nginx和keeplive实现负载均衡高可用

一、 Keeplive服务介绍

Keeplive期初是专门为LVS设计的，专门用来监控LVS集群系统中各个服务节点的状态，后来又加入VRRP的功能，因此除了配合LVS服务以外，也可以作为其他服务（nginx，haroxy）的高可用软件，VRRP是Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol（虚拟路由冗余协议）的缩写，VRRP出现的目的就是为了解决静态路由出现的单点故障问题，它能够保证网络的不间断，稳定的运行。所以keepalive一方面具有LVS cluster nodes healthchecks功能，另一方面也具有LVS directors failover

1.1 Keepalived的用途

Keepalive服务的两大用途：healthcheck和failover

ha failover功能：实现LB Master主机和Backup主机之间故障转移和自动切换

这是针对有两个负载均衡器Direator同时工作而采取的故障转移措施，当主负载均衡器失效或者出现故障时，备份的负载均衡器（BACKUP）将自动接管主负载均衡器的所有工作（vip资源以及相关服务）：一旦主负载均衡器故障恢复，MASTER又会接管回它原来的工作，二备份复杂均衡器（BACKUP）会释放master是小事它接管的工作，此时两者将恢复到最初各自的角色

1.2 LVS cluster nodes healthchecks功能

在keeplive.conf配置记忆可以实现LVS的功能

keeplive可以对LVS下面的集群节点进行健康检查

rs healthcheck功能：负载均衡定期检查RS的可用性决定是否给其分发请求

当虚拟的服务器中的某一个甚至是几个真实的服务器同时出现故障无法提供服务时，负载均衡器会自动将失效的RS服务器从转发队列中清除出去，从而保证用户的访问不收影响；当故障的RS服务器被修复后，系统又自动的将他们加入转发队列，分发请求提供正常服务。

工作原理

1.3 keepalive故障切换转换原理

Keepalived高可用对之间是通过 VRRP进行通信的， VRRP是遑过竞选机制来确定主备的，主的优先级高于备，因此，工作时主会优先获得所有的资源，备节点处于等待状态，当主挂了的时候，备节点就会接管主节点的资源，然后顶替主节点对外提供服务。

在 Keepalived服务对之间，只有作为主的服务器会一直发送 VRRP广播包,告诉备它还活着，此时备不会枪占主，当主不可用时，即备监听不到主发送的广播包时，就会启动相关服务接管资源，保证业务的连续性.接管速度最快可以小于1秒。

1.4 VRRP协议的简单介绍

1) VRRP,全称 Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol,中文名为虚拟路由冗余协议，VRRP的出现是为了解决静态路由的单点故障。

2) VRRP是通过一种竟选协议机制来将路由任务交给某台 VRRP路由器的。

3) VRRP用 IP多播的方式（默认多播地址（224.0_0.18))实现高可用对之间通信。

4) 工作时主节点发包，备节点接包，当备节点接收不到主节点发的数据包的时候，就启动接管程序接管主节点的开源。备节点可以有多个，通过优先级竞选，但一般 Keepalived系统运维工作中都是一对。

5) VRRP使用了加密协议加密数据，但Keepalived官方目前还是推荐用明文的方式配置认证类型和密码

二、配置Keepalived实现高可用

2.1 安装keepalive

[root@lb01 ~]# cd /usr/local/src/

[root@lb01 src]# wget https://www.keepalived.org/software/keepalived-2.0.15.tar.gz

