Python开发【第二篇】：基本数据类型

运算符

1.算数运算

2.比较运算

3.赋值运算

4.逻辑运算

5.成员运算

基本数据类型

所有对象所具备的方法都保存在类中。对象和类的关系，举个例子：哺乳动物是类；此类下有两个对象，一个为狗、一个为猫。哺乳动物有较多的属性和方法，属性如有耳朵、有嘴巴；方法如叫、跑。那么我们在定义具体的方法的时候只需针对哺乳动物这个类进行定义即可，然后它之下的对象便自动带有了具体的属性和方法，即猫和狗虽然没有定义，但是有耳朵、嘴巴，还会跑和叫。

1.数字

int（整型）

　　在32位机器上，整数的位数为32位，取值范围为-2**31～2**31-1，即-2147483648～2147483647
　　在64位系统上，整数的位数为64位，取值范围为-2**63～2**63-1，即-9223372036854775808～9223372036854775807

class int(object):
    """
    int(x=0) -> int or long
    int(x, base=10) -> int or long
 
    Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
    are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
    If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
 
    If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
    Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
    literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
    The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.  Base 0 means to
    interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
    >>> int('0b100', base=0)
    4
    """
    def bit_length(self):
        """ 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """
        """
        int.bit_length() -> int
 
        Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
        >>> bin(37)
        '0b100101'
        >>> (37).bit_length()
        6
        """
        return 0
 
    def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 返回该复数的共轭复数 """
        """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
        pass
 
    def __abs__(self):
        """ 返回绝对值 """
        """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
        pass
 
    def __add__(self, y):
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass
 
    def __and__(self, y):
        """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
        pass
 
    def __cmp__(self, y):
        """ 比较两个数大小 """
        """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
        pass
 
    def __coerce__(self, y):
        """ 强制生成一个元组 """
        """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
        pass
 
    def __divmod__(self, y):
        """ 相除，得到商和余数组成的元组 """
        """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
        pass
 
    def __div__(self, y):
        """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
        pass
 
    def __float__(self):
        """ 转换为浮点类型 """
        """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
        pass
 
    def __floordiv__(self, y):
        """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
        pass
 
    def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass
 
    def __getattribute__(self, name):
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass
 
    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """
        pass
 
    def __hash__(self):
        """如果对象object为哈希表类型，返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等，则哈希值也相等。"""
        """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
        pass
 
    def __hex__(self):
        """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """
        """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
        pass
 
    def __index__(self):
        """ 用于切片，数字无意义 """
        """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
        pass
 
    def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
        """ 构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略 """
        """
        int(x=0) -> int or long
        int(x, base=10) -> int or long
 
        Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
        are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
        If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
 
        If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
        Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
        literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
        The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.  Base 0 means to
        interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
        >>> int('0b100', base=0)
        4
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass
 
    def __int__(self):
        """ 转换为整数 """
        """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
        pass
 
    def __invert__(self):
        """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
        pass
 
    def __long__(self):
        """ 转换为长整数 """
        """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
        pass
 
    def __lshift__(self, y):
        """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
        pass
 
    def __mod__(self, y):
        """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
        pass
 
    def __mul__(self, y):
        """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
        pass
 
    def __neg__(self):
        """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """
        pass
 
    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more):
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass
 
    def __nonzero__(self):
        """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
        pass
 
    def __oct__(self):
        """ 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """
        """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
        pass
 
    def __or__(self, y):
        """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
        pass
 
    def __pos__(self):
        """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """
        pass
 
    def __pow__(self, y, z=None):
        """ 幂，次方 """
        """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
        pass
 
    def __radd__(self, y):
        """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
        pass
 
    def __rand__(self, y):
        """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
        pass
 
    def __rdivmod__(self, y):
        """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
        pass
 
    def __rdiv__(self, y):
        """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
        pass
 
    def __repr__(self):
        """转化为解释器可读取的形式 """
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass
 
    def __str__(self):
        """转换为人阅读的形式，如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话，则返回解释器课阅读的形式"""
        """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
        pass
 
    def __rfloordiv__(self, y):
        """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
        pass
 
    def __rlshift__(self, y):
        """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
        pass
 
    def __rmod__(self, y):
        """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
        pass
 
    def __rmul__(self, y):
        """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
        pass
 
    def __ror__(self, y):
        """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
        pass
 
    def __rpow__(self, x, z=None):
        """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
        pass
 
    def __rrshift__(self, y):
        """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
        pass
 
    def __rshift__(self, y):
        """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
        pass
 
    def __rsub__(self, y):
        """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
        pass
 
    def __rtruediv__(self, y):
        """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
        pass
 
