From https://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/java/DateTimeCalendar.html

Date and Time - Creation, Operation and Formatting

Introduction

There are many Java classes available for date/time and it becomes pretty confusing, in particular, the Date and Calendar clases. The documentation is not very clear, and I have to look into the source codes to understand the salient features.

java.util.Date and java.text.SimpleDateFormat

Date is sufficient if you need only a current timestamp in your application, and you do not need to operate on dates, e.g., one-week later. You can further use SimpleDateFormat to control the date/time display format.

The class java.util.Date represents a specific instance in time, with millisecond precision. It has two constructors:

  • Date(): Allocate a Date instance with the current time.
  • Date(long millisSinceEpoch): Allocate a Date instance with the given time.

From the source code, the no-arg constructor invokes System.currentTimeMillis() to get the milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT (known as "epoch") and stores in a private variable fastTime. Take note that epoch is absolute and does not depends on local time zones.

Most of the methods in Date are deprecated (for lack of internationalization support), except:

  • long getTime(): returns the number of milliseconds since epoch.
  • String toString(): returns a date/time string in local time-zone using the default locale in the format: dow mon dd hh:mm:ss zzz yyyy, where dowis the day of week (Sun, ..., Sat), mon is the month (Jan, ..., Dec), zzz is the time zone. Take note that although Date is represented based on the absolute epoch, the toString() displays the local time, according to the default time zone.

The Date's toString() method has a fixed date/time display format. You can use SimpleDateFormat to control the display format.

EXAMPLE:

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date; public class DateTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Date now = new Date();
System.out.println("toString(): " + now); // dow mon dd hh:mm:ss zzz yyyy // SimpleDateFormat can be used to control the date/time display format:
// E (day of week): 3E or fewer (in text xxx), >3E (in full text)
// M (month): M (in number), MM (in number with leading zero)
// 3M: (in text xxx), >3M: (in full text full)
// h (hour): h, hh (with leading zero)
// m (minute)
// s (second)
// a (AM/PM)
// H (hour in 0 to 23)
// z (time zone)
SimpleDateFormat dateFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("E, y-M-d 'at' h:m:s a z");
System.out.println("Format 1: " + dateFormatter.format(now)); dateFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("E yyyy.MM.dd 'at' hh:mm:ss a zzz");
System.out.println("Format 2: " + dateFormatter.format(now)); dateFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("EEEE, MMMM d, yyyy");
System.out.println("Format 3: " + dateFormatter.format(now));
}
}
toString(): Sat Sep 25 21:27:01 SGT 2010
Format 1: Sat, 10-9-25 at 9:27:1 PM SGT
Format 2: Sat 2010.09.25 at 09:27:01 PM SGT
Format 3: Saturday, September 25, 2010

Summary:

  • Date class is sufficient if you just need a simple timestamp.
  • You could use SimpleDateFormat to control the date/time display format.

Use java.util.Calendar class if you need to extract year, month, day, hour, minute, and second, or manipulating these field (e.g., 7 days later, 3 weeks earlier).

Use java.text.DateFormat to format a Date (form Date to text) and parse a date string (from text to Date). SimpleDateForamt is a subclass of DateFormat.

Date is legacy class, which does not support internationalization. Calendar and DateFormat support locale (you need to consider locale only if you program is to be run in many countries concurrently).

java.util.Calendar & java.util.GregorianCalendar

The Calendar class provides support for:

  1. maintaining a set of calendar fields such as YEARMONTHDAY_OF_MONTHHOURMINUTESECONDMILLISECOND; and
  2. manipulating these calendar fields, such as getting the date of the previous week, roll forward by 3 days.

Calendar provides internationalization support.

Calendar is a abstract class, and you cannot use the constructor to create an instance. Instead, you use the static method Calendar.getInstance() to instantiate an implementation sub-class.

  • Calendar.getInstance(): return a Calendar instance based on the current time in the default time zone with the default locale.
  • Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone zone)
  • Calendar.getInstance(Locale aLocale)
  • Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone zone, Locale aLocale)

Looking into the source code reveals that: getInstance() returns a GregorianCalendar instance for all locales, (except BuddhistCalendar for Thai ("th_TH") and JapaneseImperialCalendar for Japanese ("ja_JP")).

