OpenACC 云水参数化方案

▶ 书上第十三章，用一系列步骤优化一个云水参数化方案。用于熟悉 Fortran 以及 OpenACC 在旗下的表现

● 代码，文件较多，放在一起了

 ! main.f90

 PROGRAM main

     USE m_config,  ONLY: nstop

     USE m_physics, ONLY: physics

     USE m_io,      ONLY: write_output

     USE m_setup,   ONLY: initialize, cleanup

     USE m_timing,  ONLY: start_timer, end_timer, print_timers

     IMPLICIT NONE

     INTEGER :: ntstep

     INTEGER, parameter :: itimloop = 

     CALL initialize()       ! 初始化计时器和设备

     WRITE(*,"(A)") "Start of time loop"

     CALL start_timer(itimloop, "Time loop")

     DO ntstep = , nstop    ! 计算

         CALL physics()

         CALL write_output( ntstep )

     END DO

     CALL end_timer( itimloop )

     WRITE(*,"(A)") "End of time loop"

     CALL print_timers()

     CALL cleanup()

 END PROGRAM main

 ! m_config.f90，运行参数

 MODULE m_config

     INTEGER, parameter :: nx    =   ! 经度网格数

     INTEGER, parameter :: ny    =   ! 纬度网格数

     INTEGER, parameter :: nz    =    ! 海拔网格数

     INTEGER, parameter :: nstop =   ! 时间步数

     INTEGER, parameter :: nout  =    ! 输出间隔

 END MODULE m_config

 ! m_fields.f90，场参数

 MODULE m_fields

     REAL*, ALLOCATABLE :: qv(:,:,:)  ! 水蒸汽含量

     REAL*, ALLOCATABLE :: t(:,:,:)   ! 温度

 END MODULE m_fields

 ! m_io.f90，输入输出函数

 MODULE m_io

     USE m_config,  ONLY: nout, nx, ny, nz

     USE m_fields,  ONLY: qv

     IMPLICIT NONE

 CONTAINS

     SUBROUTINE write_output(ntstep)

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: ntstep       ! 当前时间片

         INTEGER :: i, j, k

         REAL*  :: qv_mean                  ! 水蒸汽含量平均值（标量）

         IF (MOD(ntstep, nout) /= ) RETURN  ! 当前时间片不作输出            

         qv_mean = .0D0                     ! 计算均值并输出

         DO k = , nz

             DO j = , ny

                 DO i = , nx

                     qv_mean = qv_mean + qv(i,j,k)

                 END DO

             END DO

         END DO

         qv_mean = qv_mean / REAL(nx * ny * nz, KIND(qv_mean))

         WRITE(*,"(A,I6,A,ES18.8)") "Step: ", ntstep, ", mean(qv) =", qv_mean

     END SUBROUTINE write_output

 END MODULE m_io

 ! m_parametrizations.f90，参数化方案

 MODULE m_parametrizations

     IMPLICIT NONE

     REAL*, parameter ::  cs1 = 1.0D-, cs2 = .02D0, cs3 = .2D0, cs4=.1D0, t0=.0D0

     REAL*, parameter ::  cm1 = 1.0D-, cm2=.0D0, cm3=.2D0, cm4=.0D0

 CONTAINS

     SUBROUTINE saturation_adjustment(npx, npy, nlev, t, qc, qv) ! 参数化方案一

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER, INTENT(IN)    :: npx, npy, nlev  ! 输入维度

         REAL*,  INTENT(IN)    :: t(:,:,:)        ! 温度

         REAL*,  INTENT(OUT)   :: qc(:,:,:)       ! 云水含量

         REAL*,  INTENT(INOUT) :: qv(:,:,:)       ! 水蒸汽含量

         INTEGER :: i, j, k

         DO k = , nlev

             DO j = , npy

                 DO i = , npx

                     qv(i,j,k) = qv(i,j,k) + cs1*EXP(cs2*( t(i,j,k) - t0 )/( t(i,j,k) - cs3) )

                     qc(i,j,k) = cs4 * qv(i,j,k)

