python之mechanize模拟浏览器

安装

　　Windows: pip install mechanize

　　Linux:pip install python-mechanize

个人感觉mechanize也只适用于静态网页的抓取，如果是异步的数据，则页面显示的结果与抓取的结果不一致，使用有比较大的局限性。

功能测试：百度搜索萧县房价

　　准备工作：

# _*_ coding:utf-8 _*_
import mechanize
# 创建一个浏览器实例
br = mechanize.Browser()
# 设置是否处理HTML http-equiv标头
br.set_handle_equiv(True)
# 设置是否处理重定向
br.set_handle_redirect(True)
# 设置是否向每个请求添加referer头
br.set_handle_referer(True)
# 设置是不遵守robots中的规则
br.set_handle_robots(False)
# 处理giz传输编码
br.set_handle_gzip(False)
# 设置浏览器的头部信息
br.addheaders = [('User-Agent','Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/55.0.2883.87 Safari/537.36')]

　　打开百度浏览器的主页

br.open("https://www.baidu.com")
for form in br.forms():
    print form

执行结果如下：

　　选择框架并提交要搜索的内容

br.select_form(name='f')
br.form['wd'] = '萧县房价'
br.submit()
print br.response().read()

结果对比：

　　从以上对比结果可以看出，我们使用mechanize查询萧县房价，成功返回了查询结果。

　　查看返回页面的所有链接

for link in br.links():
    print "%s:%s"%(link.text,link.url)

　　打开一个链接，并返回其值

# 发现一个链接并返回其请求对象
new_link = br.click_link(text='香格里拉花园')
# 发送一个链接请求
br.open(new_link)
print br.response().read()

　如果觉得打开的不对，使用br.back()返回上一个页面。　

========================================

br的详细语法

Help on instance of Browser in module mechanize._mechanize:

