概述

Tornado 是 FriendFeed 使用的可扩展的非阻塞式 web 服务器及其相关工具的开源版本。

这个 Web 框架看起来有些像web.py 或者 Google 的 webapp,不过为了能有效利用非阻塞式服务器环境,这个 Web 框架还包含了一些相关的有用工具和优化。

Tornado 和现在的主流 Web 服务器框架(包括大多数 Python 的框架)有着明显的区别:

它是非阻塞式服务器,而且速度相当快。得利于其 非阻塞的方式和对 epoll 的运用,Tornado 每秒可以处理数以千计的连接,这意味着对于实时 Web 服务来说,Tornado 是一个理想的 Web 框架。

我们开发这个 Web 服务器的主要目的就是为了处理 FriendFeed 的实时功能 ——在 FriendFeed 的应用里每一个活动用户都会保持着一个服务器连接。(关于如何扩容服务器,以处理数以千计的客户端的连接的问题,请参阅 C10K problem。)

下载安装:

pip3 install tornado

源码安装
https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/t/tornado/tornado-4.3.tar.gz

框架使用

一、快速上手

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.write("Hello, world") application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
]) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

执行过程:

  • 第一步:执行脚本,监听 8888 端口

  • 第二步:浏览器客户端访问 /index  -->  http://127.0.0.1:8888/index

  • 第三步:服务器接受请求,并交由对应的类处理该请求

  • 第四步:类接受到请求之后,根据请求方式(post / get / delete ...)的不同调用并执行相应的方法

  • 第五步:方法返回值的字符串内容发送浏览器

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from tornado import httpclient
from tornado.web import asynchronous
from tornado import gen import uimodules as md
import uimethods as mt class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
@asynchronous
@gen.coroutine
def get(self):
print 'start get '
http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient()
http.fetch("http://127.0.0.1:8008/post/", self.callback)
self.write('end') def callback(self, response):
print response.body settings = {
'template_path': 'template',
'static_path': 'static',
'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
'ui_methods': mt,
'ui_modules': md,
} application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8009)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

异步非阻塞事例

注意: self.render('xx.html')  等, 仍然会执行完后面的语句再加载页面

二、路由系统

路由系统其实就是 url 和 类 的对应关系,这里不同于其他框架。

其他很多框架均是 url 对应函数,Tornado中每个url对应的是一个类。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.write("Hello, world") class StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, story_id):
self.write("You requested the story " + story_id) class BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.write("buy.wupeiqi.com/index") application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
(r"/story/([0-9]+)", StoryHandler),
]) application.add_handlers('buy.5poi.com$', [
(r'/index',BuyHandler),
]) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(80)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

Tornado中原生支持二级域名的路由,如:

application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
]) application.add_handlers('buy.5poi.com$', [
(r'/index',BuyHandler),
])

三、模板引擎

Tornao中的模板语言和django中类似,模板引擎将模板文件载入内存,然后将数据嵌入其中,最终获取到一个完整的字符串,再将字符串返回给请求者。

Tornado 的模板支持“控制语句”和“表达语句”。

控制语句是使用 {% 和 %} 包起来的 例如 {% if len(items) > 2 %}

表达语句是使用 {{ 和 }} 包起来的,例如 {{ items[0] }}

控制语句和对应的 Python 语句的格式基本完全相同。

我们支持 ifforwhile 和 try,这些语句逻辑结束的位置需要用 {% end %} 做标记。

还通过 extends 和 block 语句实现了模板继承。这些在 template 模块 的代码文档中有着详细的描述。

注:在使用模板前需要在setting中设置模板路径:"template_path" : "views相应的文件夹"

1、基本使用

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render("index.html", list_info = [11,22,33]) application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
]) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

app.py

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
<title>老男孩</title>
<link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body> <div>
<ul>
{% for item in list_info %}
<li>{{item}}</li>
{% end %}
</ul>
</div> <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script> </body>
</html>

index.html

在模板中默认提供了一些函数、字段、类以供模板使用:

escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名
xhtml_escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名
url_escape: tornado.escape.url_escape 的別名
json_encode: tornado.escape.json_encode 的別名
squeeze: tornado.escape.squeeze 的別名
linkify: tornado.escape.linkify 的別名
datetime: Python 的 datetime 模组
handler: 当前的 RequestHandler 对象
request: handler.request 的別名
current_user: handler.current_user 的別名
locale: handler.locale 的別名
_: handler.locale.translate 的別名
static_url: for handler.static_url 的別名
xsrf_form_html: handler.xsrf_form_html 的別名