                 END DO

             END DO

         END DO

     END SUBROUTINE saturation_adjustment

     SUBROUTINE microphysics(npx, npy, nlev, t, qc, qv)  ! 参数化方案二

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER, INTENT(IN)   :: npx, npy, nlev

         REAL*, INTENT(INOUT) :: t(:,:,:)

         REAL*, INTENT(IN)    :: qc(:,:,:)

         REAL*, INTENT(INOUT) :: qv(:,:,:)

         INTEGER :: i, j, k

         DO k = , nlev

             DO j = , npy

                 DO i = , npx

                     qv(i, j, k) = qv(i,j,k-) + cm1*(t(i,j,k)-cm2)**cm3

                     t(i, j, k)  = t(i, j, k)*( .0D0 - cm4*qc(i,j,k)+qv(i,j,k) )

                 END DO

             END DO

         END DO

     END SUBROUTINE microphysics

 END MODULE m_parametrizations

 ! m_physics.f90，参数化方案的执行

 MODULE m_physics

     USE m_config,           ONLY: nx, ny, nz

     USE m_fields,           ONLY: qv, t

     USE m_parametrizations, ONLY: saturation_adjustment, microphysics

     IMPLICIT NONE

 CONTAINS

     SUBROUTINE physics()

         IMPLICIT NONE

         REAL* :: qc(nx,ny,nz)                              ! 云水含量临时变量

         CALL saturation_adjustment(nx, ny, nz, t, qc, qv)   ! 第一物理参数化

         CALL microphysics(nx, ny, nz, t, qc, qv)            ! 第二物理参数化

     END SUBROUTINE physics

 END MODULE m_physics

 ! m_timming.f90，计时器

 MODULE m_timing

     IMPLICIT NONE

     INTEGER, PARAMETER :: ntimer=             ! 计时器数量

     REAL*             :: rtimer(ntimer)        ! 计时器

     CHARACTER()      :: timertag(ntimer)      ! 计时器标签

     INTEGER            :: icountold(ntimer), &  ! tick (start of timer section)

                         icountrate,          &  ! countrate of SYSTEM_CLOCK()

                         icountmax               ! maximum counter value of SYSTEM_CLOCK()

 CONTAINS

     SUBROUTINE init_timers()        ! 初始化计时器

         IMPLICIT NONE

         rtimer(:)   = .0D0

         timertag(:) = ""

         icountold(:) = 

         CALL SYSTEM_CLOCK( COUNT_RATE=icountrate, COUNT_MAX=icountmax )

     END SUBROUTINE init_timers

     SUBROUTINE start_timer(id, tag) ! 开始计时

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER, INTENT(IN)       :: id

         CHARACTER(*), INTENT(IN) :: tag

         IF (id <  .OR. id > ntimer) THEN           ! 检查计时器编号范围

           WRITE(*,"(A,I4,A,I4)") "Error: timer id=", id, "exceeds maximum timer number", ntimer

           STOP

         END IF

         IF (LEN_TRIM(timertag(id)) /= ) THEN       ! 检查计时器是否已经开始运行

           WRITE(*,"(A,I4)") "Error: timer already started previously, id:", id

           STOP

         END IF

         IF (LEN_TRIM(tag) == ) THEN                ! 检查计时器标签是否非空

           WRITE(*,"(A,I4)") "Error: empty tag provided, id:", id

           STOP

         END IF

         timertag(id) = TRIM(tag)                    ! 保存标签

         !$acc wait

         CALL SYSTEM_CLOCK( COUNT=icountold(id) )    ! 开始计时

     END SUBROUTINE start_timer

     SUBROUTINE end_timer(id) ! 结束计时

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: id

         INTEGER             :: icountnew

         IF (id <  .OR. id > ntimer) THEN       ! 检查计时器编号范围

           WRITE(*,"(A,I4,A,I4)") "Error: timer id=", id, "exceed max timer number", ntimer

           STOP

         END IF

         IF (LEN_TRIM(timertag(id)) == ) THEN   ! 检查计时器是否已经开始运行

           WRITE(*,"(A,I4)") "Error: Need to call start_timer before end_timing, id:", id

           STOP

         END IF

         !$acc wait

         CALL SYSTEM_CLOCK( COUNT=icountnew )    ! 获取当前时间，计算耗时

         rtimer(id) = ( REAL(icountnew - icountold(id), KIND(rtimer(id))) ) / REAL(icountrate, KIND(rtimer(id)))