class Browser(mechanize._useragent.UserAgentBase)
 |  Browser-like class with support for history, forms and links.
 |
 |  BrowserStateError is raised whenever the browser is in the wrong state to
 |  complete the requested operation - e.g., when .back() is called when the
 |  browser history is empty, or when .follow_link() is called when the current
 |  response does not contain HTML data.
 |
 |  Public attributes:
 |
 |  request: current request (mechanize.Request)
 |  form: currently selected form (see .select_form())
 |
 |  Method resolution order:
 |      Browser
 |      mechanize._useragent.UserAgentBase
 |      mechanize._opener.OpenerDirector
 |      mechanize._urllib2_fork.OpenerDirector
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __getattr__(self, name)
 |
 |  __init__(self, factory=None, history=None, request_class=None)
 |      Only named arguments should be passed to this constructor.
 |
 |      factory: object implementing the mechanize.Factory interface.
 |      history: object implementing the mechanize.History interface.  Note
 |       this interface is still experimental and may change in future.
 |      request_class: Request class to use.  Defaults to mechanize.Request
 |
 |      The Factory and History objects passed in are 'owned' by the Browser,
 |      so they should not be shared across Browsers.  In particular,
 |      factory.set_response() should not be called except by the owning
 |      Browser itself.
 |
 |      Note that the supplied factory's request_class is overridden by this
 |      constructor, to ensure only one Request class is used.
 |
 |  __str__(self)
 |
 |  back(self, n=1)
 |      Go back n steps in history, and return response object.
 |
 |      n: go back this number of steps (default 1 step)
 |
 |  clear_history(self)
 |
 |  click(self, *args, **kwds)
 |      See mechanize.HTMLForm.click for documentation.
 |
 |  click_link(self, link=None, **kwds)
 |      Find a link and return a Request object for it.
 |
 |      Arguments are as for .find_link(), except that a link may be supplied
 |      as the first argument.
 |
 |  close(self)
 |
 |  encoding(self)
 |
 |  find_link(self, **kwds)
 |      Find a link in current page.
 |
 |      Links are returned as mechanize.Link objects.
 |
 |      # Return third link that .search()-matches the regexp "python"
 |      # (by ".search()-matches", I mean that the regular expression method
 |      # .search() is used, rather than .match()).
 |      find_link(text_regex=re.compile("python"), nr=2)
 |
 |      # Return first http link in the current page that points to somewhere
 |      # on python.org whose link text (after tags have been removed) is
 |      # exactly "monty python".
 |      find_link(text="monty python",
 |                url_regex=re.compile("http.*python.org"))
 |
 |      # Return first link with exactly three HTML attributes.
 |      find_link(predicate=lambda link: len(link.attrs) == 3)
 |
 |      Links include anchors (<a>), image maps (<area>), and frames (<frame>,
 |      <iframe>).
 |
 |      All arguments must be passed by keyword, not position.  Zero or more
 |      arguments may be supplied.  In order to find a link, all arguments
 |      supplied must match.
 |
 |      If a matching link is not found, mechanize.LinkNotFoundError is raised.
 |
 |      text: link text between link tags: e.g. <a href="blah">this bit</a> (as
 |       returned by pullparser.get_compressed_text(), ie. without tags but
 |       with opening tags "textified" as per the pullparser docs) must compare
 |       equal to this argument, if supplied
 |      text_regex: link text between tag (as defined above) must match the
 |       regular expression object or regular expression string passed as this
 |       argument, if supplied
 |      name, name_regex: as for text and text_regex, but matched against the
 |       name HTML attribute of the link tag
 |      url, url_regex: as for text and text_regex, but matched against the
 |       URL of the link tag (note this matches against Link.url, which is a
 |       relative or absolute URL according to how it was written in the HTML)
 |      tag: element name of opening tag, e.g. "a"
 |      predicate: a function taking a Link object as its single argument,
 |       returning a boolean result, indicating whether the links
 |      nr: matches the nth link that matches all other criteria (default 0)
 |
 |  follow_link(self, link=None, **kwds)
 |      Find a link and .open() it.
 |
 |      Arguments are as for .click_link().
 |
 |      Return value is same as for Browser.open().
 |
 |  forms(self)
 |      Return iterable over forms.
 |
 |      The returned form objects implement the mechanize.HTMLForm interface.
 |
 |  geturl(self)
 |      Get URL of current document.
 |
 |  global_form(self)
 |      Return the global form object, or None if the factory implementation
 |      did not supply one.
 |
 |      The "global" form object contains all controls that are not descendants
 |      of any FORM element.
 |
 |      The returned form object implements the mechanize.HTMLForm interface.
 |
 |      This is a separate method since the global form is not regarded as part
 |      of the sequence of forms in the document -- mostly for
 |      backwards-compatibility.
 |
 |  links(self, **kwds)
 |      Return iterable over links (mechanize.Link objects).