The most important method in Calendar is get(int calendarField), which produces an int. The calendarField are defined as static constant and includes:

  • get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK): returns 1 (Calendar.SUNDAY) to 7 (Calendar.SATURDAY).
  • get(Calendar.YEAR): year
  • get(Calendar.MONTH): returns 0 (Calendar.JANUARY) to 11 (Calendar.DECEMBER).
  • get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH)get(Calendar.DATE): 1 to 31
  • get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY): 0 to 23
  • get(Calendar.MINUTE): 0 to 59
  • get(Calendar.SECOND): 0 to 59
  • get(Calendar.MILLISECOND): 0 to 999
  • get(Calendar.HOUR): 0 to 11, to be used together with Calendar.AM_PM.
  • get(Calendar.AM_PM): returns 0 (Calendar.AM) or 1 (Calendar.PM).
  • get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH)DAY_OF_MONTH 1 through 7 always correspond to DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH 1; 8 through 14 correspond to DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH 2, and so on.
  • get(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR): 1 to 366
  • get(Calendar.ZONE_OFFSET): GMT offset value of the time zone.
  • get(Calendar.ERA): Indicate AD (GregorianCalendar.AD), BC (GregorianCalendar.BC).

A date in Calendar can be represented as:

YEAR + MONTH + DAY_OF_MONTH
YEAR + MONTH + WEEK_OF_MONTH + DAY_OF_WEEK
YEAR + MONTH + DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH + DAY_OF_WEEK
YEAR + DAY_OF_YEAR
YEAR + DAY_OF_WEEK + WEEK_OF_YEAR

A time in Calendar can be represented as:

HOUR_OF_DAY
AM_PM + HOUR

Example:

// Get the year, month, day, hour, minute, second
import java.util.Calendar;
public class GetYMDHMS {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();
// You cannot use Date class to extract individual Date fields
int year = cal.get(Calendar.YEAR);
int month = cal.get(Calendar.MONTH); // 0 to 11
int day = cal.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH);
int hour = cal.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY);
int minute = cal.get(Calendar.MINUTE);
int second = cal.get(Calendar.SECOND); System.out.printf("Now is %4d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d\n", // Pad with zero
year, month+1, day, hour, minute, second);
}
}

Calendar has these setters and operations:

  • void set(int calendarField, int value)
  • void set(int year, int month, int date)
  • void set(int year, int month, int date, int hour, int minute, int second)
  • void add(int field, int amount): Adds or subtracts the specified amount of time to the given calendar field, based on the calendar's rules.
  • void roll(int calendarField, boolean up): Adds or subtracts (up/down) a single unit of time on the given time field without changing larger fields.
  • void roll(int calendarField, int amount): Adds the specified (signed) amount to the specified calendar field without changing larger fields.

Other frequently-used methods are:

  • Date getTime(): return a Date object based on this Calendar's value.
  • void setTime(Date date)
  • long getTimeInMills(): Returns this Calendar's time value in milliseconds.
  • void setTimeInMillis(long millis)
  • void setTimeZone(TimeZone value)

Conversion between Calendar and Date

You can use getTime() and setTime() to convert between Calendar and Date.

Date getTime(): Returns a Date object representing this Calendar's time value
void setTime(Date aDate): Sets this Calendar's time with the given Date instance

EXAMPLE:

import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; public class CalendarTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance(); // GregorianCalendar
System.out.println("Calendar's toString() is : " + cal + "\n");
System.out.println("Time zone is: " + cal.getTimeZone() + "\n"); // An Easier way to print the timestamp by getting a Date instance
Date date = cal.getTime();
System.out.println("Current date and time in Date's toString() is : " + date + "\n"); // Print Calendar's field
System.out.println("Year : " + cal.get(Calendar.YEAR));
System.out.println("Month : " + cal.get(Calendar.MONTH));
System.out.println("Day of Month : " + cal.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH));
System.out.println("Day of Week : " + cal.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
System.out.println("Day of Year : " + cal.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR));
System.out.println("Week of Year : " + cal.get(Calendar.WEEK_OF_YEAR));
System.out.println("Week of Month : " + cal.get(Calendar.WEEK_OF_MONTH));
System.out.println("Day of the Week in Month : " + cal.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH));
System.out.println("Hour : " + cal.get(Calendar.HOUR));
System.out.println("AM PM : " + cal.get(Calendar.AM_PM));
System.out.println("Hour of the Day : " + cal.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY));
System.out.println("Minute : " + cal.get(Calendar.MINUTE));
System.out.println("Second : " + cal.get(Calendar.SECOND));
System.out.println(); // Manipulating Dates
Calendar calTemp;
calTemp = (Calendar) cal.clone();
calTemp.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR, -365);
System.out.println("365 days ago, it was: " + calTemp.getTime()); calTemp = (Calendar) cal.clone();
calTemp.add(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 11);
System.out.println("After 11 hours, it will be: " + calTemp.getTime()); // Roll
calTemp = (Calendar) cal.clone();
calTemp.roll(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 11);
System.out.println("Roll 11 hours, it will be: " + calTemp.getTime());
System.out.println();
}
}

java.util.GregorianCalendar

The calendar that we use today, called Gregorian calendar, came into effect in October 15, 1582 in some countries and later in other countries. It replaces the Julian calendar. 10 days were removed from the calendar, i.e., October 4, 1582 (Julian) was followed by October 15, 1582 (Gregorian). The only difference between the Gregorian and the Julian calendar is the "leap-year rule". In Julian calendar, every four years is a leap year. In Gregorian calendar, a leap year is a year that is divisible by 4 but not divisible by 100, or it is divisible by 400, i.e., the Gregorian calendar omits century years which are not divisible by 400 (removing 3 leap years (or 3 days) for every 400 years). Furthermore, Julian calendar considers the first day of the year as march 25th, instead of January 1st.

