Linux内核剖析 之 进程简单介绍
1、概念
1.1 什么是进程?
1.2 什么是线程?
但它们又不是全然无关的,不能设计成单独的进程。所以就须要比进程更小的单位,它们独立被调度,又共享一些资源。
1.3 Linux内核怎样实现线程?
这就是线程组。
Posix Threading Package(NGPT)
2、预备知识:进程描写叙述符task_struct
struct task_struct {
volatile long state; /* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
struct thread_info *thread_info;
atomic_t usage;
unsigned long flags; /* per process flags, defined below */
unsigned long ptrace;
int lock_depth; /* Lock depth */
int prio, static_prio;
struct list_head run_list;
prio_array_t *array;
unsigned long sleep_avg;
unsigned long long timestamp, last_ran;
int activated;
unsigned long policy;
cpumask_t cpus_allowed;
unsigned int time_slice, first_time_slice;
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS
struct sched_info sched_info;
#endif
struct list_head tasks;
/*
* ptrace_list/ptrace_children forms the list of my children
* that were stolen by a ptracer.
*/
struct list_head ptrace_children;
struct list_head ptrace_list;
struct mm_struct *mm, *active_mm;
/* task state */
struct linux_binfmt *binfmt;
long exit_state;
int exit_code, exit_signal;
int pdeath_signal; /* The signal sent when the parent dies */
/* ??? */
unsigned long personality;
unsigned did_exec:1;
pid_t pid;
pid_t tgid;
/*
* pointers to (original) parent process, youngest child, younger sibling,
* older sibling, respectively. (p->father can be replaced with
* p->parent->pid)
*/
struct task_struct *real_parent; /* real parent process (when being debugged) */
struct task_struct *parent; /* parent process */
/*
* children/sibling forms the list of my children plus the
* tasks I'm ptracing.
*/
struct list_head children; /* list of my children */
struct list_head sibling; /* linkage in my parent's children list */
struct task_struct *group_leader; /* threadgroup leader */
/* PID/PID hash table linkage. */
struct pid pids[PIDTYPE_MAX];
struct completion *vfork_done; /* for vfork() */
int __user *set_child_tid; /* CLONE_CHILD_SETTID */
int __user *clear_child_tid; /* CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID */
unsigned long rt_priority;
unsigned long it_real_value, it_real_incr;
cputime_t it_virt_value, it_virt_incr;
cputime_t it_prof_value, it_prof_incr;
struct timer_list real_timer;
cputime_t utime, stime;
unsigned long nvcsw, nivcsw; /* context switch counts */
struct timespec start_time;
/* mm fault and swap info: this can arguably be seen as either mm-specific or thread-specific */
unsigned long min_flt, maj_flt;
/* process credentials */
uid_t uid,euid,suid,fsuid;
gid_t gid,egid,sgid,fsgid;
struct group_info *group_info;
kernel_cap_t cap_effective, cap_inheritable, cap_permitted;
unsigned keep_capabilities:1;
struct user_struct *user;
#ifdef CONFIG_KEYS
struct key *session_keyring; /* keyring inherited over fork */
struct key *process_keyring; /* keyring private to this process (CLONE_THREAD) */
struct key *thread_keyring; /* keyring private to this thread */
#endif
int oomkilladj; /* OOM kill score adjustment (bit shift). */
char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];
/* file system info */
int link_count, total_link_count;
/* ipc stuff */
struct sysv_sem sysvsem;
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
struct thread_struct thread;
/* filesystem information */
struct fs_struct *fs;
/* open file information */
struct files_struct *files;
/* namespace */
struct namespace *namespace;
/* signal handlers */
struct signal_struct *signal;
struct sighand_struct *sighand;
sigset_t blocked, real_blocked;
struct sigpending pending;
unsigned long sas_ss_sp;
size_t sas_ss_size;
int (*notifier)(void *priv);
void *notifier_data;
sigset_t *notifier_mask;
void *security;
struct audit_context *audit_context;
/* Thread group tracking */
u32 parent_exec_id;
u32 self_exec_id;
/* Protection of (de-)allocation: mm, files, fs, tty, keyrings */
spinlock_t alloc_lock;
/* Protection of proc_dentry: nesting proc_lock, dcache_lock, write_lock_irq(&tasklist_lock); */
spinlock_t proc_lock;
/* context-switch lock */
spinlock_t switch_lock;
/* journalling filesystem info */
void *journal_info;
/* VM state */
struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state;
struct dentry *proc_dentry;
struct backing_dev_info *backing_dev_info;
struct io_context *io_context;
unsigned long ptrace_message;
siginfo_t *last_siginfo; /* For ptrace use. */
/*
* current io wait handle: wait queue entry to use for io waits
* If this thread is processing aio, this points at the waitqueue
* inside the currently handled kiocb. It may be NULL (i.e. default
* to a stack based synchronous wait) if its doing sync IO.
