Linux教程 Yum命令的使用

在这篇文章中，我们将学习如何安装，更新，删除，查找安装包，管理安装包以及安装包的仓库在Linux系统使用RedHat开发的YUM(Yellowdog Updater Modified)工具。以下这些命令例子主要使用的是CentOS 6.3 练习总结出来的，你也可以使用这些命令来对应的Linux环境上进行学习和练习。但是在使用这些命令时，你首先得熟悉Linux的命令，否则的话，有可能会操作失误，对系统造成一定的影响和损坏。

什么是YUM？

YUM (Yellowdog Updater Modified)  是一个开源的命令行工具，以及基于图形的软件包管理工具, 用于基于 RPM (RedHat Package Manager) 的 Linux 系统。它允许用户和系统管理员容易的安装，升级，卸载或者查找软件安装包在Linux系统中，它被开发以及发布通过 Seth Vidal 开源在GPL(General Public License) 下。这样的话任何人都可以下载和访问代码进行开发以及修复Bugs。YUM使用大量的第三方仓库通过依赖来自动安装包。

1，使用YUM安装一个软件

安装一个软件叫Firefox，仅仅运行以下命令，将会自动发现以及安装所有要求的依赖。

# yum install firefox
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================================
Package   Arch Version Repository Size

================================================================================================
Updating:
firefox i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos updates 20 M
Updating for dependencies:
xulrunner i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos updates 12 M

Transaction Summary
================================================================================================

Install 0 Package(s)
Upgrade 2 Package(s)

Total download size: 32 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
(1/2): firefox-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686.rpm | 20 MB 01:10

(2/2): xulrunner-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686.rpm | 12 MB 00:52
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 63 kB/s | 32 MB 02:04

Updated:
firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos

Dependency Updated:
xulrunner.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos

Complete!

以上命令安装任何包之前都会询问是否要安装，如果你想要自动安装没有任何提示，在命令里加一个参数-y 即可，例子如下：

# yum -y install firefox

2，使用YUM删除一个软件

删除一个软件叫Firefox，仅仅运行以下命令，将会自动删除该软件的所有的依赖。

# yum remove firefox
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Setting up Remove Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos set to be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size

=================================================================================================
Removing:
firefox i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos @updates 23 M

Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Remove 1 Package(s)
Reinstall 0 Package(s)
Downgrade 0 Package(s)

Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Erasing : firefox-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686
1/1

Removed:
firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos

Complete!

相同的是以上命令执行还是会提醒你是否要卸载，如果不需要提示请加参数-y。

# yum -y remove firefox

3，使用YUM升级一个软件

升级一个老版本的MySQL软件，仅仅运行以下命令，将会自动发现以及安装所有要求的依赖。

# yum update mysql
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Dependencies Resolved

=================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Updating:
vsftpd i386 2.0.5-24.el5_8.1 updates 144 k

Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Install 0 Package(s)
Upgrade 1 Package(s)

Total size: 144 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Updating : vsftpd
1/2
Cleanup : vsftpd
2/2

Updated:
vsftpd.i386 0:2.0.5-24.el5_8.1

Complete!

4，使用YUM列出一个软件的信息

使用list函数通过安装包的名字查找软件，例如查找openssh使用以下命令

# yum list openssh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net
* updates: mirror.nus.edu.sg
Installed Packages
openssh.i386 4.3p2-72.el5_6.3
installed
Available Packages 4.3p2-82.el5

如果要让你的查询更精确，使用那个安装的对应的版本进行查询。如下：

# yum list openssh-4.3p2

5，使用YUM查询匹配的软件

如果你记不住软件的名称，可以使用search来查找匹配该名称的所有软件。

# yum search vsftpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net
* updates: ftp.iitm.ac.in
============================== Matched: vsftpd ========================
ccze.i386 : A robust log colorizer
pure-ftpd-selinux.i386 : SELinux support for Pure-FTPD
vsftpd.i386 : vsftpd - Very Secure Ftp Daemon