[root@lb01 src]# tar -xf keepalived-2.0.15.tar.gz

[root@lb01 src]# cd keepalived-2.0.15

[root@lb01 keepalived-2.0.15]# ./configure

Linker flags             :  -pie
Extra Lib                :  -lm -lcrypto  -lssl
Use IPVS Framework       : Yes
IPVS use libnl           : No
IPVS syncd attributes    : No
IPVS  bit stats        : No
HTTP_GET regex support   : No
fwmark socket support    : Yes
Use VRRP Framework       : Yes
Use VRRP VMAC            : Yes
Use VRRP authentication  : Yes
With ip rules/routes     : Yes
With track_process       : Yes
With linkbeat            : Yes
Use BFD Framework        : No
SNMP vrrp support        : No
SNMP checker support     : No
SNMP RFCv2 support       : No
SNMP RFCv3 support       : No
DBUS support             : No
SHA1 support             : No
Use JSON output          : No
libnl version            : None
Use IPv4 devconf         : No
Use iptables             : Yes
Use libiptc              : No
Use libipset             : No
Use nftables             : No
init type                : systemd
Strict config checks     : No
Build genhash            : Yes
Build documentation      : No

[root@lb01 keepalived-2.0.15]# make

[root@lb01 keepalived-2.0.15]# make install

lb02相同操作

[root@lb02 ~]# cd /usr/local/src/
[root@lb02 src]# wget https://www.keepalived.org/software/keepalived-2.0.15.tar.gz
[root@lb02 src]# tar -xf keepalived-2.0..tar.gz
[root@lb02 src]# cd keepalived-2.0.
[root@lb02 keepalived-2.0.]# ./configure
[root@lb02 keepalived-2.0.]# make
[root@lb02 keepalived-2.0.]# make install

[root@lb01 keepalived-2.0.15]# vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service

[Unit]
Description=LVS and VRRP High Availability Monitor
After=syslog.target network-online.target

[Service]
Type=forking
PIDFile=/var/run/keepalived.pid
KillMode=process
EnvironmentFile=-/etc/sysconfig/keepalived
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/keepalived $KEEPALIVED_OPTIONS
ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

2.2 配置文件

[root@lb01 keepalived-2.0.15]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

! Configuration File for keepalived      #！注释
 
global_defs {                            #全局变量
   notification_email {
     283365585@qq.com                    #收件人
   }                                     #邮件发件人
   notification_email_from Alexandre.Cassen@firewall.loc
   smtp_server 192.168.200.1             #邮件服务器地址
   smtp_connect_timeout 30               #超时时间
   router_id LVS_01
   vrrp_skip_check_adv_addr
   vrrp_strict
   vrrp_garp_interval
   vrrp_gna_interval
}
 
vrrp_instance VI_1 {               #keepalive或者vrrp的一个实例
    state MASTER                   #状态
    interface ens33                #通信端口
    virtual_router_id 51           #实例ID
    priority                    #优先级
    advert_int 1                   #心跳的间隔
    authentication {               #服务器之间通过密码验证
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        10.0.0.131                 #VIP
    }
}

2.3 启动看效果

[root@lb01 keepalived]# systemctl start keepalived

[root@lb01 keepalived]# ps -ef|grep keep

[root@lb01 keepalived]# ip addr

: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu  qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen
    link/loopback ::::: brd :::::
    inet 127.0.0.1/ scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::/ scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu  qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen
    link/ether :0c:::2e: brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 172.25.254.131/ brd 172.25.254.255 scope global dynamic ens33
       valid_lft 1085sec preferred_lft 1085sec
    inet 10.0.0.131/24 scope global ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80:::96e2:b57b:be1d/ scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
: ens34: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu  qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen
    link/ether :0c:::2e: brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

2.4 keepalive的VIP实现形式

[root@lb01 keepalived]# ifconfig ens33:0 10.0.0.18 up

[root@lb01 keepalived]# ip addr add 10.0.0.19 dev ens33

[root@lb01 keepalived]# ip addr

inet 172.25.254.131/ brd 172.25.254.255 scope global dynamic ens33
       valid_lft 1583sec preferred_lft 1583sec
    inet 10.0.0.131/ scope global ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 10.0.0.18/ brd 10.255.255.255 scope global ens33:
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 10.0.0.19/ scope global ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80:::96e2:b57b:be1d/ scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

[root@lb01 keepalived]# ip addr del 10.0.0.19 dev ens33

[root@lb01 keepalived]# ifconfig ens33:0 10.0.0.18 down

[root@lb01 keepalived]# scp /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 172.25.254.133:/etc/keepalived/