*/
wait_queue_t *io_wait;
/* i/o counters(bytes read/written, #syscalls */
u64 rchar, wchar, syscr, syscw;
#if defined(CONFIG_BSD_PROCESS_ACCT)
u64 acct_rss_mem1; /* accumulated rss usage */
u64 acct_vm_mem1; /* accumulated virtual memory usage */
clock_t acct_stimexpd; /* clock_t-converted stime since last update */
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
struct mempolicy *mempolicy;
short il_next;
#endif
};
2.1 怎样获得进程描写叙述符
// include/linux/sched.h
union thread_union{
struct thread_info thread_info;
unsigned long stack[2048];
}
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esp是CPU的栈指针。用来存放栈顶单元的地址。能够直接得到。(esp & 0xffff e000)能够得到thread_info的指针,thread_info.task就是task_struct的指针。
2.2 进程链表
3、进程状态及各状态的组织
3.1 进程状态
task_struct中的state字段描写叙述了进程当前所处的状态:
如硬件中断。等待的资源被释放。接受一个信号。
TRACED:跟踪状态,进程的运行由debugger程序暂停,当一个进程被还有一个进程监控时。不论什么信号都能够把这个进程置于TASK_TRACED状态。
宏:
进程状态转换图:
3.2 各个状态的进程的组织
这种情况下,进程状态没有提供足够的信息来高速恢复进程。所以有必要引进附加的进程链表。linux用等待队列实现这种链表。
4、进程从何而来?
4.1 进程间关系
也就是说,Linux进程之间的关系能够组织为一棵树,其根节点为0号进程。
task_struct中相关字段:
除了父子关系,进程还存在其它关系(线程组。进程组,登录会话,调试跟踪):
进程组和会话中的进程安排:
proc1 | proc2 &
proc3 | proc4 | proc5
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struct pid{
int nr;//冗余?
struct hlist_node pid_chain;
struct list_head pid_list;
}
4.2 怎样创建进程
进程是在系统执行过程中动态创建的。比如:用户在shell中输入一条命令、程序执行fork或pthread_create等。
此时,进程怎样创建呢?-->
fork系统调用,曾经的做法是,子进程复制父进程所拥有的资源。
可是非常多情况下,子进程要做与父进程不同的事。所以子进程马上调用execve(),复制的数据马上丢弃。所以效率低。
后来引入了vfork系统调用,子进程共享其父进程的内存地址空间,并堵塞父进程的运行,一直到子进程退出或运行一个新的程序。
如今的fork引入了写时复制技术(copy-on-write) --> vfrok的优势不再,应避免使用。
此外,clone系统调用同意仔细地控制子进程共享哪些父进程的数据。被用来实现轻量级进程。
下表列出了clone的共享标志:
// include/linux/sched.h
/*
* cloning flags:
*/
#define CSIGNAL 0x000000ff /* signal mask to be sent at exit */
#define CLONE_VM 0x00000100 /* set if VM shared between processes */
#define CLONE_FS 0x00000200 /* set if fs info shared between processes */
#define CLONE_FILES 0x00000400 /* set if open files shared between processes */
#define CLONE_SIGHAND 0x00000800 /* set if signal handlers and blocked signals shared */
#define CLONE_PTRACE 0x00002000 /* set if we want to let tracing continue on the child too */
#define CLONE_VFORK 0x00004000 /* set if the parent wants the child to wake it up on mm_release */
#define CLONE_PARENT 0x00008000 /* set if we want to have the same parent as the cloner */
#define CLONE_THREAD 0x00010000 /* Same thread group? */
#define CLONE_NEWNS 0x00020000 /* New namespace group? */
#define CLONE_SYSVSEM 0x00040000 /* share system V SEM_UNDO semantics */
#define CLONE_SETTLS 0x00080000 /* create a new TLS for the child */
#define CLONE_PARENT_SETTID 0x00100000 /* set the TID in the parent */
#define CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID 0x00200000 /* clear the TID in the child */
#define CLONE_DETACHED 0x00400000 /* Unused, ignored */
#define CLONE_UNTRACED 0x00800000 /* set if the tracing process can't force CLONE_PTRACE on this clone */
#define CLONE_CHILD_SETTID 0x01000000 /* set the TID in the child */
#define CLONE_STOPPED 0x02000000 /* Start in stopped state */
/*
* List of flags we want to share for kernel threads,
* if only because they are not used by them anyway.