其他方法

2、母版  extends继承页面  常用于页面整体布局

{% extends 'layout.html'%}   继承layout.html

{% block body1 %}      body1 替换到继承的 layout.html 中的body1
<h1>Index</h1>
{% end %}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
<title>老男孩</title>
<link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
{% block CSS %}{% end %}
</head>
<body> <div class="pg-header"> </div> {% block RenderBody %}{% end %} <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script> {% block JavaScript %}{% end %}
</body>
</html>

layout.html

{% extends 'layout.html'%}
{% block CSS %}
<link href="{{static_url("css/index.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
{% end %} {% block RenderBody %}
<h1>Index</h1> <ul>
{% for item in li %}
<li>{{item}}</li>
{% end %}
</ul> {% end %} {% block JavaScript %} {% end %}

index.html

3、导入 include  常用于导入小组件

<div>
<ul>
<li>1024</li>
<li>42区</li>
</ul>
</div>

导入

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
<title>老男孩</title>
<link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body> <div class="pg-header">
{% include 'header.html' %}
</div> <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script> </body>
</html>

index.html

4、自定义UIMethod以UIModule

a. 定义

# uimethods.py

def tab(self):
return 'UIMethod'

uimethods.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*-coding:utf-8 -*-
from tornado.web import UIModule
from tornado import escape class custom(UIModule): def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
return '<h1>alex</h1>'
#return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>alex</h1>')

uimodules.py

b. 注册

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from tornado.escape import linkify
import uimodules as md
import uimethods as mt class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render('index.html') settings = {
'template_path': 'template',
'static_path': 'static',
'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
'ui_methods': mt,
'ui_modules': md,
} application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8009)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

c. 使用

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
<link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>hello</h1>
{% module custom(123) %}
{{ tab() }}
</body>

四、静态文件

对于静态文件,可以配置静态文件的目录和前端使用时的前缀,并且Tornaodo还支持静态文件缓存。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render('home/index.html') settings = {
'template_path': 'template',
'static_path': 'static',
'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
} application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(80)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

app.py

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
<link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>hello</h1>
</body>
</html>

index.html

注:静态文件缓存的实现

def get_content_version(cls, abspath):
"""Returns a version string for the resource at the given path. This class method may be overridden by subclasses. The
default implementation is a hash of the file's contents. .. versionadded:: 3.1
"""
data = cls.get_content(abspath)
hasher = hashlib.md5()
if isinstance(data, bytes):
hasher.update(data)
else:
for chunk in data:
hasher.update(chunk)
return hasher.hexdigest()

注意:  想要静态文件自定义处理,不通过 static_url('xxx') 访问:

application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/(upload/.*.jpg)", tornado.web.StaticFileHandler, dict(path=settings['static_path'])),
],**settings)

五、cookie

Tornado中可以对cookie进行操作,并且还可以对cookie进行签名以防止伪造。

self.set_cookie(self, name, value, domain=None, expires=None, path="/", expires_days=None, **kwargs)
name Cookie的Key
value Cookie的value
domain 生效的域名
expires 以秒为过期时间,默认从 1970-01-01T00:00:10.000Z
path 生效路径
expires_days 以天数过期时间,如果设置为 None 则关闭浏览器Cookie就失效

1、基本操作

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
if not self.get_cookie("mycookie"):
self.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")
self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")
else:
self.write("Your cookie was set!")

