n, index; Node<K,V> e;
        if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) < MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY)
            resize();
        else if ((e = tab[index = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
            TreeNode<K,V> hd = null, tl = null;
            do {
                TreeNode<K,V> p = replacementTreeNode(e, null);
                if (tl == null)
                    hd = p;
                else {
                    p.prev = tl;
                    tl.next = p;
                }
                tl = p;
            } while ((e = e.next) != null);
            if ((tab[index] = hd) != null)
                hd.treeify(tab);
        }
    }

TreeNode 简单列举下，代码太长了，就不全列了，TreeNode 应该是一个红黑树实现的

static final class TreeNode<K,V> extends LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> {
        TreeNode<K,V> parent;  // red-black tree links
        TreeNode<K,V> left;
        TreeNode<K,V> right;
        TreeNode<K,V> prev;    // needed to unlink next upon deletion
        boolean red;
        TreeNode(int hash, K key, V val, Node<K,V> next) {
            super(hash, key, val, next);
        }
 
        /**
         * Returns root of tree containing this node.
         */
        final TreeNode<K,V> root() {
            for (TreeNode<K,V> r = this, p;;) {
                if ((p = r.parent) == null)
                    return r;
                r = p;
            }
        }
 
/**
     * HashMap.Node subclass for normal LinkedHashMap entries.
     */
    static class Entry<K,V> extends HashMap.Node<K,V> {
        Entry<K,V> before, after;
        Entry(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
            super(hash, key, value, next);
        }
    }

两个回调函数

afterNodeAccess，afterNodeInsertion，是空函数？这是为啥？留存

// Callbacks to allow LinkedHashMap post-actions
    void afterNodeAccess(Node<K,V> p) { }
    void afterNodeInsertion(boolean evict) { }

至此，put方法实现简单的看完了，现在来看get方法

/**
     * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
     * or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
     *
     * <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
     * {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null :
     * key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise
     * it returns {@code null}.  (There can be at most one such mapping.)
     *
     * <p>A return value of {@code null} does not <i>necessarily</i>
     * indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also
     * possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}.
     * The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to
     * distinguish these two cases.
     *
     * @see #put(Object, Object)
     */
    public V get(Object key) {
        Node<K,V> e;
        return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
    }
 
    /**
     * Implements Map.get and related methods
     *
     * @param hash hash for key
     * @param key the key
     * @return the node, or null if none
     */
    final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k;
        if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
            (first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
            if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
                ((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                return first;
            if ((e = first.next) != null) {
                if (first instanceof TreeNode)
                    return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
                do {
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                        ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                        return e;
                } while ((e = e.next) != null);
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

get方法的注解挺简单的，大概意思是说返回key对应的value值，如果map中不含有key，那么返回null.注意一点地是，返回null，也有可能是key对应的值，因此，如果需要区分这两种情况，使用

containsKey方法。值得注意的一点,containsKey和get都是调用getNode方法，因此，只需要看它即可，了解二者是怎样区分的。

前面，我们在看put的时候，可以发现KV是存在Node中的，而getNode就是返回这样的Node，当存在样的Node节点的时候，getNode返回这个Key对应的节点，否则返回null。而get之所以区分不开，是因为下面这行代码

return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;

getNode返回的节点e 为null的时候，(表示不存在),get也返回null。当e不为null的时候，返回e.value。而e.value有可能为null。

remove操作和put操作差不多，它调用的是removeNode

public V remove(Object key) {
        Node<K,V> e;
        return (e = removeNode(hash(key), key, null, false, true)) == null ?
            null : e.value;
    }
 
    /**
     * Implements Map.remove and related methods
     *
     * @param hash hash for key
     * @param key the key
     * @param value the value to match if matchValue, else ignored
     * @param matchValue if true only remove if value is equal
     * @param movable if false do not move other nodes while removing
     * @return the node, or null if none
     */
    final Node<K,V> removeNode(int hash, Object key, Object value,
                               boolean matchValue, boolean movable) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, index;
        if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
            (p = tab[index = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
            Node<K,V> node = null, e; K k; V v;
            if (p.hash == hash &&
                ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                node = p;
            else if ((e = p.next) != null) {
                if (p instanceof TreeNode)
                    node = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).getTreeNode(hash, key);
                else {
                    do {
                        if (e.hash == hash &&
                            ((k = e.key) == key ||
                             (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
                            node = e;
                            break;
                        }
                        p = e;
                    } while ((e = e.next) != null);
                }
            }
            if (node != null && (!matchValue || (v = node.value) == value ||
                                 (value != null && value.equals(v)))) {
                if (node instanceof TreeNode)
                    ((TreeNode<K,V>)node).removeTreeNode(this, tab, movable);
                else if (node == p)
                    tab[index] = node.next;
                else
                    p.next = node.next;
                ++modCount;
                --size;
                afterNodeRemoval(node);
                return node;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

简单总结下：

1. HashMap 的实现方式还是传统的数组＋链表的方式，但是比链表做了一个优化是，当一个桶装的元素过多的时候，他会把其转成一棵红黑树，从而做一个优化。

2. HashMap 的元素是放在table中，但table是一个transient数据，是不包括在序列化中，难道HashMap不支持序列化吗?我们从HashMap的申明，可以看到

public class HashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>
    implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable {

显然，它是可以序列化的，这样说来，他就自己重新定义了序列化的方法，我们找到了下面代码

/**
     * Save the state of the <tt>HashMap</tt> instance to a stream (i.e.,
     * serialize it).
     *
     * @serialData The <i>capacity</i> of the HashMap (the length of the
     *             bucket array) is emitted (int), followed by the
     *             <i>size</i> (an int, the number of key-value
     *             mappings), followed by the key (Object) and value (Object)
     *             for each key-value mapping.  The key-value mappings are
     *             emitted in no particular order.
     */
    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
        throws IOException {
        int buckets = capacity();
        // Write out the threshold, loadfactor, and any hidden stuff
        s.defaultWriteObject();
        s.writeInt(buckets);
        s.writeInt(size);
        internalWriteEntries(s);
    }
 
    /**
     * Reconstitute the {@code HashMap} instance from a stream (i.e.,
     * deserialize it).
     */
    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
        throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        // Read in the threshold (ignored), loadfactor, and any hidden stuff
        s.defaultReadObject();
        reinitialize();
        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
            throw new InvalidObjectException("Illegal load factor: " +
                                             loadFactor);
        s.readInt();                // Read and ignore number of buckets
        int mappings = s.readInt(); // Read number of mappings (size)
        if (mappings < 0)
            throw new InvalidObjectException("Illegal mappings count: " +
                                             mappings);
        else if (mappings > 0) { // (if zero, use defaults)
            // Size the table using given load factor only if within
            // range of 0.25...4.0
            float lf = Math.min(Math.max(0.25f, loadFactor), 4.0f);
            float fc = (float)mappings / lf + 1.0f;
            int cap = ((fc < DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY) ?
                       DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY :
                       (fc >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
                       MAXIMUM_CAPACITY :
                       tableSizeFor((int)fc));
            float ft = (float)cap * lf;
            threshold = ((cap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
                         (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
            @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
                Node<K,V>[] tab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[cap];
            table = tab;
 
            // Read the keys and values, and put the mappings in the HashMap
            for (int i = 0; i < mappings; i++) {
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                    K key = (K) s.readObject();
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                    V value = (V) s.readObject();
                putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, false);
            }
        }
    }