(八）爬虫之js调试（登陆知乎）
上次爬取网易云音乐，折腾js调试了好久，难受。。。。今天继续练练手，研究下知乎登陆，让痛苦更猛烈些。
1.简单分析
很容易就发现登陆的url=“https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/sign_in”，post方法提交，需要的请求头和表单数据如下两图，请求头中有一个特殊的x-xsrftoken，表单数据为加密后的一长串字符窜，因此需要构造这两个值即可。
2. 获取 x-xsrftoken值
首先是这个特殊的x-xsrftoken，发现通过访问url="https://www.zhihu.com/"，返回的cookies里面能拿到（会自动重定向，需要禁止重定向拿到requests.get(url,headers=headers,allow_redirects=False)），代码如下：
headers={"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.81 Safari/537.36",}
def get_xsrf(headers):
url="https://www.zhihu.com/"
r = requests.get(url,headers=headers,allow_redirects=False) #禁止重定向时，cookies里面有xsrf参数
xsrf = r.cookies["_xsrf"]
3. 构造表单数据
然后就是表单数据的构造和加密了, 根据前辈们的提示，提交url为url=“https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/sign_in”，一般表单会和末尾部分/oauth/sign_in有关系，于是在js文件里面搜索sign_in时，发现了下面的API，通过添加断点，点击登录，然后执行到断点处时，看到了如下的表单数据。变换不同账号试了下，发现只有captcha，signature,timestamp三个值在改变，其他参数不变。很明显，captcha为验证码，timestamp为时间戳（注意是13位），signature也像一个加密值，接下来就是寻找这几个值构造表单了。
表单数据：
3.1 构造signature
对于signature，在js文件中搜索signature，发现了下面的signature关键字，同样打断点，发现signature是采用hmac对四个数据加密后的结果；加密方 法为sha1，salt值如下，然后加密的参数依次是e=“password”, u="c3cef7c66a1843f8b3a9e6a1e3160e20"(就是clientId)， source="com.zhihu.web", n为13为 时间戳。用python实现代码如下：
def get_signature(grantType,clientId,source,timestamp):
h = hmac.new("d1b964811afb40118a12068ff74a12f4","",hashlib.sha1)
h.update(grantType+clientId+source+str(timestamp))
return h.hexdigest()
3.2 构造captcha
然后是处理验证码captcha参数，发现有三种情况：
1. 不需要验证码，captcha=""
2. 请求验证码的url为"https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=cn"，返回为汉字图片，需要点击图片中倒立的汉字，captcha为坐标值
3.请求验证码的url为"https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=en"，返回英文字母图片，输入图片中英文字符即可，captcha为英文字符
验证码的请求和处理流程如下：
首先向上述两个验证码请求url中任一个发送get请求，如果返回{show_captcha：False}，不需要验证码，captcha=""，直接返回即可；如果返回{show_captcha：True}，则需要验证码，继续向该url发送put请求（需要第一步的cookie），服务器会返回base64编码的验证码图片，利用base64解码写入文件即为验证码图片。打开图片，根据要求输入验证码或点击图片即为captcha的值，这里需要先携带cookie和验证码值，向服务器发送post请求，返回success才表示验证成功。比较特殊的是中文验证码处理，验证码的值为几组坐标值，如下第二张图片所示，可以利用matplotlib.pyplot模块来获取图片点击的坐标值（注意提交结果为实际点击坐标的一半）。
验证码：
验证码结果返回：
验证码处理的代码如下：
def get_captcha(lang,headers):
if lang=="cn":
api = "https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=cn"
else:
api = "https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=en" ret = requests.get(api,headers=headers)
cookies = ret.cookies
show_captcha = re.search("true",ret.text)
captcha=""
if show_captcha:
img_res = requests.put(api,headers=headers,cookies=cookies) #得带上第一步的cookie，否则返回，{u'code': , u'name': u'ERR_CAPSION_TICKET_NOT_FOUND'}
img_json = json.loads(img_res.text)
img_data = img_json["img_base64"].replace("\n","")
with open("captcha.jpg","wb") as i:
i.write(base64.b64decode(img_data))
img = Image.open("captcha.jpg")
if lang=="cn":
plt.imshow(img)
print("点击图片中所有倒立的汉字，在命令行中按回车键提交")
points = plt.ginput() #阻塞点击七次后返回(或者中途点击回车键返回)，返回包含坐标组的列表，格式：[(44.661290322580641, 49.951612903225794)]
captcha = json.dumps({
"img_size":[,],
"input_points":[[i[]/,i[]/] for i in points] #获取的坐标得除2
}) else:
img_thread = threading.Thread(target=img.show)
img_thread.setDaemon(True)
img_thread.start()
captcha = raw_input("请输入图片里的验证码：") #python 2.7
r = requests.post(api,headers=headers,data={"input_text":captcha},cookies=cookies) #先提交验证码结果
print(r.text)
return captcha,cookies
验证码处理
4. 加密表单数据
