题目:

You are given a string, S, and a list of words, L, that
are all of the same length. Find all starting indices of substring(s) in
S that is a concatenation of each word in L exactly once and without
any intervening characters.

For example, given:
S: "barfoothefoobarman"
L: ["foo", "bar"]

You should return the indices: [0,9].
(order does not matter).

 

题解:

我最开始做的是说把L里面给的串全排列放起来,看S包含不包含其中之一,包含的话反话其index。但是这个方法TLE了

代码:

 1    public static void swap(String[] str, int i, int j){  
 2         String temp = new String();  
 3         temp = str[i];  
 4         str[i] = str[j];  
 5         str[j] = temp; 
 6     } 
 7     
 8     public static void arrange (String[] L, int st, ArrayList<String> re){
 9         if (st == L.length - 1){
             String temp = new String();
             for (int i = 0; i < L.length; i ++){
                 temp +=L[i];
             }  
             re.add(temp);
         }else{
             for (int i = st; i < L.length; i ++){  
                 swap(L, st, i);  
                 arrange(L, st + 1,re);  
                 swap(L, st, i);  
             }  
         }  
         return ;
     }  
     public static ArrayList<Integer> findSubstring(String S, String[] L) {
         ArrayList<Integer> result = new ArrayList<Integer>();
         ArrayList<String> possible = new ArrayList<String>();
         arrange(L,0,possible);
         
         for(int j= 0; j<possible.size();j++){
             if(S.contains(possible.get(j)))
                 result.add(S.indexOf(possible.get(j)));     
         }
        
         return result;
     }

更好的解法就是一种滑动窗口式的。我是参照了http://blog.csdn.net/linhuanmars/article/details/20342851的写法,他的写法目前速度最快。

首先是先把所给的字典利用HashMap建一下,key存word,value存这个word出现的个数。

因为每个单词长度一样,外层循序只许循环wordLen次,每次指针挪一次,每一次循环遍历整个字符串。

内层循环每次遍历一个单词,把整个S字符串遍历检查。

需要在每次大循环维护一个count,看是不是达到了给的字典字符串数量,同时维护一个index,是每个符合条件的字符串的起始index,需要存到返回结果中。

为了能够检查是不是合格字符串,在这里维护一个curDict的HashMap。

首先检查一个单词是不是在原始字典中出现,没出现的话说明这个单词肯定不符合标准,index指针指向下一个单词的起始点,计数器和curDict都要清零。

如果这个单词在原始字典里出现过,用更新原始字典的方法更新curDict,如果这个单词出现的次数没有超过原始字典里记录的次数,那么count++,如果超过了,就需要挪动指针,并把超过的从curDict删掉。

最后,如果count达到了L的length,说明找到了一个合格的字符串,那么将index存入返回结果res中,再把index挪到下一个单词处,更新curDict即可。

code ganker的讲解是这样的:

这道题看似比较复杂,其实思路和Longest
Substring Without Repeating Characters
差不多。因为那些单词是定长的,所以本质上和单一个字符一样。和Longest
Substring Without Repeating Characters

区别只在于我们需要维护一个字典,然后保证目前的串包含字典里面的单词有且仅有一次。思路仍然是维护一个窗口,如果当前单词在字典中,则继续移动窗口右
端,否则窗口左端可以跳到字符串下一个单词了。假设源字符串的长度为n,字典中单词的长度为l。因为不是一个字符,所以我们需要对源字符串所有长度为l的
子串进行判断。做法是i从0到l-1个字符开始,得到开始index分别为i,
i+l, i+2*l,
...的长度为l的单词。这样就可以保证判断到所有的满足条件的串。因为每次扫描的时间复杂度是O(2*n/l)(每个单词不会被访问多于两次,一次是窗
口右端,一次是窗口左端),总共扫描l次(i=0, ...,
l-1),所以总复杂度是O(2*n/l*l)=O(n),是一个线性算法。空间复杂度是字典的大小,即O(m*l),其中m是字典的单词数量。

代码部分我自己稍作了修改,主题思想与code ganker相同。

代码如下:

 1      public static ArrayList<Integer> findSubstring(String S, String[] L) { 
 2          ArrayList<Integer> res = new ArrayList<Integer>();
 3          if(S==null||L==null||S.length()==0||L.length==0)
 4             return res;
 5          int wordLen = L[0].length();//same length for each word in dictionary
 6          
 7          //put given dictionary into hashmap with each word's count
 8          HashMap<String, Integer> dict = new HashMap<String, Integer>();
 9          for(String word: L){
              if(!dict.containsKey(word))
                 dict.put(word, 1);
              else
                 dict.put(word, dict.get(word) + 1);
          }
          
          for(int i = 0; i < wordLen; i++){
              int count = 0;
              int index = i;//index of each startpoint
              HashMap<String, Integer> curdict = new HashMap<String, Integer>();
              //till the first letter of last word 
              for(int j = i; j <= S.length() - wordLen; j += wordLen){
                  String curWord = S.substring(j, j + wordLen);
                  //check each word to tell if it existes in give dictionary
                  if(!dict.containsKey(curWord)){
                      curdict.clear();
                      count = 0;
                      index = j + wordLen;
                  }else{
                      //form current dictionary
                      if(!curdict.containsKey(curWord))
                         curdict.put(curWord, 1);
                      else
                         curdict.put(curWord, curdict.get(curWord) + 1);
                      
                      //count for current found word and check if it exceed given word count
                      if(curdict.get(curWord) <= dict.get(curWord)){
                          count++;
                      }else{
                          while(curdict.get(curWord) > dict.get(curWord)){
                              String temp = S.substring(index, index + wordLen);
                              curdict.put(temp, curdict.get(temp)-1);
                              index = index + wordLen;//make index move next
                          }
                      }
                      
                      //put into res and move index point to nextword 
                      //and update current dictionary as well as count num
                      if(count == L.length){
                          res.add(index);
                          String temp = S.substring(index, index + wordLen);
                          curdict.put(temp, curdict.get(temp)-1);
                          index = index + wordLen;
                          count--;
                      }
                  }
              }//end for j
          }//end for i
           return res;
         } 

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