补充:

关闭浏览器,Cookie就失效, 设置
expires_days=None 注意的是不要同时传递expires 和 expires_days
self.set_cookie('user_id', '', expires_days=None, expires=某个时间) expires_day=None, 或者expires_day=3, 即3天,
都不会影响expires的, 因为expires比expires_days 的优先级高 self.set_cookie('user_id', '', expires=time.time()+15*60) 15分钟过期 path='/' 表示全局
self.set_cookie('user_id', '', path='/',expires=time.time()+15*60)

2、加密cookie(签名)

Cookie 很容易被恶意的客户端伪造。加入你想在 cookie 中保存当前登陆用户的 id 之类的信息,你需要对 cookie 作签名以防止伪造。

Tornado 通过 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支持了这种功能。

要使用这些方法,你需要在创建应用时提供一个密钥,名字为 cookie_secret。

你可以把它作为一个关键词参数传入应用的设置中:

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
if not self.get_secure_cookie("mycookie"):
self.set_secure_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")
self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")
else:
self.write("Your cookie was set!") setting = {
  'cookie_secret':'58ksjfSmxoi'
} application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/", MainHandler),
],**setting)
def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts):
hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
for part in parts:
hash.update(utf8(part))
return utf8(hash.hexdigest()) # 加密
def _create_signature_v2(secret, s):
hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256)
hash.update(utf8(s))
return utf8(hash.hexdigest()) def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None,
key_version=None):
if version is None:
version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSION
if clock is None:
clock = time.time timestamp = utf8(str(int(clock())))
value = base64.b64encode(utf8(value))
if version == 1:
signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp)
value = b"|".join([value, timestamp, signature])
return value
elif version == 2:
# The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of
# length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a
# signature, all separated by pipes. All numbers are in
# decimal format with no leading zeros. The signature is an
# HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including
# the final pipe.
#
# The fields are:
# - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix)
# - key version (integer, default is 0)
# - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch)
# - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric)
# - value (base64-encoded)
# - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix)
def format_field(s):
return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s)
to_sign = b"|".join([
b"",
format_field(str(key_version or 0)),
format_field(timestamp),
format_field(name),
format_field(value),
b'']) if isinstance(secret, dict):
assert key_version is not None, 'Key version must be set when sign key dict is used'
assert version >= 2, 'Version must be at least 2 for key version support'
secret = secret[key_version] signature = _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign)
return to_sign + signature
else:
raise ValueError("Unsupported version %d" % version) # 解密
def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):
parts = utf8(value).split(b"|")
if len(parts) != 3:
return None
signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1])
if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature):
gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value)
return None
timestamp = int(parts[1])
if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:
gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value)
return None
if timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400:
# _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the
# parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing
# digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the
# signature. For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp
# here instead of modifying _cookie_signature.
gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r",
value)
return None
if parts[1].startswith(b""):
gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value)
return None
try:
return base64.b64decode(parts[0])
except Exception:
return None def _decode_fields_v2(value):
def _consume_field(s):
length, _, rest = s.partition(b':')
n = int(length)
field_value = rest[:n]
# In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must
# use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2.
if rest[n:n + 1] != b'|':
raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field")
rest = rest[n + 1:]
return field_value, rest rest = value[2:] # remove version number
key_version, rest = _consume_field(rest)
timestamp, rest = _consume_field(rest)
name_field, rest = _consume_field(rest)
value_field, passed_sig = _consume_field(rest)
return int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig def _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):
try:
key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value)
except ValueError:
return None
signed_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)] if isinstance(secret, dict):
try:
secret = secret[key_version]
except KeyError:
return None expected_sig = _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string)
if not _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig):
return None
if name_field != utf8(name):
return None
timestamp = int(timestamp)
if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:
# The signature has expired.
return None
try:
return base64.b64decode(value_field)
except Exception:
return None def get_signature_key_version(value):
value = utf8(value)
version = _get_version(value)
if version < 2:
return None
try:
key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value)
except ValueError:
return None return key_version

内部算法

签名Cookie的本质是:

写cookie过程:

  • 将值进行base64加密

  • 对除值以外的内容进行签名,哈希算法(无法逆向解析)

  • 拼接 签名 + 加密值

读cookie过程:

  • 读取 签名 + 加密值

  • 对签名进行验证

  • base64解密,获取值内容

注:许多API验证机制和安全cookie的实现机制相同。

import tornado.web
import tornado.ioloop class IndexHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.set_secure_cookie('username', 'ansheng')
self.set_secure_cookie('password', 'hello')
self.render('index.html') def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
username = self.get_argument('username', None)
password = self.get_argument('password', None)
cooike_user = str(self.get_secure_cookie('username'), encoding='utf-8')
cooike_pass = str(self.get_secure_cookie('password'), encoding='utf-8')
if username == cooike_user and password == cooike_pass:
self.write('Hello ' + cooike_user)
else:
self.write('用户名或密码错误') settings = {
'template_path': 'template',
} application = tornado.web.Application([
(r'/', IndexHandler),
], **settings,
cookie_secret="508C934B83CC") if __name__ == '__main__':
application.listen(8000)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