     END SUBROUTINE end_timer

     SUBROUTINE print_timers()   ! 打印计时

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER :: id

         WRITE(*,"(A)") "----------------------------"

         WRITE(*,"(A)") "Timers:"

         WRITE(*,"(A)") "----------------------------"

         DO id = , ntimer

             IF ( rtimer(id) > .0D0 ) THEN

                 WRITE(*,"(A15,A2,F8.2,A)") timertag(id), ": ", rtimer(id)*.0D3, " ms"

             END IF

         END DO

         WRITE(*,"(A)") "----------------------------"

     END SUBROUTINE print_timers

 END MODULE m_timing

 ! m_setup.f90，初始化和清理

 MODULE m_setup

     USE m_config,  ONLY: nstop, nout, nx, ny, nz

     USE m_fields,  ONLY: t,qv

     USE m_timing,  ONLY: init_timers, start_timer, end_timer

     IMPLICIT NONE

 CONTAINS

     SUBROUTINE initialize() ! 初始化计时器和设备

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER, PARAMETER :: itiminit =   ! 计时器编号

         INTEGER :: i, j, k                  

 #ifdef _OPENACC

         WRITE(*,"(A)") "Running with OpenACC"

 #else

         WRITE(*,"(A)") "Running without OpenACC"

 #endif

         WRITE(*,"(A)") "Initialize"

         CALL init_timers()

         CALL start_timer( itiminit, "Initialization" )

         ALLOCATE( t(nx,ny,nz), qv(nx,ny,nz) )

         DO k =, nz

             DO j = , ny

                 DO i = , nx

                     t(i,j,k)  = .0D0 * (.2D0 + .07D0 * COS(.2D0 * REAL(i+j+k) / REAL(nx+ny+nz)))

                     qv(i,j,k) = 1.0D- * (.1D0 + .13D0 * COS(.3D0 * REAL(i+j+k) / REAL(nx*ny*nz)))

                 END DO

             END DO

         END DO

 #ifdef _OPENACC

         CALL initialize_gpu()

 #endif

         CALL end_timer( itiminit )

     END SUBROUTINE initialize

     SUBROUTINE initialize_gpu()! 让 GPU 跑一个小内核来初始化

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER :: temp()

         INTEGER :: i

         !$acc parallel loop

         DO i = ,

             temp(i) =

         END DO

         IF (SUM(temp) == ) THEN

             WRITE(*,"(A)") "GPU initialized"

         ELSE

             WRITE(*,"(A,I4)") "Error: Problem encountered initializing the GPU"

             STOP

         END IF

     END SUBROUTINE initialize_gpu

     SUBROUTINE cleanup()! 清扫 t 和 qv 的内存

         IMPLICIT NONE

         DEALLOCATE( t, qv )

     END SUBROUTINE cleanup

 END MODULE m_setup

● OpenMP 优化，改了 m_io.f90，m_parametrizations.f90，m_setup.f90

 ! m_io.f90

 MODULE m_io

     USE m_config,  ONLY: nout, nx, ny, nz

     USE m_fields,  ONLY: qv

     IMPLICIT NONE

 CONTAINS

     SUBROUTINE write_output(ntstep)

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: ntstep

         INTEGER :: i, j, k

         REAL*  :: qv_mean           

         IF (MOD(ntstep, nout) /= ) RETURN

         qv_mean = .0D0

         DO k = , nz

             !$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE(i,j) SHARED(k,qv) REDUCTION(+:qv_mean)

             DO j = , ny

                 DO i = , nx

                     qv_mean = qv_mean + qv(i,j,k)

                 END DO

             END DO

         END DO

         qv_mean = qv_mean / REAL(nx * ny * nz, KIND(qv_mean))