拿到上述表单需要的值后，剩下的就是对表单数据进行加密了，搜索了下encrypt，找到了如下的js代码，通过打断点，看到了下图中e的值，和表单中的参数一模一样，可以确定为加密方法，简单研究了下js代码，实在看不懂。。。。谷歌了下大佬们的解决方案(见文末参考)，发现需要将加密方法（28853行大括号截止处，对应function）拷贝出来，利用execjs模块在python中执行js代码即可。需要注意的是，拷贝出来的加密方法是在浏览器中运行的，需要去掉window，document等对象处理成node.js环境下运行的js代码，然后安装node.js,将execjs模块的运行环境设置为node.js即可以运行了。下面为处理后的encrypt代码和python加密方法：
function s(e) {
return (s = "function" == typeof Symbol && "symbol" == typeof Symbol.t ? function(e) {
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(new G).J("4AeTAJwAqACcAaQAAAAYAJAAnAKoAJwDgAWTACwAnAKoACACGAESOTRHkQAkAbAEIAMYAJwFoAASAzREJAQYBBIBNEVkBnCiGAC0BjRAJAAYBBICNEVkBnDGGAC0BzRAJACwCJAAnAmoAJwKoACcC4ABnAyMBRAAMwZgBnESsA0aADRAkQAkABgCnA6gABoCnA+hQDRHGAKcEKAAMQdgBnFasBEaADRAkQAkABgCnBKgABoCnBOhQDRHZAZxkrAUGgA0QJEAJAAYApwVoABgBnG6sBYaADRAkQAkABgCnBegAGAGceKwGBoANECRACQAnAmoAJwZoABgBnIOsBoaADRAkQAkABgCnBugABoCnByhQDRHZAZyRrAdGgA0QJEAJAAQACAFsB4gBhgAnAWgABIBNEEkBxgHEgA0RmQGdJoQCBoFFAE5gCgFFAQ5hDSCJAgYB5AAGACcH4AFGAEaCDRSEP8xDzMQIAkQCBoFFAE5gCgFFAQ5hDSCkQAkCBgBGgg0UhD/MQ+QACAIGAkaBxQBOYGSABoAnB+EBRoIN1AUCDmRNJMkCRAIGgUUATmAKAUUBDmENIKRACQIGAEaCDRSEP8xD5AAIAgYCRoHFAI5gZIAGgCcH4QFGgg3UBQQOZE0kyQJGAMaCRQ/OY+SABoGnCCEBTTAJAMYAxoJFAY5khI/Nk+RABoGnCCEBTTAJAMYAxoJFAw5khI/Nk+RABoGnCCEBTTAJAMYAxoJFBI5khI/Nk+RABoGnCCEBTTAJAMYBxIDNEEkB3JsHgNQAA==", , ["BRgg", "BSITFQkTERw=", "LQYfEhMA", "PxMVFBMZKB8DEjQaBQcZExMC", "", "NhETEQsE", "Whg=", "Wg==", "MhUcHRARDhg=", "NBcPBxYeDQMF", "Lx4ODys+GhMC", "LgM7OwAKDyk6Cg4=", "Mx8SGQUvMQ==", "SA==", "ORoVGCQgERcCAxo=", "BTcAERcCAxo=", "BRg3ABEXAgMaFAo=", "SQ==", "OA8LGBsP", "GC8LGBsP", "Tg==", "PxAcBQ==", "Tw==", "KRsJDgE=", "TA==", "LQofHg4DBwsP", "TQ==", "PhMaNCwZAxoUDQUeGQ==", "PhMaNCwZAxoUDQUeGTU0GQIeBRsYEQ8=", "Qg==", "BWpUGxkfGRsZFxkbGR8ZGxkHGRsZHxkbGRcZG1MbGR8ZGxkXGRFpGxkfGRsZFxkbGR8ZGxkHGRsZHxkbGRcZGw==", "ORMRCyk0Exk8LQ==", "ORMRCyst"]);
var Q = function(e) {
return __g._encrypt(e)
};
encrypt.js
#准备表单数据
timestamp = int(*time.time())
data_dict = {
"captcha": "",
"client_id": "c3cef7c66a1843f8b3a9e6a1e3160e20",
"grant_type": "password",
"lang": "en",
"password": "你的密码",
"ref_source": "homepage",
"signature": "",
"source": "com.zhihu.web",
"timestamp": timestamp,
"username": "你的用户名",
"utm_source": "",
}
#将表单数据加密
with open("encrypt.js",'r') as f:
#os.environ["EXECJS_RUNTIME"] = "Node"
# os.environ["NODE_PATH"] = r"D:\nodejs\node_modules"
#print execjs.get().name
js = execjs.compile(f.read().decode("utf-8")) #传入unicode字符
data = js.call(u'Q',urlencode(data_dict)) #data_dict为表单数据
表单加密
5. 加密数据提交
拿到所有数据后，可以提交post请求了，需要注意的有三个地方：
1.表单中参数的大小写和拼写要注意了 (我开始将client_id写成了clientId，报错找不到client_id参数）
2. 请求头headers必须需要"content-type":"，'x-zse-83'，"x-xsrftoken"三个参数
3. 需要带上cookie，最主要的是cookie中的cookies["capsion_ticket"]不能少，可以利用获取验证码时返回的cookie
最后完整代码如下：
#coding:utf- #登陆并爬取知乎 import requests
import time
import hmac
import hashlib
from urllib import urlencode
import execjs #安装PyExecJS模块
import os
import json
import re
import base64
from PIL import Image
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import threading def get_signature(grantType,clientId,source,timestamp):
h = hmac.new("d1b964811afb40118a12068ff74a12f4","",hashlib.sha1)
h.update(grantType+clientId+source+str(timestamp))
return h.hexdigest() def get_captcha(lang,headers):
if lang=="cn":
api = "https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=cn"
else:
api = "https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=en" ret = requests.get(api,headers=headers)
cookies = ret.cookies