基于Cookie用户登录验证

3、JavaScript操作Cookie

由于Cookie保存在浏览器端,所以在浏览器端也可以使用JavaScript来操作Cookie。

/*
设置cookie,指定秒数过期
*/
function setCookie(name,value,expires){
var temp = [];
var current_date = new Date();
current_date.setSeconds(current_date.getSeconds() + 5);
document.cookie = name + "= "+ value +";expires=" + current_date.toUTCString();
}

注:jQuery中也有指定的插件 jQuery Cookie 专门用于操作cookie,猛击这里

六、CSRF

Tornado中的跨站请求伪造和Django中的相似,跨站伪造请求(Cross-site request forgery)

1.设置:

settings = { "xsrf_cookies": True, }

页面加载后,cookie里有一个为 _xsrf = 'xxxxxxxxxxxx' 的值.

需要传递_xsrf的值请求才能通过.

2.form 表单:

<form action="/index" method="post">
{% raw xsrf_form_html() %}
<input type="text" name="message"/>
<input type="submit" value="Post"/>
</form>

3.ajax

<!-- 一个获取cookie的方法 !-->
function getCookie(name) {
  var r = document.cookie.match("\\b" + name + "=([^;]*)\\b");
  return r ? r[1] : undefined;
} <!-- ajax提交数据中,写上获取的cookie值 !-->
var cookie= getCookie("_xsrf");
$.post({
  url:'/index',
  data:{'content':'v1', '_xsrf' :cookie},
  success:function (callbakc) {
  console.log(callbakc)
  }
});

注:Ajax使用时,本质上就是去获取本地的cookie,携带cookie再来发送请求

七、上传文件

上传文件标签:   <input type="file" name="file" id="my_file" />

后台获取:      file_metas = self.request.files['file']

获取格式:
[{'body': b'xxxxxxxxx', 'content_type': 'text/plain', 'filename': '文件名.txt/...'},...多个文件]

1、Form表单上传

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
<title>上传文件</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="my_form" name="form" action="/index" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data" >
<input name="fff" id="my_file" type="file" />
<input type="submit" value="提交" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

HTML

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self): self.render('index.html') def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
file_metas = self.request.files["fff"]
# print(file_metas)
for meta in file_metas:
file_name = meta['filename']
with open(file_name,'wb') as up:
up.write(meta['body']) settings = {
'template_path': 'template',
} application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8000)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

Python

2、AJAX上传

1.基于XMLHttpRequest

<input type="file" id="img" />
<input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" />
<script>
function UploadFile(){
var fileObj = document.getElementById("img")[0].files[0]; var form = new FormData();
form.append("k1", "v1");
form.append("fff", fileObj); var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open("post", '/index', true);
xhr.send(form);
}
</script>

2.基于Jquery

function UploadFile() {
var fileObj = $("#file1")[0].files[0]; var form = new FormData();
form.append("k1", "v1");
form.append("fff", fileObj); $.ajax({
type:'post',
url:'/upload',
data:form,
processData: false, // tell jQuery not to process the data
contentType: false, // tell jQuery not to set contentType
});
}

3.基于iframe

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="my_form" name="form" action="/index" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data" >
<div id="main">
<input name="fff" id="my_file" type="file" />
<input type="button" name="action" value="Upload" onclick="redirect()"/>
<iframe id='my_iframe' name='my_iframe' src="" class="hide"></iframe>
</div>
</form> <script>
function redirect(){
document.getElementById('my_iframe').onload = Testt;
document.getElementById('my_form').target = 'my_iframe';
document.getElementById('my_form').submit(); } function Testt(ths){
var t = $("#my_iframe").contents().find("body").text();
console.log(t);
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
<script type="text/javascript">

    $(document).ready(function () {

        $("#formsubmit").click(function () {

            var iframe = $('<iframe name="postiframe" id="postiframe" style="display: none"></iframe>');