java.util.Calendar is an abstract class. Calendar.getInstance() returns an implementation class java.util.GregorianCalendar (except locales of "th" and "jp"). In Java, this GregorianCalendar handles both the Gregorian calendar as well as the Julian calendar, including the cut over.

GregorianCalendar has the following constructors:

  • GregorianCalendar(): using the current time, with the default time zone and locale.
  • GregorianCalendar(int year, int month, int dayOfMonth): with the default time zone and locale.
  • GregorianCalendar(int year, int month, int dayOfMonth, int hourOfDay, int minute, int second)
  • GregorianCalendar(TimeZone zone, Locale aLocale): using current time.
  • GregorianCalendar(TimeZone zone)
  • GregorianCalendar(Locale aLocale)

For example,

Calendar cal1 = new GregorianCalendar();  // allocate an instance and upcast to Calendar
Calendar cal2 = new GregorianCalendar(2010, 9, 26); // allocate with the specified date
cal2.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK); // 1 (Sunday) to 7 (Saturday)

java.text.DateFormat & java.text.SimpleDateFormat

Read Java Tutorial, Internationalization ⇒ Formatting ⇒ Dates and Times at http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/i18n/format/dateintro.html.

java.text.DateFormat is an abstract class for formats (from date to text) and parses (from text to date) date/time in a text-language-independent manner.SimpleDateFormat is an implementation subclass. Date formatter operates on Date object.

To use the date formatter, first create a DateFormat object for the desired date/time format, and then use the format() method to produce a date/time string.

To use the DateFormat, use one of these static factory method to create an instance:

  • DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(): use the default style and locale to format date and time.
  • DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(int dateStyle, int timeStyle, Locale aLocale): style includes DateFormat.FULLLONGMEDIUM, and SHORT.
  • DateFormat.getInstance(): uses SHORT style for date and time.
  • DateFormat.getDateInstance()DateFormat.getDateInstance(int style, Locale aLocale): date only.
  • DateFormat.getTimeInstance()DateFormat.getTimeInstance(int style, Locale aLocale): time only.

To parse a text string int Date, use:

DateFormat formatter = ....
Date myDate = formatter.parse(myString);

EXAMPLE:

import java.util.Date;
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Locale; public class DateFormatTest { public static void main(String[] args) {
Date now = new Date(); // Use Date.toString()
System.out.println(now); // Use DateFormat
DateFormat formatter = DateFormat.getInstance(); // Date and time
String dateStr = formatter.format(now);
System.out.println(dateStr);
formatter = DateFormat.getTimeInstance(); // time only
System.out.println(formatter.format(now)); // Use locale
formatter = DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(DateFormat.FULL, DateFormat.FULL, Locale.FRANCE);
System.out.println(formatter.format(now)); // Use SimpleDateFormat
SimpleDateFormat simpleFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("E yyyy.MM.dd 'at' hh:mm:ss a zzz");
System.out.println(simpleFormatter.format(now));
}
}
Sun May 16 19:38:41 SGT 2010
5/16/10 7:38 PM
7:38:41 PM
dimanche 16 mai 2010 19 h 38 SGT
Sun 2010.05.16 at 07:38:41 PM SGT

Measuring Time

Many applications (such as games and animation) require good timing control.

Java provides these static methods in System class:

System.currentTimeMillis()Returns the current time in milliseconds since January 1, 1970 00:00:00 GMT (known as "epoch"), in long.

// Measuring elapsed time
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
// The code being measured
.......
long estimatedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;

System.nanoTime(): Returns the current value of the most precise available system timer, in nanoseconds, in long. Introduced in JDK 1.5. nanoTime() is meant for measuring relative time interval instead of providing absolute timing.

// Measuring elapsed time
long startTime = System.nanoTime();
// The code being measured
.......
long estimatedTime = System.nanoTime() - startTime;

Take note that milli is 10-3=0.001, nano is 10-9=0.000000001. There is no micro (10-6=0.000001) timer.