    def __rxor__(self, y):
        """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
        pass
 
    def __sub__(self, y):
        """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
        pass
 
    def __truediv__(self, y):
        """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
        pass
 
    def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """ 返回数值被截取为整形的值，在整形中无意义 """
        pass
 
    def __xor__(self, y):
        """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
        pass
 
    denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 分母 = 1 """
    """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
 
    imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 虚数，无意义 """
    """the imaginary part of a complex number"""
 
    numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 分子 = 数字大小 """
    """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
 
    real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 实属，无意义 """
    """the real part of a complex number"""

int

2.布尔值

　　boolean

　　真或假；1或0

3.字符串

　　string

　　字符串常用功能：

• 移除空白
• 分割
• 长度
• 索引
• 切片

class str(basestring):
    """
    str(object='') -> string
 
    Return a nice string representation of the object.
    If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
    """
    def capitalize(self):
        """ 首字母变大写 """
        """
        S.capitalize() -> string
 
        Return a copy of the string S with only its first character
        capitalized.
        """
        return ""
 
    def center(self, width, fillchar=None):
        """ 内容居中，width：总长度；fillchar：空白处填充内容，默认无 """
        """
        S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string
 
        Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
        """
        return ""
 
    def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
        """ 子序列个数 """
        """
        S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 
        Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
        string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
        as in slice notation.
        """
        return 0
 
    def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
        """ 解码 """
        """
        S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
 
        Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
        to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
        handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
        a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
        able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
        """
        return object()
 
    def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
        """ 编码，针对unicode """
        """
        S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
 
        Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
        to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
        handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
        a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
        'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
        codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
        """
        return object()
 
    def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None):
        """ 是否以 xxx 结束 """
        """
        S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 
        Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
        With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
        With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
        suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
        """
        return False
 
    def expandtabs(self, tabsize=None):
        """ 将tab转换成空格，默认一个tab转换成8个空格 """
        """
        S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string
 
        Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
        If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
        """
        return ""
 
    def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
        """ 寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，返回 -1 """
        """
        S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
 
        Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
        such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
        arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 
        Return -1 on failure.
        """
        return 0
 
    def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
        """ 字符串格式化，动态参数，将函数式编程时细说 """
        """
        S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string
 
        Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
        The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
        """
        pass
 
    def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
        """ 子序列位置，如果没找到，报错 """
        S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
 
        Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
        """
        return 0
 
    def isalnum(self):
        """ 是否是字母和数字 """
        """
        S.isalnum() -> bool
 
        Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False
 
    def isalpha(self):
        """ 是否是字母 """
        """
        S.isalpha() -> bool
 
        Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False
 
    def isdigit(self):
        """ 是否是数字 """
        """
        S.isdigit() -> bool
 
        Return True if all characters in S are digits
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False
 
    def islower(self):
        """ 是否小写 """
        """
        S.islower() -> bool
 
        Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
        at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False
 
    def isspace(self):
        """
        S.isspace() -> bool
 
        Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False
 
    def istitle(self):
        """
        S.istitle() -> bool
 
        Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
        character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
        characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
        otherwise.
        """
        return False
 
    def isupper(self):
        """
        S.isupper() -> bool
 
        Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
        at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False
 
    def join(self, iterable):
        """ 连接 """
        """
        S.join(iterable) -> string
 
        Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
        iterable.  The separator between elements is S.
        """
        return ""
 
    def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None):
        """ 内容左对齐，右侧填充 """
        """
        S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
 
        Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
        """
        return ""
 
    def lower(self):
        """ 变小写 """
        """
        S.lower() -> string
 
        Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
        """
        return ""
 
    def lstrip(self, chars=None):
        """ 移除左侧空白 """
        """
        S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
 
        Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
        """
        return ""
 
    def partition(self, sep):
        """ 分割，前，中，后三部分 """
        """
        S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
 
        Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
        the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not
        found, return S and two empty strings.
        """
        pass
 
    def replace(self, old, new, count=None):
        """ 替换 """
        """
        S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string
 
        Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring
        old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is
        given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
        """
        return ""
 
    def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
        """
        S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
 
        Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
        such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
        arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 
        Return -1 on failure.
        """
        return 0
 
    def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
        """
        S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
 
        Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
        """
        return 0
 
    def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None):
        """
        S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
 
        Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
        """
        return ""
 
    def rpartition(self, sep):
        """
        S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
 
        Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
        the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the
        separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
        """
        pass
 
    def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
        """
        S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
 
        Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
        delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
        to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
        done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
        is a separator.
        """
        return []
 
    def rstrip(self, chars=None):
        """
        S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
 
        Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
        """
        return ""
 
    def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
        """ 分割， maxsplit最多分割几次 """
        """
        S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
 
        Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
        delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
        splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
        whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed
        from the result.
        """
        return []
 
    def splitlines(self, keepends=False):
        """ 根据换行分割 """
        """
        S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings
 
        Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
        Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
        is given and true.
        """
        return []
 
    def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None):
        """ 是否起始 """
        """
        S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 
        Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
        With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
        With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
        prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
        """
        return False
 
    def strip(self, chars=None):
        """ 移除两段空白 """
        """
        S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode
 
        Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
        whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
        """
        return ""
 
    def swapcase(self):
        """ 大写变小写，小写变大写 """
        """
        S.swapcase() -> string
 
        Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters
        converted to lowercase and vice versa.
        """
        return ""
 
    def title(self):
        """
        S.title() -> string
 
        Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase
        characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
        """
        return ""
 
    def translate(self, table, deletechars=None):
        """
        转换，需要先做一个对应表，最后一个表示删除字符集合
        intab = "aeiou"
        outtab = "
        trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab)
        str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
        print str.translate(trantab, 'xm')
        """
 
        """
        S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string
 
        Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring
        in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the
        remaining characters have been mapped through the given
        translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None.
        If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and
        the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars.
        """
        return ""
 
    def upper(self):
        """
        S.upper() -> string
 
        Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.
        """
        return ""
 
    def zfill(self, width):
        """方法返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0。"""
        """
        S.zfill(width) -> string
 
        Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
        of the specified width.  The string S is never truncated.
        """
        return ""
 
    def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass
 
    def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass
 
    def __add__(self, y):
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass
 
    def __contains__(self, y):
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
        pass
 
    def __eq__(self, y):
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass
 
    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        """
        S.__format__(format_spec) -> string
 
        Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
        """
        return ""
 
    def __getattribute__(self, name):
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass
 
    def __getitem__(self, y):
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass
 
    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass
 
    def __getslice__(self, i, j):
        """
        x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
 
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass
 
    def __ge__(self, y):
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass
 
    def __gt__(self, y):
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass
 
    def __hash__(self):
        """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
        pass
 
    def __init__(self, string=''): # known special case of str.__init__
        """
        str(object='') -> string
 
        Return a nice string representation of the object.
        If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass
 
    def __len__(self):
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass
 
    def __le__(self, y):
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass
 
    def __lt__(self, y):
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass
 
    def __mod__(self, y):
        """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
        pass
 
    def __mul__(self, n):
        """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
        pass
 
    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more):
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass
 
    def __ne__(self, y):
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass
 
    def __repr__(self):
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass
 
    def __rmod__(self, y):
        """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
        pass
 
    def __rmul__(self, n):
        """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
        pass
 
    def __sizeof__(self):
        """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
        pass
 
    def __str__(self):
        """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
        pass

str

4.列表

　　创建列表：

name_list=["zhangsan","lisi","wangwu"]
or
name_list=list["zhangsan","lisi","wangwu"]

　　基本操作：

• 索引
• 切片
• 追加
• 删除
• 长度
• 切片
• 循环
• 包含

class list(object):
    """
    list() -> new empty list
    list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
    """
    def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.append(object) -- append object to end """
        pass
 
    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0
 
    def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
        pass
 
    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0
 
    def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
        pass
 
    def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
        Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
        """
        pass
 
    def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        pass
 
    def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
        pass
 
    def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;
        cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1
        """
        pass
 
    def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass
 
    def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
        pass
 
    def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
        pass
 
    def __delslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j]
 
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass
 
    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass
 
    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass
 
    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass
 
    def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
 
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass
 
    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass
 
    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass
 
    def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """
        pass
 
    def __imul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y """
        pass
 
    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
        """
        list() -> new empty list
        list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass
 
    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass
 
    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass
 
    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass
 
    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass
 
    def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
        pass
 
    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass
 
    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass
 
    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass
 
    def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
        pass
 
    def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
        pass
 
    def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
        pass
 
    def __setslice__(self, i, j, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y
 
                   Use  of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass
 
    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
        pass
 
    __hash__ = None

list

5.元组

　　元组的创建：

ages = (11, 22, 33, 44, 55)
or
ages = tuple((11, 22, 33, 44, 55))

　　基本操作：

• 索引
• 切片
• 循环
• 长度
• 包含

lass tuple(object):
    """
    tuple() -> empty tuple
    tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
 
    If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
    """
    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0
 
    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0
 
    def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass
 
    def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
        pass
 
    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass
 
    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass
 
    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass
 
    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass
 
    def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
 
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass
 
    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass
 
    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass
 
    def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
        pass
 
    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__
        """
        tuple() -> empty tuple
        tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
 