[root@lb02 ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

! Configuration File for keepalived
 
global_defs {
   notification_email {
        @qq.com
   }
   notification_email_from Alexandre.Cassen@firewall.loc
   smtp_server 192.168.200.1
   smtp_connect_timeout
   router_id LVS_02
   vrrp_skip_check_adv_addr
   vrrp_strict
   vrrp_garp_interval
   vrrp_gna_interval
}
 
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state BACKUP
    interface ens33
    virtual_router_id
    priority
    advert_int
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
    10.0.0.131/
    }
}

[root@lb02 ~]# systemctl start keepalived

[root@lb02 ~]# ps -ef |grep keep

配置成功

2.5 检测keepalibve效果

关闭MASTER的keepalive服务

[root@lb01 keepalived]# systemctl stop keepalived

[root@lb01 keepalived]# ip addr|grep 10.0.0.131

查看BACKUP端，是否有10.0.0.131

[root@lb02 ~]# ip addr|grep 10.0.0.131

[root@lb01 keepalived]# systemctl start keepalived

成功

三、结合nginx实现高可用

3.1 配置

[root@lb01 keepalived]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/

[root@lb01 conf]# vim nginx.conf

worker_processes  ;
events {
    worker_connections  ;
}
http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    sendfile        on;
    keepalive_timeout  ;
upstream  web_pools {
        server 172.25.254.134: weight=;
        server 172.25.254.135: weight=;
#       server 172.25.254.158: weight=  backup;
 
}
    server {
        listen       ;
        server_name  www.lbtest.com;
        location / {
           # root   html;
           # index  index.html index.htm;
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_pass http://web_pools;
        }
    }
}

[root@lb01 conf]# scp nginx.conf 172.25.254.133:/usr/local/nginx/conf/

[root@lb01 conf]# nginx  -s reload
[root@lb01 conf]# curl 172.25.254.134
172.25.254.134
[root@lb01 conf]# curl 172.25.254.135
172.25.254.135
[root@lb01 conf]# nginx  -s reload
[root@lb02 ~]# curl 172.25.254.134
172.25.254.134
[root@lb02 ~]# curl 172.25.254.135
172.25.254.135

在获取到VIP后，不在同一网段，为了方便测试，把VIP设置为172.25.254.254

[root@lb01 ~]# ip addr|grep 172.25.254.254

3.2 发现不能访问的问题

访问测试，发现不能访问，也不能ping通

[root@lb01 conf]# curl 172.25.254.254

curl: () Failed connect to 172.25.254.254:; Connection timed out

[root@lb01 conf]# ping 172.25.254.254

 packets transmitted,  received, % packet loss, time 999ms

解决

[root@lb01 conf]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

# vrrp_strict   # 注释掉vrrp_strict

[root@lb01 conf]# systemctl restart keepalived

3.3 测试

[root@lb01 conf]# curl 172.25.254.254
172.25.254.135
[root@lb01 conf]# curl 172.25.254.254
172.25.254.134
[root@lb01 conf]# curl 172.25.254.254
172.25.254.135
[root@lb01 conf]# curl 172.25.254.254
172.25.254.134

关闭MASTER测试

[root@lb01 conf]# systemctl stop keepalived   #这时VIP已经在BACKUP上，但是可以正常访问
[root@lb01 conf]# curl 172.25.254.254
172.25.254.135
[root@lb01 conf]# curl 172.25.254.254
172.25.254.134
[root@lb01 conf]# curl 172.25.254.254
172.25.254.135
[root@lb01 conf]# curl 172.25.254.254
172.25.254.134
[root@lb01 conf]# curl 172.25.254.254
172.25.254.135

使用主机，域名访问

172.25.254.254  www.lbtest.com  #写hosts

正常访问

四、keepalived的其他特性

4.1 监控自动迁移脚本

keepalived解决的是主机级别的冗余，当nginx宕掉的时候，keepalive并不会迁移，这时VIP依然在该主机上，客户就不能访问到网站

使用脚本监控，当nginx挂掉，自动停掉keepalive，是VIP漂移，是业务不受影响

[root@lb01 conf]# mkdir /script

[root@lb01 conf]# vim /script/monitor.sh

#!/bin/bash
while true
do
if [ `ps -ef |grep nginx|grep -v grep |wc -l` -lt  ]
  then
      systemctl stop keepalived
fi
sleep
done