REFERENCES & RESOURCES

Latest version tested: JDK 1.6
Last modified: September, 2010

Feedback, comments, corrections, and errata can be sent to Chua Hock-Chuan (ehchua@ntu.edu.sg)   |   HOME

Java Date Calendar DateFormat Details的更多相关文章

  1. java ->Date、DateFormat、Calendar类

    Date类概述 类 Date 表示特定的瞬间,精确到毫秒. 毫秒概念:1000毫秒=1秒 毫秒的0点: System.currentTimeMillis()  相当于Date d = new Date ...

  2. java时间日期类(Date、DateFormat、Calendar)学习

    1.Date类 常用方法:long getTime(),用于返回当前时刻的毫秒值 Date d = new Date(2000); System.out.println(d.getTime());// ...

  3. 常用类一一时间处理相关类一一java.util.Tomezone(java.util.Calendar , java.util.Date , java.text.DateFormat)

    时间处理相关类 时间是一个一维的东东.所以,我们需要一把刻度尺来区表达和度量时间.在计算机世界,我们把1970 年 1 月 1 日 00:00:00定为基准时间,每个度量单位是毫秒(1秒的千分之一). ...

  4. Java:Date、Calendar、Timestamp的使用

    一.Java.util.Date 该对象包含了年月日时分秒信息.具体使用如下代码: //String 转换为Date private static void dateDemo() throws Par ...

  5. Java Date 和 Calendar

    Java 语言的Date(日期),Calendar(日历),DateFormat(日期格式)组成了Java标准的一个基本但是非常重要的部分.日期是商业逻辑计算一个关键的部分,所有的开发者都应该能够计算 ...

  6. Java 中Calendar、Date、SimpleDateFormat学习总结

    在之前的项目中,经常会遇到Calendar,Date的一些操作时间的类,并且总会遇到时间日期之间的格式转化问题,虽然做完了但是总是忘记,记不清楚,每次还都要查找资料.今天总结一下,加深印象. Cale ...

  7. 08 正则表达式,Math类,Random,System类,BigInteger,BigDecimal,Date,DateFormat,Calendar

    正则表达式:    是指一个用来描述或者匹配一系列符合某个语法规则的字符串的单个字符串.其实就是一种规则.有自己特殊的应用. public class Demo2_Regex { public sta ...

  8. Math、Random、System、BigInteger、Date、DateFormat、Calendar类,正则表达式_DAY14

    1:Math&大数据类四则运算 X abs(X x) double random()         产生随机数 double ceil(double a)   向上取整 double flo ...

  9. Java Date and Calendar examples

    Java Date and Calendar examples This tutorial shows you how to work with java.util.Date and java.uti ...

随机推荐

  1. 课堂随笔04--关于string类的一些基本操作

    //定义一个空字符串 string strA = string.Empty; strA = "abcdesabcskkkkk"; //获取字符串的长度 int i = strA.L ...

  2. Spire.Doc组件

    使用Spire.Doc组件利用模板导出Word文档 以前一直是用Office的组件实现Word文档导出,但是让客户在服务器安装Office,涉及到版权:而且Office安装,包括权限配置也是比较麻烦. ...

  3. 使用elasticsearch遇到的一些问题以及解决方法(不断更新)

    7.org.elasticsearch.transport.RemoteTransportException: Failed to deserialize exception response fro ...

  4. mongodb 批量更新 数组的键操作的文件

    persons该文件的数据如下面的: > db.persons.find() { "_id" : 2, "name" : 2 } { "_id& ...

  5. win7 64位系统下进入debug

    win7 64位无法直接通过命名行输入debug命令的方式进入到debug,好在我们可是使用一个工具DOSbox来进入debug.操作步骤如下:1.下载DOSbox进行安装.下载地址:点击打开链接.如 ...

  6. robot framework的使用说明

    robot framework安装说明1.安装python2.7.15运行安装包python-2.7.15.amd64.msi 2.robot framework(1)解压最新的压缩包如robotfr ...

  7. Oracle 学习笔记 18 -- 存储函数和存储过程(PL/SQL子程序)

    PL/SQL子程序 它包含了函数和过程.此功能是指用户定义的函数.和系统功能是不同的.子程序通常完成特定的功能PL/SQL座.,能够被不同的应用程序多次调用.Oracle提供能够把PL/SQL程序存储 ...

  8. boost::bind应用示例

    // testBind.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application. // #include "stdafx.h&qu ...

  9. windows下Redis 主从读写分离部署

    原文:windows下Redis 主从读写分离部署 1.可直接下载window下的运行文件(下面这个链接) 也可以浏览github 查看相应的版本说明文档 https://github.com/Ser ...

  10. Bootstrap Edit 使用方法

    Getting Started <!-- rounded edit text --> <com.beardedhen.androidbootstrap.BootstrapEditTe ...