Django REST framework 基本组件
一、序列化组件
简单使用
开发我们的Web API的第一件事是为我们的Web API提供一种将代码片段实例序列化和反序列化为诸如json
之类的表示形式的方式。我们可以通过声明与Django forms非常相似的序列化器(serializers)来实现。
models部分:
from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
class Book(models.Model):
title=models.CharField(max_length=32)
price=models.IntegerField()
pub_date=models.DateField()
publish=models.ForeignKey("Publish")
authors=models.ManyToManyField("Author")
def __str__(self):
return self.title
class Publish(models.Model):
name=models.CharField(max_length=32)
email=models.EmailField()
def __str__(self):
return self.name
class Author(models.Model):
name=models.CharField(max_length=32)
age=models.IntegerField()
def __str__(self):
return self.name
views部分:
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import *
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
from django.core import serializers
from rest_framework import serializers
class BookSerializers(serializers.Serializer):
title=serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
price=serializers.IntegerField()
pub_date=serializers.DateField()
publish=serializers.CharField(source="publish.name")
#authors=serializers.CharField(source="authors.all")
authors=serializers.SerializerMethodField()
def get_authors(self,obj):
temp=[]
for author in obj.authors.all():
temp.append(author.name)
return temp
class BookViewSet(APIView):
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
book_list=Book.objects.all()
# 序列化方式1:
# from django.forms.models import model_to_dict
# import json
# data=[]
# for obj in book_list:
# data.append(model_to_dict(obj))
# print(data)
# return HttpResponse("ok")
# 序列化方式2:
# data=serializers.serialize("json",book_list)
# return HttpResponse(data)
# 序列化方式3:
bs=BookSerializers(book_list,many=True)
return Response(bs.data)
ModelSerializer
class BookSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model=Book
fields="__all__"
depth=1
提交post请求
def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
bs=BookSerializers(data=request.data,many=False)
if bs.is_valid():
# print(bs.validated_data)
bs.save()
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return HttpResponse(bs.errors)
重写save中的create方法
class BookSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model=Book
fields="__all__"
# exclude = ['authors',]
# depth=1
def create(self, validated_data):
authors = validated_data.pop('authors')
obj = Book.objects.create(**validated_data)
obj.authors.add(*authors)
return obj
单条数据的get和put请求
class BookDetailViewSet(APIView):
def get(self,request,pk):
book_obj=Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=BookSerializers(book_obj)
return Response(bs.data)
def put(self,request,pk):
book_obj=Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,data=request.data)
if bs.is_valid():
bs.save()
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return HttpResponse(bs.errors)
超链接API:Hyperlinked
class BookSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
publish= serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(
view_name='publish_detail',
lookup_field="publish_id",
lookup_url_kwarg="pk")
class Meta:
model=Book
fields="__all__"
#depth=1
urls部分:
`urlpatterns ``=` `[`` ``url(r``'^books/$'``, views.BookViewSet.as_view(),name``=``"book_list"``),`` ``url(r``'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)$'``, views.BookDetailViewSet.as_view(),name``=``"book_detail"``),`` ``url(r``'^publishers/$'``, views.PublishViewSet.as_view(),name``=``"publish_list"``),`` ``url(r``'^publishers/(?P<pk>\d+)$'``, views.PublishDetailViewSet.as_view(),name``=``"publish_detail"``),``]`
补充
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
dis_chapter = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True)
users = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True)
publishers = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True)
def get_users(self, obj):
# obj是当前序列化的book对象
users_query_set = obj.user.all()
return [{"id": user_obj.pk, "name": user_obj.name} for user_obj in users_query_set]
def get_publishers(self, obj):
publisher_obj = obj.publisher
return {"id": publisher_obj.pk, "title": publisher_obj.title}
def get_dis_chapter(self, obj):
return obj.get_chapter_display()
class Meta:
model = Book
# fields = "__all__"
# 字段是有序的
fields = ["id", "title","dis_chapter", "pub_time", "publishers", "users","chapter", "user", "publisher"]
# exclude = ["user"]
# 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段
read_only_fields = ["id", "dis_chapter", "users", "publishers"]