show_captcha = re.search("true",ret.text)
captcha=""
if show_captcha:
img_res = requests.put(api,headers=headers,cookies=cookies) #得带上第一步的cookie，否则返回，{u'code': , u'name': u'ERR_CAPSION_TICKET_NOT_FOUND'}
img_json = json.loads(img_res.text)
img_data = img_json["img_base64"].replace("\n","")
with open("captcha.jpg","wb") as i:
i.write(base64.b64decode(img_data))
img = Image.open("captcha.jpg")
if lang=="cn":
plt.imshow(img)
print("点击图片中所有倒立的汉字，在命令行中按回车键提交")
points = plt.ginput() #阻塞点击七次后返回(或者中途点击回车键返回)，返回包含坐标组的列表，格式：[(44.661290322580641, 49.951612903225794)]
captcha = json.dumps({
"img_size":[,],
"input_points":[[i[]/,i[]/] for i in points] #获取的坐标得除2
}) else:
img_thread = threading.Thread(target=img.show)
img_thread.setDaemon(True)
img_thread.start()
captcha = raw_input("请输入图片里的验证码：") #python 2.7
r = requests.post(api,headers=headers,data={"input_text":captcha},cookies=cookies) #先提交验证码结果
print(r.text)
return captcha,cookies
def get_xsrf(headers):
url="https://www.zhihu.com/"
r = requests.get(url,headers=headers,allow_redirects=False) #禁止重定向时，cookies里面有xsrf参数
xsrf = r.cookies["_xsrf"] def login(lang):
headers={"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.81 Safari/537.36",} #准备表单数据
timestamp = int(*time.time())
data_dict = {
"captcha": "",
"client_id": "c3cef7c66a1843f8b3a9e6a1e3160e20",
"grant_type": "password",
"lang": "en",
"password": "xxxxx",
"ref_source": "homepage",
"signature": "",
"source": "com.zhihu.web",
"timestamp": timestamp,
"username": "xxxxxxxx",
"utm_source": "",
}
data_dict["signature"] = get_signature(data_dict["grant_type"],data_dict["client_id"],data_dict["source"],timestamp)
data_dict["captcha"],cookies = get_captcha(lang,headers) #将表单数据加密
with open("encrypt.js",'r') as f:
#os.environ["EXECJS_RUNTIME"] = "Node"
# os.environ["NODE_PATH"] = r"D:\nodejs\node_modules"
#print execjs.get().name
js = execjs.compile(f.read().decode("utf-8")) #传入unicode字符
data = js.call(u'Q',urlencode(data_dict)) #data_dict为表单数据
print(data) #准备请求头
xsrf = get_xsrf(headers)
header={
"content-type":"application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
#"Referer":"https://www.zhihu.com/signin",
'x-zse-83': '3_1.1',
"x-xsrftoken":xsrf,
}
headers.update(header)
sign_url = "https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/sign_in"
response = requests.post(url=sign_url,headers=headers,data=data,cookies=cookies) #cookies["capsion_ticket"]不能少
print(response.status_code)
print(response.text) if __name__=="__main__":
login("cn") #也可以为en
知乎登陆
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(new G).J("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", , ["BRgg", "BSITFQkTERw=", "LQYfEhMA", "PxMVFBMZKB8DEjQaBQcZExMC", "", "NhETEQsE", "Whg=", "Wg==", "MhUcHRARDhg=", "NBcPBxYeDQMF", "Lx4ODys+GhMC", "LgM7OwAKDyk6Cg4=", "Mx8SGQUvMQ==", "SA==", "ORoVGCQgERcCAxo=", "BTcAERcCAxo=", "BRg3ABEXAgMaFAo=", "SQ==", "OA8LGBsP", "GC8LGBsP", "Tg==", "PxAcBQ==", "Tw==", "KRsJDgE=", "TA==", "LQofHg4DBwsP", "TQ==", "PhMaNCwZAxoUDQUeGQ==", "PhMaNCwZAxoUDQUeGTU0GQIeBRsYEQ8=", "Qg==", "BWpUGxkfGRsZFxkbGR8ZGxkHGRsZHxkbGRcZG1MbGR8ZGxkXGRFpGxkfGRsZFxkbGR8ZGxkHGRsZHxkbGRcZGw==", "ORMRCyk0Exk8LQ==", "ORMRCyst"]);
var Q = function(e) {
return __g._encrypt(e)
};
encrypt.js
参考： https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/57375111
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/34073256
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