6，使用YUM获取一个软件的信息

安装一个软件前你想要知道该软件的信息，仅仅运行以下命令，将会得到该软件的信息。

# yum info firefox
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net
* updates: ftp.iitm.ac.in
Available Packages
Name : firefox
Arch : i386
Version : 10.0.6
Release : 1.el5.centos
Size : 20 M
Repo : updates
Summary : Mozilla Firefox Web browser
URL : http://www.mozilla.org/projects/firefox/
License : MPLv1.1 or GPLv2+ or LGPLv2+
Description: Mozilla Firefox is an open-source web browser, designed for standards
: compliance, performance and portability.

7，使用YUM列出所有有效的安装包

使用YUM列出所有有效的安装包

# yum list | less

8，使用YUM列出所有已安装的软件包

使用以下命令则列出所有已安装的软件安装包

# yum list installed | less

9，使用YUM查找对应的文件所属的安装包

使用provide命令查找对应文件所属的软件安装包。就比如查找htppd.conf文件

# yum provides /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
httpd-2.2.3-63.el5.centos.i386 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo : base
Matched from:
Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

httpd-2.2.3-63.el5.centos.1.i386 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo : updates
Matched from:
Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

httpd-2.2.3-65.el5.centos.i386 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo : updates
Matched from:
Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

httpd-2.2.3-53.el5.centos.1.i386 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo : installed
Matched from:
Other : Provides-match: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

10，使用YUM检查可升级的软件安装包

使用以下命令检查你的系统有多少软件包能够升级

# yum check-update

11，使用YUM升级系统

使用以下命令将升级最新的系统软件版本。

# yum update

12，使用YUM列出能安装的一组包

在Linux系统中，许多安装被绑定到到一个特定的组，从而不要单独对每一个安装包进行安装，你安装特定组的包，将安装所有相关联的包。例如使用以下命令显示有效的组。

# yum grouplist
Installed Groups:
Administration Tools
DNS Name Server
Dialup Networking Support
Editors
Engineering and Scientific
FTP Server
Graphics
Java Development
Legacy Network Server
Available Groups:
Authoring and Publishing
Base
Beagle
Cluster Storage
Clustering
Development Libraries
Development Tools
Eclipse
Educational Software
KDE (K Desktop Environment)
KDE Software Development

13，使用YUM安装一组安装包

安装一组特定的软件安装包，我们使用命令groupinstall，例如安装软件MySqlDatabase,只需要执行以下命令。

# yum groupinstall 'MySQL Database'
Dependencies Resolved

=================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Updating:
unixODBC i386 2.2.11-10.el5 base 290 k
Installing for dependencies:
unixODBC-libs i386 2.2.11-10.el5 base 551 k

Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Install 1 Package(s)
Upgrade 1 Package(s)

Total size: 841 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : unixODBC-libs 1/3
Updating : unixODBC 2/3
Cleanup : unixODBC 3/3

Dependency Installed:
unixODBC-libs.i386 0:2.2.11-10.el5

Updated:
unixODBC.i386 0:2.2.11-10.el5

Complete!

14，使用YUM升级一组软件包

升级已经安装的一组软件包，使用以下命令即可安装。

# yum groupupdate 'DNS Name Server'

Dependencies Resolved
=================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Updating:
bind i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 981 k
bind-chroot i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 47 k
Updating for dependencies:
bind-libs i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 864 k
bind-utils i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 174 k

Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Install 0 Package(s)
Upgrade 4 Package(s)

Total size: 2.0 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Updating : bind-libs 1/8
Updating : bind 2/8
Updating : bind-chroot 3/8
Updating : bind-utils 4/8
Cleanup : bind 5/8
Cleanup : bind-chroot 6/8
Cleanup : bind-utils 7/8
Cleanup : bind-libs 8/8

Updated:
bind.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-chroot.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2

Dependency Updated:
bind-libs.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-utils.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2

Complete!