            $("body").append(iframe);

            var form = $('#theuploadform');
form.attr("action", "/upload.aspx");
form.attr("method", "post"); form.attr("encoding", "multipart/form-data");
form.attr("enctype", "multipart/form-data"); form.attr("target", "postiframe");
form.attr("file", $('#userfile').val());
form.submit(); $("#postiframe").load(function () {
iframeContents = this.contentWindow.document.body.innerHTML;
$("#textarea").html(iframeContents);
}); return false; }); }); </script> <form id="theuploadform">
<input id="userfile" name="userfile" size="50" type="file" />
<input id="formsubmit" type="submit" value="Send File" />
</form> <div id="textarea">
</div>

扩展基于iframe实现ajax上传

function bindChangeAvatar1() {
$('#avatarImg').change(function () {
var file_obj = $(this)[0].files[0];
$('#prevViewImg')[0].src = window.URL.createObjectURL(file_obj)
})
} function bindChangeAvatar2() {
$('#avatarImg').change(function () {
var file_obj = $(this)[0].files[0];
var reader = new FileReader();
reader.readAsDataURL(file_obj);
reader.onload = function (e) {
$('#previewImg')[0].src = this.result;
};
})
} function bindChangeAvatar3() {
$('#avatarImg').change(function () {
var file_obj = $(this)[0].files[0];
var form = new FormData();
form.add('img_upload', file_obj); $.ajax({
url: '',
data: form,
processData: false, // tell jQuery not to process the data
contentType: false, // tell jQuery not to set contentType
success: function (arg) { }
})
})
} function bindChangeAvatar4() {
$('#avatarImg').change(function () {
$(this).parent().submit(); $('#upload_iframe').load(function () {
var iframeContents = this.contentWindow.document.body.innerText;
iframeContents = JSON.parse(iframeContents);
if (iframeContents.status) {
$('#previewImg').attr('src', '/' + iframeContents.data);
}
}) })
}

其他

八、验证码

验证码原理在于后台自动创建一张带有随机内容的图片,然后将内容通过img标签输出到页面。

安装图像处理模块:

pip3 install pillow

示例截图:

验证码Demo源码下载:猛击这里

class CheckcodeHandler(BaseHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
import io
import check_code
mstream = io.BytesIO()
img, code = check_code.create_validate_code()
self.session['code'] = code //生成验证码存放在session中
img.save(mstream, "GIF")
self.write(mstream.getvalue()) ************************************************
<p>
<input name='code' type="text" placeholder="验证码" />
<img src="/check_code" onclick='ChangeCode();' id='imgCode'>
</p> <script type="text/javascript">
function ChangeCode() {
var code = document.getElementById('imgCode');
code.src += '?'; //点击一次图片,换一次激活码
}
</script>

九、异步非阻塞

1、基本使用

装饰器 + Future 从而实现Tornado的异步非阻塞

class AsyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

    @gen.coroutine
def get(self):
future = Future()
future.add_done_callback(self.doing)
yield future
# 或
# tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_future(future,self.doing)
# yield future def doing(self,*args, **kwargs):
self.write('async')
self.finish()

当发送GET请求时,由于方法被@gen.coroutine装饰且yield 一个 Future对象,那么Tornado会等待,等待用户向future对象中放置数据或者发送信号,如果获取到数据或信号之后,就开始执行doing方法。

异步非阻塞体现在当在Tornaod等待用户向future对象中放置数据时,还可以处理其他请求。

注意:在等待用户向future对象中放置数据或信号时,此连接是不断开的。

2、同步阻塞和异步非阻塞对比

class SyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

    def get(self):
self.doing()
self.write('sync') def doing(self):
time.sleep(10)

同步阻塞

class AsyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
@gen.coroutine
def get(self):
future = Future()
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_timeout(time.time() + 5, self.doing)
yield future def doing(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write('async')
self.finish()

异步非阻塞

3、httpclient类库

Tornado提供了httpclient类库用于发送Http请求,其配合Tornado的异步非阻塞使用。

class AsyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
@gen.coroutine
def get(self):
from tornado import httpclient http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient()
yield http.fetch("http://www.google.com", self.endding) def endding(self, response):
print(len(response.body))
self.write('ok')
self.finish()