*/
#define CLONE_KERNEL (CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES | CLONE_SIGHAND)
// kernel/fork.c
/*
* Ok, this is the main fork-routine.
*
* It copies the process, and if successful kick-starts
* it and waits for it to finish using the VM if required.
*/
long do_fork(unsigned long clone_flags,
unsigned long stack_start,
struct pt_regs *regs,
unsigned long stack_size,
int __user *parent_tidptr,
int __user *child_tidptr)
{
struct task_struct *p;
int trace = 0;
long pid = alloc_pidmap();//通过查找pidmap_array位图,为子进程分配新的PID
if (pid < 0)
return -EAGAIN;
/* 检查子进程是否要跟踪*/
if (unlikely(current->ptrace)) {
trace = fork_traceflag (clone_flags);
if (trace)
clone_flags |= CLONE_PTRACE;
}
/* 核心!复制父进程的task_struct,并申请了内核栈和thread_info */
p = copy_process(clone_flags, stack_start, regs, stack_size, parent_tidptr, child_tidptr, pid);
/*
* Do this prior waking up the new thread - the thread pointer
* might get invalid after that point, if the thread exits quickly.
*/
if (!IS_ERR(p)) {
struct completion vfork;
if (clone_flags & CLONE_VFORK) {
p->vfork_done = &vfork;
init_completion(&vfork);
}
/* 假设设置了CLONE_STOPPED标志。或要跟踪子进程,那么子进程被设置成TASK_STOPPED,并为子进程添加挂起的SIGSTOP信号。在还有一进程把子进程的状态恢复为TASK_RUNNING之前(一般是SIGCONT信号)。子进程不得执行*/
if ((p->ptrace & PT_PTRACED) || (clone_flags & CLONE_STOPPED)) {
/*
* We'll start up with an immediate SIGSTOP.
*/
sigaddset(&p->pending.signal, SIGSTOP);
set_tsk_thread_flag(p, TIF_SIGPENDING);
}
/* 唤醒子进程,1)若父子进程在同一cpu且不能共享页表(CLONE_VM=0),则在执行队列中,把子进程插入在父进程前面,以避免不必要的写时复制开销;2)不同cpu或CLONE_VM=1,把子进程插入现在成执行队列的队尾 */
if (!(clone_flags & CLONE_STOPPED))
wake_up_new_task(p, clone_flags);
else
p->state = TASK_STOPPED;
/* 假设父进程被跟踪,则把子进程pid保存,以使祖父进程(debugger)获取 */
if (unlikely (trace)) {
current->ptrace_message = pid;
ptrace_notify ((trace << 8) | SIGTRAP);
}
/* vfrok要求父进程挂起,直到子进程结束或执行新的程序 */
if (clone_flags & CLONE_VFORK) {
wait_for_completion(&vfork);
if (unlikely (current->ptrace & PT_TRACE_VFORK_DONE))
ptrace_notify ((PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK_DONE << 8) | SIGTRAP);
}
} else {
free_pidmap(pid);
pid = PTR_ERR(p);
}
return pid;
}
4.3 我们接下来从内核中走出来,站在应用程序猿的角度看看进程
例如以下所看到的:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <bits/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int glob = 6;
char buf[] = "a write to stdout\n";
int main(void)
{
int var;
pid_t pid;
var = 88;
if(write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, sizeof(buf)-1) != sizeof(buf)-1)
printf("write error\n");
printf("before fork\n");
if((pid = fork()) < 0){
printf("fork error\n");
} else if(pid == 0) { /* child */
glob++;
var++;
} else{ /* parent */
sleep(2);
}
printf("pid = %d, glob = %d, var = %d\n", getpid(), glob, var);
exit(0);
}
fork时。父进程数据空间拷贝到子进程中时,缓冲区也被拷贝到子进程中。
(详见《UNIX环境高级编程》)
从用户态看来,子进程继承了父进程的(有些须要结合《UNIX环境高级编程》上下文才干看懂):
打开文件
实际用户ID、实际组ID、有效用户ID、有效组ID
附加组ID
进程组ID
会话ID
控制终端
设置用户ID标志和设置组ID标志
当前工作文件夹
根文件夹
文件模式创建屏蔽字
信号屏蔽和安排
针对随意打开文件描写叙述符的在运行时关闭标志
环境
连接的共享存储段
存储映射
资源限制
fork的返回值
进程ID不同
父进程ID
子进程的tms_utime、tms_stime、 tms_cutime以及tms_ustime均被设置为0
父进程设置的文件所不会被子进程继承
子进程的未处理的闹钟被清除
子进程的未处理信号集设置为空集
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注意差别于独立进程打开文件:
4.3 进程究竟从何而来——从start_kernel()開始
// init/main.c
/*
* Activate the first processor.