15，使用YUM删除一组软件安装包

删除系统中已存在的一组软件包，使用以下命令

# yum groupremove 'DNS Name Server'

Dependencies Resolved

=================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Removing:
bind i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 installed 2.1 M
bind-chroot i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 installed 0.0

Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Remove 2 Package(s)
Reinstall 0 Package(s)
Downgrade 0 Package(s)

Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Erasing : bind 1/2
warning: /etc/sysconfig/named saved as /etc/sysconfig/named.rpmsave
Erasing : bind-chroot 2/2

Removed:
bind.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-chroot.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2

Complete!

16，列出可使用的YUM仓库

使用以下命令列出所有可使用的仓库的在你的系统。

# yum repolist

repo id repo name status
base CentOS-5 - Base enabled: 2,725
epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 5 - i386 enabled: 5,783
extras CentOS-5 - Extras enabled: 282
mod-pagespeed mod-pagespeed enabled: 1
rpmforge RHEL 5 - RPMforge.net - dag enabled: 11,290
updates CentOS-5 - Updates enabled: 743
repolist: 20,824

17，列出所有可用以及不可用的YUM仓库

使用以下命令列出所有可使用的和不可使用的仓库的在你的系统。

# yum repolist all

repo id repo name status
C5.0-base CentOS-5.0 - Base disabled
C5.0-centosplus CentOS-5.0 - Plus disabled
C5.0-extras CentOS-5.0 - Extras disabled
base CentOS-5 - Base enabled: 2,725
epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 5 - i386 enabled: 5,783
extras CentOS-5 - Extras enabled: 282
repolist: 20,824

18，安装一个软件包从特定的仓库

从一个特定的可用的或者不可用的仓库中安装一个软件安装包，你应该使用–enablerepo 参数来指定仓库，例如安装phpmyadmin安装包，你执行以下命令即可。

# yum --enablerepo=epel install phpmyadmin

Dependencies Resolved
=============================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================
Installing:
phpMyAdmin noarch 3.5.1-1.el6 epel 4.2 M

Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================
Install 1 Package(s)

Total download size: 4.2 M
Installed size: 17 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch.rpm | 4.2 MB 00:25
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch 1/1
Verifying : phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch 1/1

Installed:
phpMyAdmin.noarch 0:3.5.1-1.el6

Complete!

18，使用YUM Shell 进行交互

YUM Shell能够执行多个命令的脚本。

# yum shell
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Setting up Yum Shell
> update httpd
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net
* epel: ftp.riken.jp
* extras: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net
* updates: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net
Setting up Update Process
>

19，清除YUM缓存

默认情况下YUM保持所有可用的安装包的仓库的数据在/var/cache/yum/ 目录下的每一个子目录中，清除所有的可用的仓库的缓存，你需要运行以下命令清除所有缓存并且确保没有空间被占用，一般情况下，我们是不建议清除的，因为我们想保留缓存在系统中，方便安装和查找。

# yum clean all

20，查看YUM的安装历史

列出所有过去YUM处理的操作以及YUM安装的历史记录

# yum history

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 | root | 2018-08-11 15:19 | Install | 3
9 | root | 2018-08-11 15:11 | Install | 1
8 | root | 2018-08-11 15:10 | Erase | 1 EE
7 | root | 2018-08-10 17:44 | Install | 1
6 | root | 2018-08-10 12:19 | Install | 2
5 | root | 2018-08-10 12:14 | Install | 3
4 | root | 2018-08-10 12:12 | I, U | 13 E<
3 | root | 2018-08-09 13:01 | Install | 1 >
2 | root | 2018-08-08 20:13 | I, U | 292 EE
1 | System | 2018-08-08 17:15 | Install | 560
history list

以上是所有练习归纳的YUM命令，如果你有任何其它相关的YUM的命令，可以在留言或者评论区留下你想要新增的YUM命令，后期更新到文章上，多谢大家的支持，写的不好的地方请多多包含，也望能提出你宝贵的意见。