         WRITE(*,"(A,I6,A,ES18.8)") "Step: ", ntstep, ", mean(qv) =", qv_mean

     END SUBROUTINE write_output

 END MODULE m_io

 ! m_parametrizations.f90

 MODULE m_parametrizations

     IMPLICIT NONE

     REAL*, parameter ::  cs1 = 1.0D-, cs2 = .02D0, cs3 = .2D0, cs4=.1D0, t0=.0D0

     REAL*, parameter ::  cm1 = 1.0D-, cm2=.0D0, cm3=.2D0, cm4=.0D0

 CONTAINS

     SUBROUTINE saturation_adjustment(npx, npy, nlev, t, qc, qv)

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER, INTENT(IN)    :: npx, npy, nlev

         REAL*,  INTENT(IN)    :: t(:,:,:)

         REAL*,  INTENT(OUT)   :: qc(:,:,:)

         REAL*,  INTENT(INOUT) :: qv(:,:,:)

         INTEGER :: i, j, k

         !$OMP PARALLEL

         DO k = , nlev

             !$OMP DO PRIVATE(i,j)

             DO j = , npy

                 DO i = , npx

                     qv(i,j,k) = qv(i,j,k) + cs1*EXP(cs2*( t(i,j,k) - t0 )/( t(i,j,k) - cs3) )

                     qc(i,j,k) = cs4 * qv(i,j,k)

                 END DO

             END DO

         END DO

         !$OMP END PARALLEL

     END SUBROUTINE saturation_adjustment

     SUBROUTINE microphysics(npx, npy, nlev, t, qc, qv)

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER, INTENT(IN)   :: npx, npy, nlev

         REAL*, INTENT(INOUT) :: t(:,:,:)

         REAL*, INTENT(IN)    :: qc(:,:,:)

         REAL*, INTENT(INOUT) :: qv(:,:,:)

         INTEGER :: i, j, k

         !$OMP PARALLEL

         DO k = , nlev

             !$OMP DO PRIVATE(i,j)

             DO j = , npy

                 DO i = , npx

                     qv(i, j, k) = qv(i,j,k-) + cm1*(t(i,j,k)-cm2)**cm3

                     t(i, j, k)  = t(i, j, k)*( .0D0 - cm4*qc(i,j,k)+qv(i,j,k) )

                 END DO

             END DO

         END DO

         !$OMP END PARALLEL

     END SUBROUTINE microphysics

 END MODULE m_parametrizations

 ! m_setup.f90

 MODULE m_setup

     USE m_config,  ONLY: nstop, nout, nx, ny, nz

     USE m_fields,  ONLY: t,qv

     USE m_timing,  ONLY: init_timers, start_timer, end_timer

     IMPLICIT NONE

 CONTAINS

     SUBROUTINE initialize() ! 初始化计时器和设备

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER, PARAMETER :: itiminit =   ! timer ID

         INTEGER :: i, j, k                  ! loop indices

         INTEGER :: OMP_GET_NUM_THREADS, OMP_GET_THREAD_NUM

 #ifdef _OPENACC

         WRITE(*,"(A)") "Running with OpenACC"

 #else

         WRITE(*,"(A)") "Running without OpenACC"

 #ifdef _OPENMP

         !$OMP PARALLEL

         IF (OMP_GET_THREAD_NUM()==) THEN

             WRITE(*,"(A,I4,A)") "Running with OpenMP with ", OMP_GET_NUM_THREADS(), " threads"

         END IF

         !$OMP END PARALLEL

 #endif

 #endif

         WRITE(*,"(A)") "Initialize"

         CALL init_timers()

         CALL start_timer( itiminit, "Initialization" )

         ALLOCATE( t(nx,ny,nz), qv(nx,ny,nz) )

         DO k =, nz

             DO j = , ny

                 DO i = , nx

                     t(i,j,k)  = .0D0 * (.2D0 + .07D0 * COS(.2D0 * REAL(i+j+k) / REAL(nx+ny+nz)))

                     qv(i,j,k) = 1.0D- * (.1D0 + .13D0 * COS(.3D0 * REAL(i+j+k) / REAL(nx*ny*nz)))

                 END DO

             END DO

         END DO

 #ifdef _OPENACC

         CALL initialize_gpu()

 #endif

         CALL end_timer( itiminit )