[root@lb01 conf]# cd /script/

[root@lb01 script]# chmod +x monitor.sh

[root@lb01 script]# /script/monitor.sh &

关掉nginx

[root@lb01 script]# nginx -s stop

VIP漂移到BACKUP上

[root@lb02 ~]# ip addr|grep 254.254

inet 172.25.254.254/ scope global secondary ens33

访问：

[root@lb01 script]# curl 172.25.254.254
172.25.254.134
[root@lb01 script]# curl 172.25.254.254
172.25.254.135
[root@lb01 script]# curl 172.25.254.254
172.25.254.134
[root@lb01 script]# curl 172.25.254.254
172.25.254.135

4.2 keepalive高可用脑裂脚本

[root@lb01 script]# ps -ef |grep monitor
root    : pts/ :: /bin/bash /script/monitor.sh
[root@lb01 script]# kill -
[]+  Killed                  /script/monitor.sh
[root@lb01 script]# ps -ef |grep monitor
root           : pts/    :: grep --color=auto monitor
[root@lb01 script]# systemctl restart keepalived

[root@lb02 ~]# mkdir /script

检测脑裂脚本，实现形式，当BACKUP可以ping通主，但是VIP依然在BACKUP，则认定为脑裂

[root@lb02 script]# vim check_split_brain.sh

#!/bin/bash
while true
do
ping -c  -W  172.25.254.131 &>/dev/null
  if [ $? -eq  -a `ip addr|grep 172.25.254.254|wc -l` -eq  ]
    then
      echo "ha is split brain warning"
else
      echo "ha is OK"
fi
sleep
done

[root@lb02 ~]# sh /script/check_split_brain.sh

ha is OK
ha is OK
[root@lb02 ~]# systemctl start firewalld
ha is split brain warning
ha is split brain warning
[root@lb02 ~]# ip addr |grep 172.25.254.254
inet 172.25.254.254/ scope global secondary ens33
[root@lb01 ~]# ip addr |grep 172.25.254.254
inet 172.25.254.254/ scope global secondary ens33
[root@node4 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
ha is OK
ha is OK

4.3 修改日志文件路径

配置文件默认在/var/log/messages

[root@lb01 ~]# tail -f /var/log/messages
Apr  :: node2 Keepalived_vrrp[]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 172.25.254.254
Apr  :: node2 Keepalived_vrrp[]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 172.25.254.254
Apr  :: node2 Keepalived_vrrp[]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 172.25.254.254
Apr  :: node2 Keepalived_vrrp[]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Received advert with lower priority , ours , forcing new election
Apr  :: node2 Keepalived_vrrp[]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 172.25.254.254
Apr  :: node2 Keepalived_vrrp[]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending/queueing gratuitous ARPs on ens33 for 172.25.254.254

修改日志文件位置

[root@lb01 ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/keepalived

# Options for keepalived. See `keepalived --help' output and keepalived(8) and
# keepalived.conf() man pages for a list of all options. Here are the most
# common ones :
#
# --vrrp               -P    Only run with VRRP subsystem.
# --check              -C    Only run with Health-checker subsystem.
# --dont-release-vrrp  -V    Dont remove VRRP VIPs & VROUTEs on daemon stop.
# --dont-release-ipvs  -I    Dont remove IPVS topology on daemon stop.
# --dump-conf          -d    Dump the configuration data.
# --log-detail         -D    Detailed log messages.
# --log-facility       -S    - Set local syslog facility (default=LOG_DAEMON)
#
 
KEEPALIVED_OPTIONS="-D -S 0 -d"