extra_kwargs = {"title": {"validators": [my_validate,]}, "user": {"write_only": True}, "publisher": {"write_only": True},
"chapter": {"write_only": True}}
ModelSerializer
验证
单个字段的验证
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
# 省略了一些字段 跟上面代码里一样的
# 。。。。。
def validate_title(self, value):
if "python" not in value.lower():
raise serializers.ValidationError("标题必须含有Python")
return value
单个字段的验证
多个字段的验证
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
CHOICES = ((1, "Linux"), (2, "Django"), (3, "Python"))
chapter = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=CHOICES, source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True)
w_chapter = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True)
pub_time = serializers.DateField()
date_added = serializers.DateField(write_only=True)
# 新增了一个上架时间字段
# 省略一些字段。。都是在原基础代码上增加的
# 。。。。。。
# 对多个字段进行验证 要求上架日期不能早于出版日期 上架日期要大
def validate(self, attrs):
if attrs["pub_time"] > attrs["date_added"]:
raise serializers.ValidationError("上架日期不能早于出版日期")
return attrs
多个字段的验证
验证器
def my_validate(value):
if "敏感词汇" in value.lower:
raise serializers.ValidationError("包含敏感词汇,请重新提交")
return value
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32, validators=[my_validate])
# 。。。。。。
验证器 validators
二、视图组件之视图三部曲
使用混合(mixins)
上一节的视图部分:
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import *
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
from django.core import serializers
from rest_framework import serializers
class BookSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model=Book
fields="__all__"
#depth=1
class PublshSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model=Publish
fields="__all__"
depth=1
class BookViewSet(APIView):
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
book_list=Book.objects.all()
bs=BookSerializers(book_list,many=True,context={'request': request})
return Response(bs.data)
def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
print(request.data)
bs=BookSerializers(data=request.data,many=False)
if bs.is_valid():
print(bs.validated_data)
bs.save()
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return HttpResponse(bs.errors)
class BookDetailViewSet(APIView):
def get(self,request,pk):
book_obj=Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,context={'request': request})
return Response(bs.data)
def put(self,request,pk):
book_obj=Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=BookSerializers(book_obj,data=request.data,context={'request': request})
if bs.is_valid():
bs.save()
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return HttpResponse(bs.errors)
class PublishViewSet(APIView):
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
publish_list=Publish.objects.all()
bs=PublshSerializers(publish_list,many=True,context={'request': request})
return Response(bs.data)
def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
bs=PublshSerializers(data=request.data,many=False)
if bs.is_valid():
# print(bs.validated_data)
bs.save()
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return HttpResponse(bs.errors)
class PublishDetailViewSet(APIView):
def get(self,request,pk):
publish_obj=Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=PublshSerializers(publish_obj,context={'request': request})
return Response(bs.data)
def put(self,request,pk):
publish_obj=Publish.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
bs=PublshSerializers(publish_obj,data=request.data,context={'request': request})
if bs.is_valid():
bs.save()
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return HttpResponse(bs.errors)
mixin类编写视图
from rest_framework import mixins
from rest_framework import generics
class BookViewSet(mixins.ListModelMixin,
mixins.CreateModelMixin,
generics.GenericAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializers
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)
class BookDetailViewSet(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
mixins.UpdateModelMixin,
mixins.DestroyModelMixin,
generics.GenericAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializers
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)
def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)
def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)
使用通用的基于类的视图
通过使用mixin类,我们使用更少的代码重写了这些视图,但我们还可以再进一步。REST框架提供了一组已经混合好(mixed-in)的通用视图,我们可以使用它来简化我们的views.py
模块。
from rest_framework import mixins