     END SUBROUTINE initialize

     SUBROUTINE initialize_gpu()

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER :: temp()

         INTEGER :: i

         !$acc parallel loop

         DO i = ,

             temp(i) =

         END DO

         IF (SUM(temp) == ) THEN

             WRITE(*,"(A)") "GPU initialized"

         ELSE

             WRITE(*,"(A,I4)") "Error: Problem encountered initializing the GPU"

             STOP

         END IF

     END SUBROUTINE initialize_gpu

     SUBROUTINE cleanup()

         IMPLICIT NONE

         DEALLOCATE( t, qv )

     END SUBROUTINE cleanup

 END MODULE m_setup

● OpenACC 优化，改了 m_io.f90，m_parametrizations.f90，m_physics.f90，m_setup.f90。树上的优化 04 设计算法改动，没有参与比较

 ! m_io.f90

 MODULE m_io

     USE m_config,  ONLY: nout, nx, ny, nz

     USE m_fields,  ONLY: qv

     IMPLICIT NONE

 CONTAINS

     SUBROUTINE write_output(ntstep)

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: ntstep

         INTEGER :: i, j, k

         REAL*  :: qv_mean               

         IF (MOD(ntstep, nout) /= ) RETURN

         !$acc data present(qv)

         qv_mean = .0D0

         !$acc parallel

         !$acc loop gang vector collapse() reduction(+:qv_mean)

         DO k = , nz

             DO j = , ny

                 DO i = , nx

                     qv_mean = qv_mean + qv(i,j,k)

                 END DO

             END DO

         END DO

         !$acc end parallel

         !$acc end data

         qv_mean = qv_mean / REAL(nx * ny * nz, KIND(qv_mean))

         WRITE(*,"(A,I6,A,ES18.8)") "Step: ", ntstep, ", mean(qv) =", qv_mean

     END SUBROUTINE write_output

 END MODULE m_io

 ! m_parametrizations.f90

 MODULE m_parametrizations

     IMPLICIT NONE

     REAL*, parameter ::  cs1 = 1.0D-, cs2 = .02D0, cs3 = .2D0, cs4=.1D0, t0=.0D0

     REAL*, parameter ::  cm1 = 1.0D-, cm2=.0D0, cm3=.2D0, cm4=.0D0

 CONTAINS

     SUBROUTINE saturation_adjustment(npx, npy, nlev, t, qc, qv)

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER, INTENT(IN)    :: npx, npy, nlev

         REAL*,  INTENT(IN)    :: t(:,:,:)

         REAL*,  INTENT(OUT)   :: qc(:,:,:)

         REAL*,  INTENT(INOUT) :: qv(:,:,:)

         INTEGER :: i, j, k

         !$acc data present(t,qv,qc)

         !$acc parallel

         !$acc loop gang vector collapse()

         DO k = , nlev

             DO j = , npy

                 DO i = , npx

                     qv(i,j,k) = qv(i,j,k) + cs1*EXP(cs2*( t(i,j,k) - t0 )/( t(i,j,k) - cs3) )

                     qc(i,j,k) = cs4 * qv(i,j,k)

                 END DO

             END DO

         END DO

         !$acc end parallel

         !$acc end data

     END SUBROUTINE saturation_adjustment

     SUBROUTINE microphysics(npx, npy, nlev, t, qc, qv)

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER, INTENT(IN)   :: npx, npy, nlev

         REAL*, INTENT(INOUT) :: t(:,:,:)

         REAL*, INTENT(IN)    :: qc(:,:,:)

         REAL*, INTENT(INOUT) :: qv(:,:,:)

         INTEGER :: i, j, k

         !$acc data present(t,qv,qc)

         !$acc parallel

         !$acc loop seq

         DO k = , nlev

             !$acc loop gang

             DO j = , npy

                 !$acc loop vector

                 DO i = , npx

                     qv(i, j, k) = qv(i,j,k-) + cm1*(t(i,j,k)-cm2)**cm3

                     t(i, j, k)  = t(i, j, k)*( .0D0 - cm4*qc(i,j,k)+qv(i,j,k) )