 |
 |  open(self, url, data=None, timeout=<object object>)
 |
 |  open_local_file(self, filename)
 |
 |  open_novisit(self, url, data=None, timeout=<object object>)
 |      Open a URL without visiting it.
 |
 |      Browser state (including request, response, history, forms and links)
 |      is left unchanged by calling this function.
 |
 |      The interface is the same as for .open().
 |
 |      This is useful for things like fetching images.
 |
 |      See also .retrieve().
 |
 |  reload(self)
 |      Reload current document, and return response object.
 |
 |  response(self)
 |      Return a copy of the current response.
 |
 |      The returned object has the same interface as the object returned by
 |      .open() (or mechanize.urlopen()).
 |
 |  select_form(self, name=None, predicate=None, nr=None)
 |      Select an HTML form for input.
 |
 |      This is a bit like giving a form the "input focus" in a browser.
 |
 |      If a form is selected, the Browser object supports the HTMLForm
 |      interface, so you can call methods like .set_value(), .set(), and
 |      .click().
 |
 |      Another way to select a form is to assign to the .form attribute.  The
 |      form assigned should be one of the objects returned by the .forms()
 |      method.
 |
 |      At least one of the name, predicate and nr arguments must be supplied.
 |      If no matching form is found, mechanize.FormNotFoundError is raised.
 |
 |      If name is specified, then the form must have the indicated name.
 |
 |      If predicate is specified, then the form must match that function.  The
 |      predicate function is passed the HTMLForm as its single argument, and
 |      should return a boolean value indicating whether the form matched.
 |
 |      nr, if supplied, is the sequence number of the form (where 0 is the
 |      first).  Note that control 0 is the first form matching all the other
 |      arguments (if supplied); it is not necessarily the first control in the
 |      form.  The "global form" (consisting of all form controls not contained
 |      in any FORM element) is considered not to be part of this sequence and
 |      to have no name, so will not be matched unless both name and nr are
 |      None.
 |
 |  set_cookie(self, cookie_string)
 |      Request to set a cookie.
 |
 |      Note that it is NOT necessary to call this method under ordinary
 |      circumstances: cookie handling is normally entirely automatic.  The
 |      intended use case is rather to simulate the setting of a cookie by
 |      client script in a web page (e.g. JavaScript).  In that case, use of
 |      this method is necessary because mechanize currently does not support
 |      JavaScript, VBScript, etc.
 |
 |      The cookie is added in the same way as if it had arrived with the
 |      current response, as a result of the current request.  This means that,
 |      for example, if it is not appropriate to set the cookie based on the
 |      current request, no cookie will be set.
 |
 |      The cookie will be returned automatically with subsequent responses
 |      made by the Browser instance whenever that's appropriate.
 |
 |      cookie_string should be a valid value of the Set-Cookie header.
 |
 |      For example:
 |
 |      browser.set_cookie(
 |          "sid=abcdef; expires=Wednesday, 09-Nov-06 23:12:40 GMT")
 |
 |      Currently, this method does not allow for adding RFC 2986 cookies.
 |      This limitation will be lifted if anybody requests it.
 |
 |  set_handle_referer(self, handle)
 |      Set whether to add Referer header to each request.
 |
 |  set_response(self, response)
 |      Replace current response with (a copy of) response.
 |
 |      response may be None.
 |
 |      This is intended mostly for HTML-preprocessing.
 |
 |  submit(self, *args, **kwds)
 |      Submit current form.
 |
 |      Arguments are as for mechanize.HTMLForm.click().
 |
 |      Return value is same as for Browser.open().
 |
 |  title(self)
 |      Return title, or None if there is no title element in the document.
 |
 |      Treatment of any tag children of attempts to follow Firefox and IE
 |      (currently, tags are preserved).
 |
 |  viewing_html(self)
 |      Return whether the current response contains HTML data.
 |
 |  visit_response(self, response, request=None)
 |      Visit the response, as if it had been .open()ed.
 |
 |      Unlike .set_response(), this updates history rather than replacing the
 |      current response.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data and other attributes defined here:
 |
 |  default_features = ['_redirect', '_cookies', '_refresh', '_equiv', '_b...
 |
 |  handler_classes = {'_basicauth': <class mechanize._urllib2_fork.HTTPBa...
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from mechanize._useragent.UserAgentBase:
 |
 |  add_client_certificate(self, url, key_file, cert_file)
 |      Add an SSL client certificate, for HTTPS client auth.
 |
 |      key_file and cert_file must be filenames of the key and certificate
 |      files, in PEM format.  You can use e.g. OpenSSL to convert a p12 (PKCS
 |      12) file to PEM format:
 |
 |      openssl pkcs12 -clcerts -nokeys -in cert.p12 -out cert.pem
 |      openssl pkcs12 -nocerts -in cert.p12 -out key.pem
 |
 |
 |      Note that client certificate password input is very inflexible ATM.  At