from rest_framework import generics
class BookViewSet(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializers
class BookDetailViewSet(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializers
class PublishViewSet(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
queryset = Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class = PublshSerializers
class PublishDetailViewSet(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
queryset = Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class = PublshSerializers
viewsets.ModelViewSet
urls.py:
url(r'^books/$', views.BookViewSet.as_view({"get":"list","post":"create"}),name="book_list"),
url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)$', views.BookViewSet.as_view({
'get': 'retrieve',
'put': 'update',
'patch': 'partial_update',
'delete': 'destroy'
}),name="book_detail"),
views.py:
class BookViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializers
路由
我们上面的路由传参写的特别多~~框架也帮我们封装好了~
from .views import BookView
from rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter
router = DefaultRouter()
router.register(r"book", BookView)
urlpatterns = [
# url(r'^book$', BookView.as_view()),
# url(r'^book/(?P<id>\d+)$', BookEditView.as_view()),
# url(r'^book$', BookView.as_view({"get": "list", "post": "create"})),
# url(r'^book/(?P<pk>\d+)$', BookView.as_view({"get": "retrieve", "patch": "update", "delete": "destroy"})),
]
urlpatterns += router.urls
我们可以看到通过框架我们可以把路由视图都变的非常简单
但是需要自定制的时候还是需要我们自己用APIView写当不需要那么多路由的时候~也不要用这种路由注册
总之一切按照业务需要去用
三、认证组件
局部视图认证
在app01.service.auth.py:
class Authentication(BaseAuthentication):
def authenticate(self,request):
token=request._request.GET.get("token")
token_obj=UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()
if not token_obj:
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("验证失败!")
return (token_obj.user,token_obj)
在views.py:
def get_random_str(user):
import hashlib,time
ctime=str(time.time())
md5=hashlib.md5(bytes(user,encoding="utf8"))
md5.update(bytes(ctime,encoding="utf8"))
return md5.hexdigest()
from app01.service.auth import *
from django.http import JsonResponse
class LoginViewSet(APIView):
authentication_classes = [Authentication,]
def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
res={"code":1000,"msg":None}
try:
user=request._request.POST.get("user")
pwd=request._request.POST.get("pwd")
user_obj=UserInfo.objects.filter(user=user,pwd=pwd).first()
print(user,pwd,user_obj)
if not user_obj:
res["code"]=1001
res["msg"]="用户名或者密码错误"
else:
token=get_random_str(user)
UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=user_obj,defaults={"token":token})
res["token"]=token
except Exception as e:
res["code"]=1002
res["msg"]=e
return JsonResponse(res,json_dumps_params={"ensure_ascii":False})
全局视图认证组件
settings.py配置如下:
`REST_FRAMEWORK``=``{`` ``"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES"``:[``"app01.service.auth.Authentication"``,]``}`
四、权限组件
局部视图权限
在app01.service.permissions.py中:
from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission
class SVIPPermission(BasePermission):
message="SVIP才能访问!"
def has_permission(self, request, view):
if request.user.user_type==3:
return True
return False
在views.py:
from app01.service.permissions import *
class BookViewSet(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
permission_classes = [SVIPPermission,]
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializers
全局视图权限
settings.py配置如下:
`REST_FRAMEWORK``=``{`` ``"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES"``:[``"app01.service.auth.Authentication"``,],`` ``"DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES"``:[``"app01.service.permissions.SVIPPermission"``,]``}`
五、throttle(访问频率)组件
局部视图throttle
在app01.service.throttles.py中:
from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle
VISIT_RECORD={}
class VisitThrottle(BaseThrottle):
def __init__(self):
self.history=None
def allow_request(self,request,view):
remote_addr = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
print(remote_addr)
import time
ctime=time.time()
if remote_addr not in VISIT_RECORD:
VISIT_RECORD[remote_addr]=[ctime,]
return True
history=VISIT_RECORD.get(remote_addr)
self.history=history
while history and history[-1]<ctime-60:
history.pop()
if len(history)<3:
history.insert(0,ctime)
return True
else:
return False
def wait(self):
import time
ctime=time.time()
return 60-(ctime-self.history[-1])
在views.py中:
from app01.service.throttles import *
class BookViewSet(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
throttle_classes = [VisitThrottle,]
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializers
全局视图throttle
REST_FRAMEWORK={
"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES":["app01.service.auth.Authentication",],
"DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES":["app01.service.permissions.SVIPPermission",],
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES":["app01.service.throttles.VisitThrottle",]
}
内置throttle类
在app01.service.throttles.py修改为:
class VisitThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
scope="visit_rate"
def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
return self.get_ident(request)
settings.py设置:
REST_FRAMEWORK={
"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES":["app01.service.auth.Authentication",],
"DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES":["app01.service.permissions.SVIPPermission",],
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES":["app01.service.throttles.VisitThrottle",],
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES":{
"visit_rate":"5/m",
}
}
六、解析器
request类
django的request类和rest-framework的request类的源码解析
局部视图
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser,FormParser
class PublishViewSet(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
parser_classes = [FormParser,JSONParser]
queryset = Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class = PublshSerializers
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print("request.data",request.data)
return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)
全局视图
REST_FRAMEWORK={
"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES":["app01.service.auth.Authentication",],
"DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES":["app01.service.permissions.SVIPPermission",],
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES":["app01.service.throttles.VisitThrottle",],
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES":{
"visit_rate":"5/m",
},
"DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES":['rest_framework.parsers.FormParser',]
}
七、分页
简单分页
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination,LimitOffsetPagination
class PNPagination(PageNumberPagination):
page_size = 1
page_query_param = 'page'
page_size_query_param = "size"
max_page_size = 5
class BookViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializers
def list(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
book_list=Book.objects.all()
pp=LimitOffsetPagination()
pager_books=pp.paginate_queryset(queryset=book_list,request=request,view=self)
print(pager_books)
bs=BookSerializers(pager_books,many=True)
#return Response(bs.data)
return pp.get_paginated_response(bs.data)
偏移分页
from rest_framework.pagination import LimitOffsetPagination
八、版本控制
版本控制是做什么用的, 我们为什么要用
首先我们要知道我们的版本是干嘛用的呢大家都知道我们开发项目是有多个版本的
随着我们项目的更新版本就越来越多我们不可能新的版本出了以前旧的版本就不进行维护了~~~
那我们就需要对版本进行控制这个DRF也给我们提供了一些封装好的版本控制方法
版本控制怎么用
之前我们学视图的时候知道APIView,也知道APIView返回View中的view函数,然后调用的dispatch方法~
那我们现在看下dispatch方法看下它都做了什么
执行self.initial方法之前是各种赋值,包括request的重新封装赋值,下面是路由的分发,那我们看下这个方法都做了什么~~
我们可以看到,我们的version版本信息赋值给了 request.version 版本控制方案赋值给了 request.versioning_scheme~~
其实这个版本控制方案就是我们配置的版本控制的类~
也就是说,APIView通过这个方法初始化自己提供的组件~~
我们接下来看看框架提供了哪些版本的控制方法~~在rest_framework.versioning里
框架一共给我们提供了这几个版本控制的方法我们在这里只演示一个因为基本配置都是一样的~~
详细用法
我们看下放在URL上携带版本信息怎么配置~~
setting配置
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
# 默认使用的版本控制类
'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS': 'rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning',
# 允许的版本
'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],
# 版本使用的参数名称
'VERSION_PARAM': 'version',
# 默认使用的版本
'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',
}
urls.py
urlpatterns = [
url(r"^versions", MyView.as_view()),
url(r"^(?P<version>[v1|v2]+)/test01", TestView.as_view()),
]
测试视图
class TestView(APIView):
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print(request.versioning_scheme)
ret = request.version
if ret == "v1":
return Response("版本v1的信息")
elif ret == "v2":
return Response("版本v2的信息")
else:
return Response("根本就匹配不到这个路由")
其他的版本控制的类,配置方法都差不多~~这里就不一一例举了
详细请见:https://www.cnblogs.com/GGGG-XXXX/p/9564651.html
Django REST framework 基本组件的更多相关文章
- [Django REST framework - 序列化组件、source、钩子函数]
[Django REST framework - 序列化组件.source.钩子函数] 序列化器-Serializer 什么是rest_framework序列化? 在写前后端不分离的项目时: 我们有f ...