        If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass
 
    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass
 
    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass
 
    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass
 
    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass
 
    def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
        pass
 
    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass
 
    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass
 
    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass
 
    def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
        pass
 
    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes """
        pass
 
tuple

tuple

6.字典（无序）

　　字典的创建：

person = {"name": "mr.wu", 'age': 18}
or
person = dict({"name": "mr.wu", 'age': 18})

　　常用操作：

• 索引
• 新增
• 删除
• 键、值、键值对
• 循环
• 长度

class dict(object):
    """
    dict() -> new empty dictionary
    dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
        (key, value) pairs
    dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
        d = {}
        for k, v in iterable:
            d[k] = v
    dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
        in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
    """
 
    def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 清除内容 """
        """ D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D. """
        pass
 
    def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 浅拷贝 """
        """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
        pass
 
    @staticmethod # known case
    def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.
        v defaults to None.
        """
        pass
 
    def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 根据key获取值，d是默认值 """
        """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None. """
        pass
 
    def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 是否有key """
        """ D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
        return False
 
    def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有项的列表形式 """
        """ D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """
        return []
 
    def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 项可迭代 """
        """ D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """
        pass
 
    def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ key可迭代 """
        """ D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """
        pass
 
    def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ value可迭代 """
        """ D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """
        pass
 
    def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有的key列表 """
        """ D.keys() -> list of D's keys """
        return []
 
    def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
        """
        D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
        If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
        """
        pass
 
    def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
        """
        D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
        2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
        """
        pass
 
    def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 """
        """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
        pass
 
    def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
        """ 更新
            {'name':'alex', 'age': 18000}
            [('name','sbsbsb'),]
        """
        """
        D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
        If E present and has a .keys() method, does:     for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
        If E present and lacks .keys() method, does:     for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
        In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
        """
        pass
 
    def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有的值 """
        """ D.values() -> list of D's values """
        return []
 
    def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有项，只是将内容保存至view对象中 """
        """ D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
        pass
 
    def viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
        pass
 
    def viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
        pass
 
    def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
        pass
 
    def __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
        return False
 
    def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
        pass
 
    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass
 
    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass
 
    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass
 
    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass
 
    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass
 
    def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
        """
        dict() -> new empty dictionary
        dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
            (key, value) pairs
        dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
            d = {}
            for k, v in iterable:
                d[k] = v
        dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
            in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass
 
    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass
 
    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass
 
    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass
 
    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass
 
    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass
 
    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass
 
    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass
 
    def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
        pass
 
    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
        pass
 
    __hash__ = None
 
dict

dict

7.set（集合）

set是一个无序且不重复的集合。

class set(object):
    """
    set() -> new empty set object
    set(iterable) -> new set object
 
    Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
    """
    def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Add an element to a set，添加元素
 
        This has no effect if the element is already present.
        """
        pass
 
    def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Remove all elements from this set. 清除内容"""
        pass
 
    def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return a shallow copy of a set. 浅拷贝  """
        pass
 
    def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. A中存在，B中不存在
 
        (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
        """
        pass
 
    def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Remove all elements of another set from this set.  从当前集合中删除和B中相同的元素"""
        pass
 
    def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
 
        If the element is not a member, do nothing. 移除指定元素，不存在不保错
        """
        pass
 
    def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. 交集
 
        (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
        """
        pass
 
    def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another.  取交集并更更新到A中 """
        pass
 
    def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection.  如果没有交集，返回True，否则返回False"""
        pass
 
    def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Report whether another set contains this set.  是否是子序列"""
        pass
 
    def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Report whether this set contains another set. 是否是父序列"""
        pass
 
    def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
        Raises KeyError if the set is empty. 移除元素
        """
        pass
 
    def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
 
        If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. 移除指定元素，不存在保错
        """
        pass
 
    def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.  对称差集
 
        (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
        """
        pass
 
    def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. 对称差集，并更新到a中 """
        pass
 
    def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Return the union of sets as a new set.  并集
 
        (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
        """
        pass
 
    def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. 更新 """
        pass

set

其他

1、for循环

用户按照顺序循环可迭代对象中的内容，

PS：break、continue

li = [11,22,33,44]
for item in li:
    print item

2、enumrate

为可迭代的对象添加序号

li = [11,22,33]
for k,v in enumerate(li, 1):
    print(k,v)

3、range和xrange

指定范围，生成指定的数字。python3.0仅剩余range方法。

print range(1, 10)
# 结果：[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
 
print range(1, 10, 2)
# 结果：[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
 
print range(30, 0, -2)
# 结果：[30, 28, 26, 24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2]