                 END DO

             END DO

         END DO

         !$acc end parallel

         !$acc end data

     END SUBROUTINE microphysics

 END MODULE m_parametrizations

 ! m_physics.f90

 MODULE m_physics

     USE m_config,           ONLY: nx, ny, nz

     USE m_fields,           ONLY: qv, t

     USE m_parametrizations, ONLY: saturation_adjustment, microphysics

     IMPLICIT NONE

     REAL*, ALLOCATABLE :: qc(:,:,:)    ! 提前声明，由 init_physics 和 finalize_physics 来申请和释放

 CONTAINS

     SUBROUTINE physics()

         IMPLICIT NONE        

         CALL saturation_adjustment(nx, ny, nz, t, qc, qv)

         CALL microphysics(nx, ny, nz, t, qc, qv)

     END SUBROUTINE physics

     SUBROUTINE init_physics()

         IMPLICIT NONE        

         ALLOCATE( qc(nx,ny,nz) )

         !$acc enter data create(qc)

     END SUBROUTINE init_physics

     SUBROUTINE finalize_physics()

         IMPLICIT NONE

         !$acc exit data delete(qc)

         DEALLOCATE(qc)

     END SUBROUTINE finalize_physics

 END MODULE m_physics

 ! m_setup.f90

 MODULE m_setup

     USE m_config,  ONLY: nstop, nout, nx, ny, nz

     USE m_fields,  ONLY: t,qv

     USE m_timing,  ONLY: init_timers, start_timer, end_timer

     USE m_physics, ONLY: init_physics, finalize_physics

     IMPLICIT NONE

 CONTAINS

     SUBROUTINE initialize() ! 初始化计时器和设备

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER, PARAMETER :: itiminit =

         INTEGER :: i, j, k                  

 #ifdef _OPENACC

         WRITE(*,"(A)") "Running with OpenACC"

 #else

         WRITE(*,"(A)") "Running without OpenACC"

 #endif

         WRITE(*,"(A)") "Initialize"

         CALL init_timers()

         CALL start_timer( itiminit, "Initialization" )

         ALLOCATE( t(nx,ny,nz), qv(nx,ny,nz) )

         !$acc enter data create(t,qv)

         DO k =, nz

             DO j = , ny

                 DO i = , nx

                     t(i,j,k)  = .0D0 * (.2D0 + .07D0 * COS(.2D0 * REAL(i+j+k) / REAL(nx+ny+nz)))

                     qv(i,j,k) = 1.0D- * (.1D0 + .13D0 * COS(.3D0 * REAL(i+j+k) / REAL(nx*ny*nz)))

                 END DO

             END DO

         END DO

         !$acc update device(t,qv)

 #ifdef _OPENACC

         CALL initialize_gpu()

 #endif

         CALL init_physics()

         CALL end_timer( itiminit )

     END SUBROUTINE initialize

     SUBROUTINE initialize_gpu()

         IMPLICIT NONE

         INTEGER :: temp()

         INTEGER :: i

         !$acc parallel loop

         DO i = ,

             temp(i) =

         END DO

         IF (SUM(temp) == ) THEN

             WRITE(*,"(A)") "GPU initialized"

         ELSE

             WRITE(*,"(A,I4)") "Error: Problem encountered initializing the GPU"

             STOP

         END IF

     END SUBROUTINE initialize_gpu

     SUBROUTINE cleanup()

         IMPLICIT NONE

         !$acc exit data delete(t,qv)

         DEALLOCATE( t, qv )

         CALL finalize_physics()

   END SUBROUTINE cleanup

 END MODULE m_setup

● 所有的输出结果。单独编译一个模式（而不使用默认的 makefile）时，在命令 pgf90 中要使用参数 -Mpreprocess，意思是将预编译器作用到 fortran 文件中，否则 m_setup.f90 中的 # 预编译命令会被当成错误

cuan@CUAN:/media/cuan/02FCDA52FCDA4019/Code/ParallelProgrammingWithOpenACC-master/Chapter13$ make example_serial example_openmp example_openacc1 example_openacc2 example_openacc3 example_openacc4