*/
asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void)
{
char * command_line;
extern struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
/*
* Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
* enable them
*/
lock_kernel();
page_address_init();
printk(linux_banner);
setup_arch(&command_line);
setup_per_cpu_areas();
/*
* Mark the boot cpu "online" so that it can call console drivers in
* printk() and can access its per-cpu storage.
*/
smp_prepare_boot_cpu();
/*
* Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
* timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
* time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
*/
sched_init();
/*
* Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
* fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
*/
preempt_disable();
build_all_zonelists();
page_alloc_init();//初始化伙伴系统
printk("Kernel command line: %s\n", saved_command_line);
parse_early_param();
parse_args("Booting kernel", command_line, __start___param,
__stop___param - __start___param,
&unknown_bootoption);
sort_main_extable();
trap_init();
rcu_init();
init_IRQ();
pidhash_init();
init_timers();
softirq_init();
time_init();
/*
* HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
* we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
* this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
*/
console_init();
if (panic_later)
panic(panic_later, panic_param);
profile_init();
local_irq_enable();
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
initrd_start < min_low_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT) {
printk(KERN_CRIT "initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - "
"disabling it.\n",initrd_start,min_low_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT);
initrd_start = 0;
}
#endif
vfs_caches_init_early();
mem_init();
kmem_cache_init();//初始化slab
numa_policy_init();
if (late_time_init)
late_time_init();
calibrate_delay();//确定cpu时钟速度
pidmap_init();
pgtable_cache_init();
prio_tree_init();
anon_vma_init();
#ifdef CONFIG_X86
if (efi_enabled)
efi_enter_virtual_mode();
#endif
fork_init(num_physpages);
proc_caches_init();
buffer_init();
unnamed_dev_init();
security_init();
vfs_caches_init(num_physpages);
radix_tree_init();
signals_init();
/* rootfs populating might need page-writeback */
page_writeback_init();
#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
proc_root_init();
#endif
check_bugs();
acpi_early_init(); /* before LAPIC and SMP init */
/* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
rest_init();//继续,后面会创建1号init进程,最后cpu_idle(),用以cpu没进程运行时替补
}
/*
* We need to finalize in a non-__init function or else race conditions
* between the root thread and the init thread may cause start_kernel to
* be reaped by free_initmem before the root thread has proceeded to
* cpu_idle.
*
* gcc-3.4 accidentally inlines this function, so use noinline.
*/
static void noinline rest_init(void)
__releases(kernel_lock)
{
kernel_thread(init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND);
numa_default_policy();
unlock_kernel();
preempt_enable_no_resched();
cpu_idle();
}
= copy_process()
)函数[init/main.c],继续初始化工作。
static int init(void * unused)
{
lock_kernel();
/*
* Tell the world that we're going to be the grim
* reaper of innocent orphaned children.
*
* We don't want people to have to make incorrect
* assumptions about where in the task array this
* can be found.
*/
child_reaper = current;
/* Sets up cpus_possible() */
smp_prepare_cpus(max_cpus); /* 这里创建其它0号进程 */
do_pre_smp_initcalls();
fixup_cpu_present_map();
smp_init();
sched_init_smp();
/*
* Do this before initcalls, because some drivers want to access
* firmware files.
*/
populate_rootfs();
do_basic_setup();
/*
* check if there is an early userspace init. If yes, let it do all
* the work
*/
if (sys_access((const char __user *) "/init", 0) == 0)
execute_command = "/init";
else
prepare_namespace();
/*
* Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
* we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
* initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..