 |      the moment this seems to be console only, which is presumably the
 |      default behaviour of libopenssl.  In future mechanize may support
 |      third-party libraries that (I assume) allow more options here.
 |
 |  add_password(self, url, user, password, realm=None)
 |
 |  add_proxy_password(self, user, password, hostport=None, realm=None)
 |
 |  set_client_cert_manager(self, cert_manager)
 |      Set a mechanize.HTTPClientCertMgr, or None.
 |
 |  set_cookiejar(self, cookiejar)
 |      Set a mechanize.CookieJar, or None.
 |
 |  set_debug_http(self, handle)
 |      Print HTTP headers to sys.stdout.
 |
 |  set_debug_redirects(self, handle)
 |      Log information about HTTP redirects (including refreshes).
 |
 |      Logging is performed using module logging.  The logger name is
 |      "mechanize.http_redirects".  To actually print some debug output,
 |      eg:
 |
 |      import sys, logging
 |      logger = logging.getLogger("mechanize.http_redirects")
 |      logger.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout))
 |      logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
 |
 |      Other logger names relevant to this module:
 |
 |      "mechanize.http_responses"
 |      "mechanize.cookies"
 |
 |      To turn on everything:
 |
 |      import sys, logging
 |      logger = logging.getLogger("mechanize")
 |      logger.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout))
 |      logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
 |
 |  set_debug_responses(self, handle)
 |      Log HTTP response bodies.
 |
 |      See docstring for .set_debug_redirects() for details of logging.
 |
 |      Response objects may be .seek()able if this is set (currently returned
 |      responses are, raised HTTPError exception responses are not).
 |
 |  set_handle_equiv(self, handle, head_parser_class=None)
 |      Set whether to treat HTML http-equiv headers like HTTP headers.
 |
 |      Response objects may be .seek()able if this is set (currently returned
 |      responses are, raised HTTPError exception responses are not).
 |
 |  set_handle_gzip(self, handle)
 |      Handle gzip transfer encoding.
 |
 |  set_handle_redirect(self, handle)
 |      Set whether to handle HTTP 30x redirections.
 |
 |  set_handle_refresh(self, handle, max_time=None, honor_time=True)
 |      Set whether to handle HTTP Refresh headers.
 |
 |  set_handle_robots(self, handle)
 |      Set whether to observe rules from robots.txt.
 |
 |  set_handled_schemes(self, schemes)
 |      Set sequence of URL scheme (protocol) strings.
 |
 |      For example: ua.set_handled_schemes(["http", "ftp"])
 |
 |      If this fails (with ValueError) because you've passed an unknown
 |      scheme, the set of handled schemes will not be changed.
 |
 |  set_password_manager(self, password_manager)
 |      Set a mechanize.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm, or None.
 |
 |  set_proxies(self, proxies=None, proxy_bypass=None)
 |      Configure proxy settings.
 |
 |      proxies: dictionary mapping URL scheme to proxy specification.  None
 |        means use the default system-specific settings.
 |      proxy_bypass: function taking hostname, returning whether proxy should
 |        be used.  None means use the default system-specific settings.
 |
 |      The default is to try to obtain proxy settings from the system (see the
 |      documentation for urllib.urlopen for information about the
 |      system-specific methods used -- note that's urllib, not urllib2).
 |
 |      To avoid all use of proxies, pass an empty proxies dict.
 |
 |      >>> ua = UserAgentBase()
 |      >>> def proxy_bypass(hostname):
 |      ...     return hostname == "noproxy.com"
 |      >>> ua.set_proxies(
 |      ...     {"http": "joe:password@myproxy.example.com:3128",
 |      ...      "ftp": "proxy.example.com"},
 |      ...     proxy_bypass)
 |
 |  set_proxy_password_manager(self, password_manager)
 |      Set a mechanize.HTTPProxyPasswordMgr, or None.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data and other attributes inherited from mechanize._useragent.UserAgentBase:
 |
 |  default_others = ['_unknown', '_http_error', '_http_default_error']
 |
 |  default_schemes = ['http', 'ftp', 'file', 'https']
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Methods inherited from mechanize._opener.OpenerDirector:
 |
 |  add_handler(self, handler)
 |
 |  error(self, proto, *args)
 |
 |  retrieve(self, fullurl, filename=None, reporthook=None, data=None, timeout=<object object>, open=<built-in function open>)
 |      Returns (filename, headers).
 |
 |      For remote objects, the default filename will refer to a temporary
 |      file.  Temporary files are removed when the OpenerDirector.close()
 |      method is called.
 |
 |      For file: URLs, at present the returned filename is None.  This may
 |      change in future.
 |
 |      If the actual number of bytes read is less than indicated by the
 |      Content-Length header, raises ContentTooShortError (a URLError
 |      subclass).  The exception's .result attribute contains the (filename,
 |      headers) that would have been returned.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data and other attributes inherited from mechanize._opener.OpenerDirector:
 |
 |  BLOCK_SIZE = 8192

None

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