make[]: Entering directory '/media/cuan/02FCDA52FCDA4019/Code/ParallelProgrammingWithOpenACC-master/Chapter13/example_serial'

compiling m_config.f90

compiling m_fields.f90

compiling m_io.f90

compiling m_parametrizations.f90

compiling m_physics.f90

compiling m_timing.f90

compiling m_setup.f90

compiling main.f90

make[]: Leaving directory '/media/cuan/02FCDA52FCDA4019/Code/ParallelProgrammingWithOpenACC-master/Chapter13/example_serial'

make[]: Entering directory '/media/cuan/02FCDA52FCDA4019/Code/ParallelProgrammingWithOpenACC-master/Chapter13/example_openmp'

... ! 类似上面的过程

make[]: Leaving directory '/media/cuan/02FCDA52FCDA4019/Code/ParallelProgrammingWithOpenACC-master/Chapter13/example_openacc4'

cuan@CUAN:/media/cuan/02FCDA52FCDA4019/Code/ParallelProgrammingWithOpenACC-master/Chapter13$ example_serial/example_serial

Running without OpenACC

Initialize

Start of time loop

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.14302104E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.34041461E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.53710207E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.73309068E-04

Step:    , mean(qv) =    1.92838848E-04

End of time loop

----------------------------

Timers:

----------------------------

Initialization :    17.28 ms

Time loop      :   978.08 ms

----------------------------

cuan@CUAN:/media/cuan/02FCDA52FCDA4019/Code/ParallelProgrammingWithOpenACC-master/Chapter13$ example_openmp/example_openmp

Running without OpenACC

Running with OpenMP with     threads

Initialize

Start of time loop

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.14302104E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.34041461E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.53710207E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.73309068E-04

Step:    , mean(qv) =    1.92838848E-04

End of time loop

----------------------------

Timers:

----------------------------

Initialization :    17.96 ms

Time loop      :   898.92 ms

----------------------------

cuan@CUAN:/media/cuan/02FCDA52FCDA4019/Code/ParallelProgrammingWithOpenACC-master/Chapter13$ example_openacc1/example_openacc1

Running with OpenACC

Initialize

GPU initialized

Start of time loop

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.14302104E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.34041461E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.53710207E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.73309068E-04

Step:    , mean(qv) =    1.92838848E-04

End of time loop

----------------------------

Timers:

----------------------------

Initialization :   191.11 ms

Time loop      :  1044.35 ms

----------------------------

cuan@CUAN:/media/cuan/02FCDA52FCDA4019/Code/ParallelProgrammingWithOpenACC-master/Chapter13$ example_openacc2/example_openacc2

Running with OpenACC

Initialize

GPU initialized

Start of time loop

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.14302104E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.34041461E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.53710207E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.73309068E-04

Step:    , mean(qv) =    1.92838848E-04

End of time loop

----------------------------

Timers:

----------------------------

Initialization :   176.72 ms

Time loop      :   142.11 ms

----------------------------

cuan@CUAN:/media/cuan/02FCDA52FCDA4019/Code/ParallelProgrammingWithOpenACC-master/Chapter13$ example_openacc3/example_openacc3

Running with OpenACC

Initialize

GPU initialized

Start of time loop

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.14302104E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.34041461E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.53710207E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.73309068E-04

Step:    , mean(qv) =    1.92838848E-04

End of time loop

----------------------------

Timers:

----------------------------

Initialization :   162.15 ms

Time loop      :   121.77 ms

----------------------------

cuan@CUAN:/media/cuan/02FCDA52FCDA4019/Code/ParallelProgrammingWithOpenACC-master/Chapter13$ example_openacc4/example_openacc4

Running with OpenACC

Initialize

GPU initialized

Start of time loop

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.14302104E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.34041461E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.53710207E-04

Step:     , mean(qv) =    1.73309068E-04

Step:    , mean(qv) =    1.92838848E-04

End of time loop

----------------------------

Timers:

----------------------------

Initialization :   152.47 ms

Time loop      :   166.53 ms

----------------------------

● 所有的结果在 nvprof 中的图形。三张图分别为 “仅计算优化无数据优化”，“计算优化与数据优化”，“手工优化变量”

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