自定义Web组件

一、Session

1、面向对象基础

面向对象中通过索引的方式访问对象,需要内部实现 __getitem__ 、__delitem__、__setitem__方法

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- class Foo(object): def __getitem__(self, key):
print '__getitem__',key def __setitem__(self, key, value):
print '__setitem__',key,value def __delitem__(self, key):
print '__delitem__',key obj = Foo()
result = obj['k1']
#obj['k2'] = 'alex'
#del obj['k1']

2、Tornado扩展

Tornado框架中,默认执行Handler的get/post等方法之前默认会执行 initialize方法,所以可以通过自定义的方式使得所有请求在处理前执行操作...

class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

    def initialize(self):
self.xxoo = "alex" class MainHandler(BaseHandler): def get(self):
print(self.xxoo)
self.write('index') class IndexHandler(BaseHandler): def get(self):
print(self.xxoo)
self.write('index')

3、session

session其实就是定义在服务器端用于保存用户回话的容器,其必须依赖cookie才能实现。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*-coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web container = {} class Session(): def __init__(self,handler):
self.handler = handler
self.random_str = None def get_random_str(self):
import hashlib
import time
hash = hashlib.md5()
hash.update(bytes(str(time.time()), encoding='utf-8'))
random_str = hash.hexdigest()
return random_str def __setitem__(self, key, value):
if not self.random_str:
random_str = self.handler.get_cookie('_session', None)
if not random_str:
random_str = self.get_random_str()
container[random_str] = {}
else:
if random_str not in container.keys():
random_str = self.get_random_str()
container[random_str] = {}
self.random_str = random_str container[self.random_str][key] = value
self.handler.set_cookie('_session', self.random_str) def __getitem__(self, key): random_str = self.handler.get_cookie('_session', None)
if not random_str:
return None
user_info_dict = container.get(random_str, None)
if not user_info_dict:
return None
value = user_info_dict.get(key,None)
return value class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def initialize(self):
self.session = Session(self) class MainHandler(BaseHandler):
def get(self): print(self.cookies)
self.session['kkk'] = '' self.write("Hello, world") application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
]) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

demo

二、表单验证

在Web程序中往往包含大量的表单验证的工作,如:判断输入是否为空,是否符合规则。

例子1:

import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from hashlib import sha1
import os, time
import re class MainForm(object):
def __init__(self):
self.host = "(.*)"
self.ip = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$"
self.port = '(\d+)'
self.phone = '^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]\d{8}$' def check_value(self,handler):
flag = True
input_dict = {}
for key,regular in self.__dict__.items():
input_value = handler.get_argument(key)
val = re.match(regular,input_value)
if not val:
flag = False
input_dict[key] = input_value
print(val,input_dict[key],regular)
return flag,input_dict class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render("index.html")
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
obj = MainForm()
val,input_dict = obj.check_value(self)
print(val,input_dict) settings = {
'template_path': 'views', # 模版路径的配置
'static_path' : 'static', # 静态文件路径
# 'static_url_prefix' : '/sss/',
} application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
],**settings) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8889)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

app.py

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title> </head>
<body>
<h1>hello</h1>
<form action="/index" method="post"> <p>hostname: <input type="text" name="host" placeholder="host"/> </p>
<p>ip: <input type="text" name="ip" placeholder="ip"/> </p>
<p>port: <input type="text" name="port" placeholder="port" /> </p>
<p>phone: <input type="text" name="phone" placeholder="phone"/> </p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

index.html

例子2:

import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from hashlib import sha1
import os, time
import re class IPField():
REGULAR = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$"
def __init__(self,required=True,error_dict=None): self.error_dict = {} #错误信息
if error_dict:
self.error_dict.update(error_dict) #用户自定错误信息 self.required = required
self.value = None
self.error = None
self.is_valid = False def validate(self,name,input_value): if not self.required: # 可以为空
self.value = input_value
self.is_valid = True
else:
#1.不能为空,用户输入为空
#2.用户输入错误,
#3.用户输入正确
if not input_value:
if self.error_dict.get('required',None):
self.error = self.error_dict['required']
else:
self.error = '%s is requires '%(name)
else:
val = re.match(IPField.REGULAR,input_value)
if not val: #用户输入错误 , re返回None
if self.error_dict.get('valid', None):
self.error = self.error_dict['valid']
else:
self.error = '%s is valid ' % (name)
else:
self.value = input_value
self.is_valid = True class CheckBoxField(): def __init__(self,required=True,error_dict=None): self.error_dict = {}
if error_dict:
self.error_dict.update(error_dict)
self.required = required
self.value = None
self.error = None
self.is_valid = False def validate(self,name,input_value):
if not self.required:
self.value = input_value
self.is_valid = True
else:
if not input_value:
if self.error_dict.get('required',None):
self.error = self.error_dict['required']
else:
self.error = '%s is requires '%(name)
else:
self.value = input_value
self.is_valid = True class FileField():
REGULAR = "^(\w+\.pdf)|(\w+\.mp3)|(\w+\.py)$" def __init__(self, required=True, error_dict=None): self.error_dict = {}
if error_dict:
self.error_dict.update(error_dict)
self.required = required
self.value = []
self.error = None
self.is_valid = True
self.success_file_name_list = []
self.name = None def validate(self, name, all_file_name_list):
self.name = name
if not self.required:
self.value = all_file_name_list
else:
if not all_file_name_list:
self.is_valid = False
if self.error_dict.get('required', None):
self.error = self.error_dict['required']
else:
self.error = '%s is requires ' % (name)
else:
for file_name in all_file_name_list:
val = re.match(FileField.REGULAR, file_name)
if not val:
self.is_valid = False
if self.error_dict.get('valid', None):
self.error = self.error_dict['valid']
else:
self.error = '%s is valid ' % (name)
break
else:
self.value.append(file_name) def save(self,handler,path='upload'):
file_list = handler.request.files.get(self.name)
for file in file_list:
file_name = file['filename']
file_path = os.path.join(path,file_name)
if file_name and file_name in self.value:
with open(file_path,'wb') as up:
up.write(file['body']) class BaseForm():
def check_value(self,handler):
flag = True
success_value_dict = {}
error_message_dict = {}
for key,regular in self.__dict__.items():
if type(regular) == CheckBoxField:
input_value = handler.get_arguments(key) # checkbox取值
elif type(regular) == FileField:
file_list = handler.request.files.get(key,[]) # 文件对象
input_value = []
for item in file_list:
input_value.append(item['filename'])
else:
input_value = handler.get_argument(key) regular.validate(key,input_value)
if regular.is_valid:
success_value_dict[key] = regular.value
else:
flag=False
error_message_dict[key] = regular.error return flag,success_value_dict,error_message_dict class HomeForm(BaseForm):
def __init__(self):
self.ip = IPField(required=True,error_dict={'required':'ip 不能为空!' , 'valid':'格式错误!!'})
self.aihao = CheckBoxField(required=False,error_dict={'required':'checkbox 不能为空!' , 'valid':'格式错误!!'})
self.fafafa = FileField(required=True) class HomeHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.render('home.html',error_message = None)
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
obj = HomeForm()
val, success_value_dict , error_message_dict = obj.check_value(self)
print(val, success_value_dict , error_message_dict)
if val : #所有验证通过 文件上传
obj.fafafa.save(self)
self.render('home.html',error_message = None) settings = {
'template_path': 'views', # 模版路径的配置
'static_path' : 'static', # 静态文件路径
# 'static_url_prefix' : '/sss/',
} application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/home", HomeHandler),
],**settings) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8889)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

app.py

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title> </head>
<body>
<h1>hello</h1>
<form action="/home" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data"> <p>ip: <input type="text" name="ip" placeholder="ip"/> </p>
<input type="checkbox" name='aihao' value="1">篮球
<input type="checkbox" name='aihao' value="2">足球
<input type="checkbox" name='aihao' value="3">乒乓球
<input type="file" name="fafafa">
<input type="file" name="fafafa">
{% if error_message %}
<span style="color: red">{{ error_message['ip'] }}</span>
{% end %}
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

home.html

三、分页

核心: 后端生成标签,返回给前端显示。

效果:

首页 上一页  1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 下一页 尾页

首页 上一页  2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 下一页 尾页

首页 上一页  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 下一页 尾页

设计思路:

1.当总页数 all_page 小于11时,

  => 是,( 直接生成全部页码 ) 设置 起始页s = 1 , 结束页t = all_page

  => 否,当当前页current_page 小于6时,(页码不发生改变)

      => 是,  s = 1 , t = 11

      => 否, 当current_page + 5 < all_page 时,

          => 是 , s = current_page - 5 , t = current_page + 5

=> 否 , ( 此时当前页为最后5页 ,不再往后生成页码 ,保持原来不变)  s = all_page - 10 , t = all_page

2.当前页为1时,点击上一页,首页不跳转,当前页为最后一页时,点击下一页,尾页不跳转。href='javascript:void(0)'

3.字典存储生成的a标签, join()连接列表每项,生成字符串标签返回前端

4.前端显示,输出原始标签字符串  {%raw str_page %}

def page_str(self,base_url):
if self.all_page < 11:
s = 1
t = self.all_page
else:
if self.current_page < 6:
s = 1
t = 11
else:
if (self.current_page + 5) < self.all_page:
s = self.current_page - 5
t = self.current_page + 5
else:
s = self.all_page - 10
t = self.all_page
list_page = [] # 首页
first_page = "<a href='%s1'>首页</a>" % (base_url)
list_page.append(first_page) # 上一页
if self.current_page == 1:
pre_page = "<a href='javascript:void(0)'>上一页</a>"
else:
pre_page = "<a href='%s%s'>上一页</a>" % (base_url, self.current_page -1 ,)
list_page.append(pre_page) # 页码生成
for i in range(s, t + 1):
if i == self.current_page:
temp = "<a class='active-paper' href='%s%s'>%s</a>" % (base_url,i, i)
else:
temp = "<a href='%s%s'>%s</a>" % (base_url , i, i)
list_page.append(temp) # 下一页
if self.current_page >= self.all_page:
next_page = "<a href='javascript:void(0)'>下一页</a>"
else:
next_page = "<a href='%s%s'>下一页</a>" % (base_url, self.current_page + 1,)
list_page.append(next_page) # 尾页
end_page = "<a href='%s%s'>尾页</a>" % (base_url,self.all_page)
list_page.append(end_page) # 页面跳转
pagejump_input = """<input type="text"><a onclick="pageNumjump(this,'%s')">Go</a>"""%(base_url)
pagejump_script = """
<script>
function pageNumjump(ths,base_url){
var pagenum = ths.previousElementSibling.value;
if (pagenum.trim().length > 0){
location.href = base_url+pagenum
}
}
</script>
"""
list_page.append(pagejump_input)
list_page.append(pagejump_script) # 数据拼接 返回
str_page = ''.join(list_page) # 列表连接成为字符串
return str_page

仿:chouti.com分页显示:

上一页  1 ... 4 5 6 7 8 9 10  下一页

def page_str(self,base_url):
if self.all_page < 10:
s = 1
t = self.all_page
else:
if self.current_page < 7:
s = 1
t = 10
else:
if self.all_page - self.current_page >= 4 :
s = self.current_page - 3
t = self.current_page + 4
else:
s = self.all_page - 6
t = self.all_page
list_page = [] # 上一页
if self.current_page != 1:
pre_page = "<a href='%s%s' class='pageedg'>上一页</a>" % (base_url, self.current_page - 1,)
list_page.append(pre_page) # 页码生成
# 生成 1 , ... ,
if( self.current_page >= 7 ):
temp = "<a class='pageNum' href='%s%s'>%s</a>" % (base_url, 1, 1)
list_page.append(temp)
temp = "<span class='ignore' >...</span>"
list_page.append(temp) for i in range(s, t + 1):
if i == self.current_page:
temp = "<span class='active-page' href='%s%s'>%s</span>" % (base_url,i, i)
else:
temp = "<a href='%s%s' class='pageNum'>%s</a>" % (base_url , i, i)
list_page.append(temp) # 下一页
if self.current_page < self.all_page:
next_page = "<a href='%s%s' class='pageedg'>下一页</a>" % (base_url, self.current_page + 1,)
list_page.append(next_page) str_page = ''.join(list_page) # 列表连接成为字符串
return str_page

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