[root@lb01 ~]# vim /etc/rsyslog.conf

local0.*                                                /var/log/keepalived.log

[root@lb01 ~]# systemctl restart rsyslog

[root@lb01 ~]# systemctl restart keepalived

[root@lb01 ~]# tail -f /var/log/keepalived.log

Apr  :: node2 Keepalived_vrrp[]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 172.25.254.254
Apr  :: node2 Keepalived_vrrp[]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 172.25.254.254
Apr  :: node2 Keepalived_vrrp[]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 172.25.254.254
Apr  :: node2 Keepalived_vrrp[]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Received advert with lower priority , ours , forcing new election
Apr  :: node2 Keepalived_vrrp[]: Sending gratuitous ARP on ens33 for 172.25.254.254
Apr  :: node2 Keepalived_vrrp[]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending/queueing gratuitous ARPs on ens33 for 172.25.254.254

4.4 keepalived多实例

[root@lb01 ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

   ! Configuration File for keepalived
 
   global_defs {
      notification_email {
           @qq.com
      }
      notification_email_from Alexandre.Cassen@firewall.loc
      smtp_server 192.168.200.1
      smtp_connect_timeout
     router_id LVS_01
     vrrp_skip_check_adv_addr
    # vrrp_strict
     vrrp_garp_interval
     vrrp_gna_interval
  }
 
  vrrp_instance VI_1 {
      state MASTER
      interface ens33
      virtual_router_id
      priority
      advert_int
      authentication {
          auth_type PASS
          auth_pass
      }
      virtual_ipaddress {
      172.25.254.254/
      }
  }
  vrrp_instance VI_2 {
      state BACKUP
      interface ens33
      virtual_router_id
      priority
      advert_int
      authentication {
          auth_type PASS
          auth_pass
      }
      virtual_ipaddress {
      172.25.254.253/
      }
  }

[root@lb02 ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

! Configuration File for keepalived
 
global_defs {
   notification_email {
        @qq.com
   }
   notification_email_from Alexandre.Cassen@firewall.loc
   smtp_server 192.168.200.1
   smtp_connect_timeout
   router_id LVS_02
   vrrp_skip_check_adv_addr
  # vrrp_strict
   vrrp_garp_interval
   vrrp_gna_interval
}
 
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state BACKUP
    interface ens33
    virtual_router_id
    priority
    advert_int
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
    172.25.254.254/
    }
}
vrrp_instance VI_2 {
    state MASTER
    interface ens33
    virtual_router_id
    priority
    advert_int
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
    172.25.254.253/
    }
}

检测

[root@lb01 ~]# systemctl restart keepalived
[root@lb02 ~]# systemctl restart keepalived
[root@lb01 ~]# ip addr
 inet 172.25.254.131/ brd 172.25.254.255 scope global dynamic ens33
       valid_lft 499sec preferred_lft 499sec
    inet 172.25.254.254/ scope global secondary ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@lb02 ~]# ip addr
inet 172.25.254.133/ brd 172.25.254.255 scope global dynamic ens33
       valid_lft 422sec preferred_lft 422sec
    inet 172.25.254.253/ scope global secondary ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@lb02 ~]# systemctl stop keepalived
[root@lb02 ~]# ip addr|grep 172.25.
    inet 172.25.254.133/ brd 172.25.254.255 scope global dynamic ens33
[root@lb01 ~]# ip addr |grep 172.25.
    inet 172.25.254.131/ brd 172.25.254.255 scope global dynamic ens33
    inet 172.25.254.254/ scope global secondary ens33
    inet 172.25.254.253/ scope global secondary ens33
[root@lb02 ~]# systemctl start keepalived
[root@lb02 ~]# ip addr|grep 172.25.
    inet 172.25.254.133/ brd 172.25.254.255 scope global dynamic ens33
    inet 172.25.254.253/ scope global secondary ens33
[root@lb01 ~]# ip addr |grep 172.25.
    inet 172.25.254.131/ brd 172.25.254.255 scope global dynamic ens33
    inet 172.25.254.254/ scope global secondary ens33

参考：老男孩教育视频公开课https://www.bilibili.com/video/av25869969/?p=25