- [Django REST framework - 视图组件之视图基类、视图扩展类、视图子类、视图集]
[Django REST framework - 视图组件之视图基类.视图扩展类.视图子类.视图集] 视图继承关系 详图见文章末尾 视图组件可点我查看 两个视图基类:APIView.GenericAP ...
- Django REST framework —— 权限组件源码分析
在上一篇文章中我们已经分析了认证组件源码,我们再来看看权限组件的源码,权限组件相对容易,因为只需要返回True 和False即可 代码 class ShoppingCarView(ViewSetMix ...
- Django REST framework —— 认证组件源码分析
我在前面的博客里已经讲过了,我们一般编写API的时候用的方式 class CoursesView(ViewSetMixin,APIView): pass 这种方式的有点是,灵活性比较大,可以根据自己的 ...
- django rest framework 认证组件
1.认证组件 1.认证组件 1.认证组件 1.认证组件
- django rest framework 序列化组件总结
序列化组件总结 一. 序列化组件本质上为了实现前后端分离,而进行json序列化的一个组件形式,极大方便了解析数据的作用 二. 所有序列化是基于APIView 解析器实现的,通过内部的多继承关系方便实现 ...
- Django Rest framework 之 视图
RESTful 规范 django rest framework 之 认证(一) django rest framework 之 权限(二) django rest framework 之 节流(三) ...
- Django REST framework完全入门
Django REST framework 一个强大灵活的Django工具包,提供了便捷的 REST API 开发框架 我们用传统的django也可以实现REST风格的api,但是顶不住Django ...
- Django REST framework 自定义(认证、权限、访问频率)组件
本篇随笔在 "Django REST framework 初识" 基础上扩展 一.认证组件 # models.py class Account(models.Model): &qu ...
随机推荐
- Python在windows平台的多版本配置
Python在windows平台的多版本配置 快速阅读: python在windows平台的环境变量以及多版本配置 ,以及pycharm如何安装包,以及安装包出错时如何排查. 1.python环境 ...
- ubuntu之路——day8.4 Adam自适应矩估计算法
基本上讲,Adam就是将day8.2提到的momentum动量梯度下降法和day8.3提到的RMSprop算法相结合的优化算法 首先初始化 SdW = 0 Sdb = 0 VdW = 0 Vdb = ...
- gitlab 默认端口修改文件
vim /var/opt/gitlab/nginx/conf/gitlab-http.conf listen *:80;
- 004 API约定
在具体的学习前,我还是决定学一下,REST风格中在ES中的约定. 1.多重索引 先准备数据: 如果不小心,json里的值写错了,修改过来,重新执行即可. PUT index1/_doc/1 { &qu ...
- colock
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <LinearLayout xmlns:android=&quo ...
- python获取公网ip的几种方式
python获取公网ip的几种方式 转 https://blog.csdn.net/conquerwave/article/details/77666226 from urllib2 import u ...
- Vue非父子组件传值
<template> <div id="app"> <v-home></v-home> <br> <hr> ...
- 读取Excel,通过Testng完成数据驱动
背景 数据驱动是我们写自动化脚本非常常用的技术,而Testng中数据驱动常用的注解是 @DataProvider,但是这个方法必须返回一个Object[][].最近常有学生问起,如果通过外部文件作为数 ...
- 003-结构型-05-桥接模式(Bridge)
一.概述 将抽象部分与它的具体实现部分分离.使它们都可以独立地变化.通过组合的方式建立两个类之间联系,而不是继承. Bridge 模式又叫做桥接模式,是构造型的设计模式之一.Bridge模式基于类的最 ...
- DataGrip 2019.1 连接mysql 8.0.16
# 下载mysql Connector/J驱动包 https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/connector/j/ 然后解压到一个目录 # 新建mysql 8.0连接驱动 打开 ...