*/
free_initmem();
unlock_kernel();
system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
numa_default_policy();
if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0)
printk("Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");
(void) sys_dup(0);
(void) sys_dup(0);
/*
* We try each of these until one succeeds.
*
* The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
* trying to recover a really broken machine.
*/
if (execute_command)
run_init_process(execute_command);
run_init_process("/sbin/init");
run_init_process("/etc/init");
run_init_process("/bin/init");
run_init_process("/bin/sh");
panic("No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel.");
}
一些内核线程的样例:
4.4 撤销进程
进程终止有8种方式:
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两个进程终止的系统调用:
c库函数exit()基于此系统调用
// kernel/exit.c
fastcall NORET_TYPE void do_exit(long code)
{
struct task_struct *tsk = current;
int group_dead;
profile_task_exit(tsk);
if (unlikely(in_interrupt()))
panic("Aiee, killing interrupt handler!");
if (unlikely(!tsk->pid))
panic("Attempted to kill the idle task!");
if (unlikely(tsk->pid == 1))
panic("Attempted to kill init!");
if (tsk->io_context)
exit_io_context();
if (unlikely(current->ptrace & PT_TRACE_EXIT)) {
current->ptrace_message = code;
ptrace_notify((PTRACE_EVENT_EXIT << 8) | SIGTRAP);
}
/* 更新状态,进程正在退出*/
tsk->flags |= PF_EXITING;
del_timer_sync(&tsk->real_timer);
if (unlikely(in_atomic()))
printk(KERN_INFO "note: %s[%d] exited with preempt_count %d\n",
current->comm, current->pid,
preempt_count());
acct_update_integrals();
update_mem_hiwater();
group_dead = atomic_dec_and_test(&tsk->signal->live);
if (group_dead)
acct_process(code);
/* 解除对内存。信号量,文件系统。打开文件,命名空间等的引用。非共享则删除 */
exit_mm(tsk);
exit_sem(tsk);
__exit_files(tsk);
__exit_fs(tsk);
exit_namespace(tsk);
exit_thread();
exit_keys(tsk);
if (group_dead && tsk->signal->leader)
disassociate_ctty(1);
module_put(tsk->thread_info->exec_domain->module);
if (tsk->binfmt)
module_put(tsk->binfmt->module);
/* exit_code,系统调用參数(正常终止)或内核提供的错误码(异常终止)*/
tsk->exit_code = code;
/* 更新亲属关系,子进程将被兄弟进程或init收养
* 是否须要向父进程发送SIGCHLD信号
* release_task()回收进程其它数据结构占用的内存
* 进程EXIT_DEAD或EXIT_ZOMBIE*/
exit_notify(tsk);
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
mpol_free(tsk->mempolicy);
tsk->mempolicy = NULL;
#endif
BUG_ON(!(current->flags & PF_DEAD));
/* 进程调度,一去不回 */
schedule();
BUG();
/* Avoid "noreturn function does return". */
for (;;) ;
}
5、进程切换
这里仅仅涉及内核怎样完毕进程切换。而不涉及调度机制和算法策略。也就是说。这里假定调度程序已经选好了合适的进程,怎样换下旧进程。装上新进程。
因此cpu寄存器的保存和恢复是进程切换的重要内容。
在运行进程切换之前,用户态进程使用的全部寄存器内容都已保存在内核态堆栈上。
进程切换由两步组成:
6、进程资源限制
这些资源包含:
// include/asm-generic/resource.h
#define RLIMIT_CPU 0 /* CPU time in ms */
#define RLIMIT_FSIZE 1 /* Maximum filesize */
#define RLIMIT_DATA 2 /* max data size */
#define RLIMIT_STACK 3 /* max stack size */
#define RLIMIT_CORE 4 /* max core file size */
#define RLIMIT_RSS 5 /* max resident set size */
#define RLIMIT_NPROC 6 /* max number of processes */
#define RLIMIT_NOFILE 7 /* max number of open files */
#define RLIMIT_MEMLOCK 8 /* max locked-in-memory address space */
#define RLIMIT_AS 9 /* address space limit */
#define RLIMIT_LOCKS 10 /* maximum file locks held */
#define RLIMIT_SIGPENDING 11 /* max number of pending signals */
#define RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE 12 /* maximum bytes in POSIX mqueues */
#define RLIM_NLIMITS 13
// include/linux/resource.h
struct rlimit {
unsigned long rlim_cur;
unsigned long rlim_max;
};
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